Seed multiplication
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This document discusses seed multiplication, which is the process of increasing the quantity of seed from limited breeder seed to commercial quantities. It involves several stages: breeder seed, foundation seed, registered seed, and certified seed. Breeder seed is produced by the plant breeder and is genetically pure. Foundation seed is produced directly from breeder seed to be the source of registered and certified seed. Registered seed is produced from foundation or registered seed. Certified seed is produced from foundation, registered, or certified seed and must meet purity and quality requirements to be certified for commercial use. The benefits of new varieties cannot be realized without sufficient seed multiplication to commercial levels.
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Isolation distance IN SEED PRODUCTION
Isolation distance refers to the minimum separation required between crop varieties to maintain seed purity. There are three main types of isolation: spatial, temporal, and physical barriers. Spatial isolation involves separating fields by distance, with greater distances required for cross-pollinated crops versus self-pollinated crops. Temporal isolation is achieved by staggering planting dates of different varieties by 15-20 days. Physical barriers use border crops or bags to prevent cross-pollination. Factors like pollination method, pollen viability, disease pressure, and seed class influence isolation distance needs. Techniques like block planting, only collecting central seeds, and using barrier crops can reduce isolation distance requirements.
Classes of Seeds
Seed refers to a fertilized ovule containing an embryo that can develop into a new plant. Scientifically, seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule covered by a seed coat. There are several types of propagating materials that are also considered seeds, including tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, and grafts. Seeds are classified into different categories based on their origin and intended use, including nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seeds, with each subsequent category representing a larger scale of multiplication while maintaining genetic and physical purity standards.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Grow out test
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
Synthetic and composite variety
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Seed inspector
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
Deterioration causes of crop varieties and their control; Maintenance of Gene...
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Isolation distance IN SEED PRODUCTION
Isolation distance refers to the minimum separation required between crop varieties to maintain seed purity. There are three main types of isolation: spatial, temporal, and physical barriers. Spatial isolation involves separating fields by distance, with greater distances required for cross-pollinated crops versus self-pollinated crops. Temporal isolation is achieved by staggering planting dates of different varieties by 15-20 days. Physical barriers use border crops or bags to prevent cross-pollination. Factors like pollination method, pollen viability, disease pressure, and seed class influence isolation distance needs. Techniques like block planting, only collecting central seeds, and using barrier crops can reduce isolation distance requirements.
Classes of Seeds
Seed refers to a fertilized ovule containing an embryo that can develop into a new plant. Scientifically, seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule covered by a seed coat. There are several types of propagating materials that are also considered seeds, including tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, and grafts. Seeds are classified into different categories based on their origin and intended use, including nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seeds, with each subsequent category representing a larger scale of multiplication while maintaining genetic and physical purity standards.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Grow out test
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
Synthetic and composite variety
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Seed inspector
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
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The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Seed multiplication
Seed certification is a quality assurance system that subjects seeds intended for marketing to official controls and inspections. It involves a series of seed multiplication steps - from breeder seed to foundation seed to registered seed to certified seed - to produce sufficient quantities of pure seed for commercial use while maintaining genetic purity. The key steps in seed certification include applying for seed production, registering sowing reports, conducting field inspections, processing seeds, sampling and analysis, tagging certified seeds that meet standards. This ensures farmers have access to high quality seeds of improved varieties.
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The document discusses seed production and marketing in India. It outlines the various government agencies involved in seed production at the national, state, and private levels. It also describes seed certification processes, the national seed project objectives, seed marketing structure and factors, and outlines India's policy towards custom seed production.
Seed production-maize
Maize (Zea mays) is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It originated in Central America and Mexico. There are different varieties of maize including flint corn, dent corn, sweet corn and popcorn. Production of hybrid maize seeds involves maintaining parental lines, producing single crosses between parental lines, and producing commercial hybrids by crossing single crosses. Seed production requires isolation distances between fields and roguing to maintain purity of the seeds.
