Plant propagation can occur through sexual or asexual methods. Sexual propagation uses seeds while asexual propagation involves vegetative reproduction techniques without seeds, including cuttings, grafting, layering, and tissue culture. Cuttings require specific conditions like humidity and rooting hormones to successfully grow roots. Grafting combines scions and rootstocks to modify plant traits. Layering induces roots to form on intact plants. Micropropagation is an efficient method using specialized tissue culture techniques under sterile conditions. Propagation by seed is widely used for agricultural crops but seeds can have dormancy issues.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. Plant propagation...
• Sexual methods - seed propagation
• Asexual methods
–rooting cuttings
–layering; air layering
–grafting
–specialized structures
–tissue culture; micropropagation
“the art and science of multiplying
plants by sexual or asexual means.”
4. Clone...
A genetically identical assemblage of
individuals produced from a plant
entirely by vegetative means.
Hartmann and Kester
5. Benefits of clonal propagation...
• Some plants produce few (if any) viable seeds.
• Clonal progeny are highly uniform in all characters.
• Outcrossing plants produce highly variable progeny.
• Plants may have extended juvenile period.
• Cloning allows for combining genotypes in one plant.
• Seeds may have lengthy and complex dormancies.
6. Cutting propagation...
• Cutting capable of regenerating roots (or
shoots) from adventitious meristem.
• Cuttings defined by size and location on
parent plant:
–stem tip
–nodal
–root
–leaf
• Cuttings also defined by condition of growth:
–softwood, semihardwood, hardwood
7. Conditions required for rooting cuttings...
• Hardwood and root cuttings require well
drained medium, but little moisture control.
• Leafy cuttings require high humidity to
prevent excessive dehydration:
–intermittent mist systems.
–poly tents or cold frames.
–fog.
• Medium into which cuttings are stuck must be
disease free, well drained, and light.
• Auxin application now standard treatment.
8. Examples of cutting propagation...
Species Cutting Type
African violet, begonia leaf cuttings
Many woody shrubs stem tip cuttings (softwood)
brambles root cuttings
Willow, poplars dormant hardwood cuttings
9. Grafting and budding...
• Can graft scion cultivar onto size controlling rootstock.
• Many difficult to root plants are graft compatible.
• Grafting defined by season and type of tissue.
–budding (T-budding, inverted T, patch)
–wedge, veneer, whip and tongue, cleft, etc.
• Scion cultivar may be changed on mature trees (top
working)
“The vascular cambium can regenerate the vascular
connections between the scion and rootstock resulting in
a complete plant composed of more than one genotype.”
10. Grafted and budded plants...
Species Graft/bud Type
apples chip, T-bud, cleft
conifers side veneer
pecans patch
roses T-bud (shield)
grapes modified wedge
11. Layering...
• Air layering - interrupt cambium and cover wound with
moistened medium. Ficus elastica, Magnolia
• Simple layering - low hanging branch covered with soil (with
or without wounding) - many shrubs
• Tip layering - tips of plants (brambles) at certain times of
year (rat-tail condition) develop roots where they touch the
soil Blackberries, raspberries
• Mound layering - soil mounded to cover base of specially
pruned young tree (also referred to as stool layering) Apple
rootstocks
“Layering involves inducing roots on an intact
(or nearly so) plant .”
15. Apomixis...
“the development of an embryo within a seed or
flowering structure from a source other than the
egg, resulting in the formation of an embryo
(sometimes in addition to the sexual embryo) that
is a clone of the maternal parent. Examples
include polyembryony in citrus and crabapples,
and the formation of bulbils in garlic.”
“an exception to the rule of nonclonal embryony.”
16. Micropropagation...
• Micropropagation is rapid, continuous, and efficient.
• Specialized equipment, facilities, and technically trained
personnel are required.
• Steps can be taken to obtain and maintain certified pest-
free plants.
• Cost effective if large numbers of a given clone are
produced.
• Widely used for orchids, ferns, many interior foliage
plants, rootstocks, etc.
“Micropropagation has many synonyms - tissue
culture, mass propagation, in vitro culture,
cloning.”
17. Plants amenable to micropropagation...
Flowering pot plants - Begonia, African violets, orchids
Interior foliage plants - ferns, Syngonium, Ficus,
Diffenbachia
Woody ornamentals - red maples, Rhododendrons,
Nandina
Forest trees - Poplar, birch, loblolly pine
Fruit trees - apple, cherry, pear (many rootstocks)
Vegetable crops - potato, celery, tomato, onion (male
sterile)
Plantation crops - banana, date palm, coffee
18. Types of development in vitro...
Proliferation of axillary buds from shoot tip cultures.
Differentiation of adventitious shoots from leaves,
stems, or roots.
Formation and proliferation of somatic embryos.
Seed germination - orchids.
Development of haploid plants from anthers or ovules.
Protoplast fusion and somatic hybrid development.
19. Propagation by seeds...
• Seeds are widely available, inexpensive, and easy to
handle.
• Hybrid seeds are more expensive, but may have
production benefits that offset the cost.
• Large scale agriculture (including vegetable crop
production) is dependent upon seed propagation.
• Seeds (especially seeds of woody plants) may have
complex dormancies that impede germination.
“Propagation by seeds is the major method by
which plants reproduce in nature and one of the
most efficient and widely used propagation
methods for cultivated crops.”
Hartmann and Kester