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PEDIGREE METHOD OF PLANT BREEDING
This document describes the pedigree method of plant breeding. The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations like F2 and recording the parent-offspring relationships. Key steps include growing F1 plants to produce F2 seeds, selecting plants from the F2 generation based on traits, growing progeny rows from selected F2 plants in F3, continuing selection and growing of progeny rows from subsequent generations to achieve homozygosity and stable lines for yield trials. The pedigree method allows for selection and development of pure lines from segregating populations.
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The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
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This document summarizes the process of hybrid seed production for maize. It discusses selecting appropriate parent lines and maintaining isolation distances between male and female lines. Key steps include planting ratios, detasseling the male plants, roguing undesirable plants, and harvesting when seeds reach proper maturity. Multiple inspections are needed to ensure genetic purity is maintained throughout production. Proper post-harvest handling and storage is also important for high quality hybrid maize seed.
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The document discusses crop ideotypes and ideotype breeding. It defines an ideotype as an ideal or model plant type designed for a specific environment to maximize yield. Ideotype breeding aims to enhance genetic yield potential through manipulation of individual plant traits. Examples of ideotypes are provided for various crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley and cotton that focus on traits like plant height, tillering ability, leaf characteristics and resistance to stresses. Factors influencing ideotypes and the steps in ideotype breeding are also outlined. Practical achievements highlighted ideotype breeding's role in the green revolution by developing semi-dwarf varieties responsive to fertilizers.
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- China was the first to develop commercial hybrid rice in 1976, and now covers over 50% of its rice area with hybrid varieties. Hybrids on average yield 10% higher than traditional varieties.
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Introduction of seed production
Seed production involves multiplying superior seed varieties while maintaining genetic purity and high quality standards. Key aspects of seed production include defining classes of seeds from nucleus to certified seeds; ensuring seeds meet testing standards for germination, purity and health; and involving various national and international organizations to facilitate quality seed availability and trade. Seed technology aims to harness a seed's genetic potential through scientific production, processing, and distribution methods.
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Quality breeding
Quality refers to the suitability of a crop for its intended end use. Quality traits include morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological characteristics. Morphological traits relate to appearance while organoleptic traits influence taste and aroma. Nutritional traits determine health value and biological traits define usefulness when consumed. Quality is governed by oligogenic, polygenic, or maternal inheritance. Sources of improved quality traits include cultivated varieties, germplasm, mutants, somaclonal variants, wild relatives, and transgenic sources.
General principles of seed production
The document discusses the importance of producing high quality pedigree seed through maintaining genetic purity and varietal characteristics. It states that seed production requires strict attention, high technical skills, and financial investment. Several factors can lead to the deterioration of seed varieties during production cycles, such as developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures during sowing and harvesting, natural crossing through pollination, and mutations. The document provides guidelines for maintaining varietal purity through practices like inspection of seed fields, rouging of off-type plants, adequate isolation distances, and periodic testing to ensure genetic purity is preserved in seed production.
Principles of Seed Production
This document discusses best practices for maintaining genetic purity and quality in seed production. It identifies seven main causes of variety deterioration: developmental variation, mechanical mixture, mutation, natural crossing, minor genetic variation, influence of diseases, and issues from plant breeding techniques. Key recommendations include growing seeds in adapted regions, rogueing fields to remove off-type plants, providing adequate isolation between varieties, and certifying seeds according to generation to limit deterioration to four generations. Proper agronomic practices like seed treatment, isolation, and weed control are also important to maintain high quality seeds.
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Seed certification
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Seed multiplication
Seed certification is a quality assurance system that subjects seeds intended for marketing to official controls and inspections. It involves a series of seed multiplication steps - from breeder seed to foundation seed to registered seed to certified seed - to produce sufficient quantities of pure seed for commercial use while maintaining genetic purity. The key steps in seed certification include applying for seed production, registering sowing reports, conducting field inspections, processing seeds, sampling and analysis, tagging certified seeds that meet standards. This ensures farmers have access to high quality seeds of improved varieties.
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Seed production-maize
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CMS Source
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This document provides an overview of hybrid pigeonpea seed production technology and its validation on farms. It discusses the major components of hybrid technology including male sterility systems, stable fertility restoration, and cost-effective mass pollination methods. It also summarizes key commercial hybrids released in India, their traits, and yield advantages over traditional varieties. The document concludes that hybrid seed production is profitable but requires validation
PEDIGREE METHOD OF PLANT BREEDING
This document describes the pedigree method of plant breeding. The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations like F2 and recording the parent-offspring relationships. Key steps include growing F1 plants to produce F2 seeds, selecting plants from the F2 generation based on traits, growing progeny rows from selected F2 plants in F3, continuing selection and growing of progeny rows from subsequent generations to achieve homozygosity and stable lines for yield trials. The pedigree method allows for selection and development of pure lines from segregating populations.
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The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
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- Hybrid rice is produced by crossing two genetically different rice varieties, with one parent being a cytoplasmic male sterile line used as the female parent. Hybrid rice combines desirable traits from both parent lines.
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Introduction of seed production
Seed production involves multiplying superior seed varieties while maintaining genetic purity and high quality standards. Key aspects of seed production include defining classes of seeds from nucleus to certified seeds; ensuring seeds meet testing standards for germination, purity and health; and involving various national and international organizations to facilitate quality seed availability and trade. Seed technology aims to harness a seed's genetic potential through scientific production, processing, and distribution methods.
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The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.
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Quality breeding
Quality refers to the suitability of a crop for its intended end use. Quality traits include morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological characteristics. Morphological traits relate to appearance while organoleptic traits influence taste and aroma. Nutritional traits determine health value and biological traits define usefulness when consumed. Quality is governed by oligogenic, polygenic, or maternal inheritance. Sources of improved quality traits include cultivated varieties, germplasm, mutants, somaclonal variants, wild relatives, and transgenic sources.
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General principles of seed production
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Principles of Seed Production
This document discusses best practices for maintaining genetic purity and quality in seed production. It identifies seven main causes of variety deterioration: developmental variation, mechanical mixture, mutation, natural crossing, minor genetic variation, influence of diseases, and issues from plant breeding techniques. Key recommendations include growing seeds in adapted regions, rogueing fields to remove off-type plants, providing adequate isolation between varieties, and certifying seeds according to generation to limit deterioration to four generations. Proper agronomic practices like seed treatment, isolation, and weed control are also important to maintain high quality seeds.
Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality
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This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
General Principles of Seed Production Technology
This document discusses principles of seed production, including genetic and agronomic principles.
Genetically, seed purity can deteriorate due to factors like natural crossing, genetic drift, mutations and mechanical mixtures. Methods to prevent deterioration include maintaining isolation distances, roguing fields to remove off-type plants, and growing seed crops only in adapted areas. Seed certification verifies genetic purity and quality.
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The document provides guidelines for hybrid maize seed production in Tamil Nadu. It discusses suitable climatic conditions, isolation distances, land requirements, field preparation including sowing, irrigation, fertilizer application, weed control, pest and disease management, detasseling, harvesting, cob sorting, shelling, seed drying, grading, storage, and certification. Key steps include growing female and male parent lines, removing tassels from female plants, harvesting seeds from female plants only, and processing and storing seeds to maintain high quality and genetic purity.
Manual For Maize Production
This manual provides information on maize production. It discusses the morphology, growth stages, climate requirements, and varieties of maize. Maize is a tropical grass that can grow up to 3 meters tall. It has male flowers on the tassel that produce pollen, and female flowers on the ears that receive pollen. After pollination and fertilization, the ears develop kernels that continue filling until physiological maturity around 30 days after silking. Optimal temperatures for maize growth are 18-32°C, and it prefers 500-1200mm of rainfall annually to achieve good yields.
Hybrid Seed Production of Tomato
This document provides information on hybrid seed production methods in tomatoes. It discusses the botany of tomatoes and factors that influence self-pollination. The key methods of hybrid seed production include maintaining breeder, foundation, and certified seed lines. Seed is extracted using either acid treatment or fermentation to separate seeds from pulp. Acid treatment is considered the best method as it results in higher viability and quality seeds compared to the fermentation method. The process of hybridization involves emasculation of unopened tomato flowers followed by pollen collection and dusting from male parent lines. Multiple inspections during flowering and maturity are required for seed certification.
The parts of a seed
The document discusses the three main parts of a seed - the seed coat, stored food, and baby plant. It then describes the four main parts of a plant - roots, stem, leaves, and flower. The roots take in water and minerals from the soil. The stem carries water and helps the plant grow tall. The leaves make food for the plant using sunlight, water, and air. The flower makes seeds to form new plants.
Seed production technology of wheat
تکنالوژی تولید تخم بذری گندم......تهیه شده بوسیله پوهنمل محمدصفر علیزوی استاد دیپارتمنت اگرانومی پوهنحی زراعت پوهنتون تخار
Seed Germination Notes
This document discusses the factors that influence seed germination: water, oxygen, temperature, light, and dormancy. It explains that seeds need water and oxygen to undergo respiration which provides energy for the germination process to start. Most seeds require temperatures between 68-85°F for germination. The amount of light needed can vary depending on how deep the seeds are planted - too deep limits light and oxygen, too shallow risks too much light. Dormancy is when seeds are alive but not growing, and proper conditions are needed to break dormancy for the seeds to be capable of germinating.
Integrated weed management
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
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This document discusses seed quality, production, and distribution in India. It outlines three key points:
1) Seed quality is paramount for high crop yields, and good quality seed is defined by several genetic and physical characteristics.
2) India follows a generation system for seed multiplication, typically using 3-4 generations (Breeder Seed to Foundation Seed to Certified Seed) to balance genetic purity and supply.
3) Several agencies are involved in producing and quality controlling different classes of seeds (Nucleus, Breeder, Foundation, Certified) according to defined standards.
Quality Seed Production in Agriculture
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
Classes of seeds
This document summarizes the different classes of seeds in the development and certification process. It begins with nucleus seed, which is genetically pure seed from a small number of selected plants. Breeder's seed is produced from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed. Foundation seed is multiplied to produce registered seed, which can be further multiplied to produce certified seed, the class that is sold to farmers. Certified seed must meet standards for genetic purity, identity and quality.
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This document discusses the importance of quality seeds in crop production and the seed production system in India. It outlines that quality seeds can increase yields by 10-15% and are vital for realizing returns from other agricultural inputs. The seed production system involves multiple agencies across the public, private, and cooperative sectors. These include the National Seed Corporation, State Seed Corporations, State Agricultural Universities, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The system follows a generation-wise seed classification approach from Breeder Seed to Foundation Seed to Certified Seed to ensure genetic purity at each stage of multiplication.
Nutritional quality of seeds
The document discusses the importance of seed quality and nutritional quality of seeds. It states that seed is the first determinant of future plant development and quality seed is a vital input for crop production [1]. It then provides details on seed quality parameters like physical, physiological, and genetic attributes as well as storability [2]. Finally, it outlines procedures for maintaining genetic purity in seed production like isolation distance and rouging [3].
Seed technology
1. The document discusses seed structure and composition, including the parts of a flower like sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. It also describes pollination, the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma, and the types of pollination like self and cross pollination.
2. Seed quality is determined by factors within the inner, middle, and outer core. The inner core is genetic potential, the middle includes genetic and physical purity, germination, and vigor. The outer core comprises attributes like health, moisture, size and color.
3. Different classes of improved seed - nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seed - are produced to maintain quality
Seeds industry and Seeds industry scenario in India
This document provides an introduction and overview of seed technology. It defines what a seed is and discusses the classification of seeds into monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous types. It outlines the importance of seeds in agriculture and the objectives and goals of seed technology, such as rapid multiplication and timely supply of high quality seeds. It discusses the agencies related to seed regulation under the Seed Act of 1966 and the types and classes of seeds. Finally, it provides information on seed production and the gross sales of seeds in India.
S1 stock seed
Stock seed, also known as breeder's seed, is the highest quality seed maintained by the breeder to ensure genetic purity. There are different classes of certified seed including breeder, foundation, registered, and certified seed. Maintaining genetic purity of stock seed is important and involves minimizing contamination and strictly rogueing off-types before pollination. Producing stock seed infrequently helps maintain genetic purity over time by reducing genetic drift. Proper storage methods like cool, dry conditions also preserve genetic integrity.
Quality seed production of pulses
The document discusses pulses production globally and in India. It notes that India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world. It then discusses several key aspects of pulses seed production including maintaining genetic purity, proper isolation distances, hybridity and varietal purity tests, seed enhancement techniques, and proper storage conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of quality seed for increasing pulses productivity through a formal seed supply system.
Seed classes veg seed prod
This document outlines different classes of seed production that ensure genetic and physical purity while providing a continuous supply of quality seed. It discusses nuclear seed, breeder seed, foundation seed, registered seed, and certified seed. Nuclear seed is 100% genetically and physically pure and produced by the original breeder. Breeder seed is the progeny of nuclear seed multiplied under supervision to maintain 100% genetic and physical purity. Foundation seed is the progeny of nuclear/breeder seed produced under certification agency supervision, with purity maintained but not as high as nuclear and breeder seeds. Registered and certified seeds are produced from foundation or previous generation seeds under technical supervision and certification to maintain purity standards.
Classes of Seeds / Classification of Seeds / Category of Seeds
There are four classes of seed classified by purity:
1. Nuclear/Breeder seed is produced directly by plant breeders and used to produce foundation seed.
2. Foundation seed is produced from breeder seed under strict supervision and is the source of all certified classes. It has a white tag.
3. Registered seed is produced from foundation seed and is the direct parent of certified seed. It has a purple tag.
4. Certified seed is the progeny of foundation, registered, or certified seed. Produced by farmers under certification, it has a blue tag and is approved for commercial sale.
lectureno-170816105141.pptx
1. The document discusses various factors that can cause deterioration of crop varieties and loss of genetic purity during seed production, including developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, genetic drift, influence of diseases, and issues during breeding and certification.
2. It provides examples of each factor and recommends various techniques to maintain genetic purity, such as isolation, rouging of fields, seed certification processes, and periodic testing.
3. Key aspects that can impact genetic purity include the seed source and class, preceding crops, isolation distances, rouging practices, certification standards, and grow-out testing. Proper controls and procedures are necessary to preserve variety integrity during seed multiplication and distribution.
Seed Generation system.pdf
This document outlines the seed generation system for producing different classes of seeds. It discusses 6 classes - nucleus seed, breeder seed (stage I and II), foundation seed (stage I and II), registered seed, certified seed (stage I and II), and truthful labelled seed. The classes represent successive generations of seed production, with nucleus seed being the initial generation and certified seed being the final generation made available to farmers. The document also provides details on genetic and physical purity standards for each class and how they are stored and tagged.
seed and its classes
Seed classes include nucleus, breeder, foundation, registered, and certified seeds. Nucleus seed is obtained from healthy plants in isolation and has the highest genetic purity of around 100%. Breeder seed is produced under supervision from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed, which is genetically 99.9% pure. Foundation seed is the source of registered and certified seeds, and is produced on government farms under research supervision with a white tag. Certified seed is the progeny of foundation, registered, or certified seed itself and is approved and distributed to farmers with an azora blue tag.
Seed and Seed technology
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
Quality seed and Quality Seed is the Carrier of New Technology
1. Quality seed is defined as seed that possesses high genetic purity, high germination rates, and is free of diseases and contaminants.
2. Technological advancements were crucial to developing quality seed through ensuring genetic purity, physical purity, disease resistance, and determining seed traits.
3. New technologies also help farmers maximize yield potential from quality seed, including seed treatments, high density planting, integrated nutrient and weed management, improved irrigation, and optimized package of practices.
Quality seed production
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability characteristics. Maintaining genetic purity during seed production requires controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, certification, and grow-out tests. Key steps in quality seed production include selecting suitable regions and seed plots, proper land preparation, recommended varieties, treatments, planting methods, weed/pest control, irrigation, and timely harvesting and drying. This ensures high-quality seeds that perform well and retain desirable traits.
Seed certification
This document provides information about seed certification. It defines what a seed is, explains the importance of seed quality and certification, and outlines the seed certification process. This includes eligibility requirements, field inspection procedures, seed sampling and testing standards, tagging certified seeds, and costs associated with certification. The goal of seed certification is to ensure high quality seeds of approved varieties are available to farmers.
30032020194456Principles_of_Seed_Technology_Dr_Rudrasen_Singh.pdf
Seed technology involves the development, production, processing, storage, and distribution of high quality seeds. It aims to rapidly multiply and supply new crop varieties to farmers in a timely manner while maintaining genetic purity, high germination rates, and reasonable prices. Factors like natural crossing, mechanical mixtures, mutations, and diseases can lead to the deterioration of crop varieties during seed production if not properly controlled. Key aspects of seed technology include isolating seed fields, rouging off-type plants, multi-generation seed classes (nucleus, breeder, foundation), and seed certification to ensure genetic purity and quality are maintained throughout the multiplication process. The goals of seed technology are to increase agricultural production and food security by disseminating improved seeds
SYNTHETIC SEED.pptx
Production of synthetic seed involves encapsulating somatic embryos, shoot buds, or cell aggregates using tissue culture techniques. This allows for the large-scale, low-cost propagation of plants while maintaining genetic uniformity. Synthetic seeds can be stored longer than traditional seeds and planted directly in fields without the need for transplanting. While synthetic seeds have advantages over traditional micropropagation methods, their production and germination rates can still be limited for some plant species.
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Seeds industry and Seeds industry scenario in India
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Seed multiplication
- 2. Definition of Seed Seed is a basic agricultural input and it is an embryo, embedded in the food storage tissue. Seed is also defined as a matured ovule which consists of an embryonic plant with storage of food and surrounded by a protective seed coat.
- 3. Every farmer should able to access healthy seeds which are Genetically pure, with high seed vigor and good Germination percentage. Timely availability of good quality seeds at reasonable price ensures good yield and profit to the farmers. The seeds plays a vital role in agriculture and acts as a carrier of the genetic potential of varieties.
- 4. Seed Multiplication • Seed is the cheapest and basic input for sustained agricultural production. At the time of release of a variety, small quantity of seed normally known as nucleus seed is available with the plant breeder. Commercial quantity of seed is produced after a series of multiplication steps. Multiplication and distribution of high quality seed of improved varieties is a crucial step in the agricultural production of any country.
- 5. Pureline selection After F7 Generation Pedigree PYT Mass selection Bulk Back cross MYT NCVRT VAT DUST VRC Seed Multiplication Preliminary Yield trials Major Yield trials National coordinated varietal releasing Trials Variety Adaptability Trials Distinguished Uniformity Stability Test Variety Releasing Committee In Different Agro ecological regions- farmers fields In Research stations Released new variety Multiplication of Variety
- 6. • The benefits of an improved variety are not released unless enough true seed has been produced for its commercial spread. The initial amount of pure seed which is limited in quantity is multiplied under following stages, • Breeders seed • Foundation seed • Registered seed • Certified seed Stages of Seed Multiplication
- 7. Breeders seed • Breeder seed is the seed or the vegetative propagating materials produced by the breeder who developed the particular variety. • Breeder seed is genetically pure. • In case of self-pollinated species, mass selection is regularly practiced to maintain the genetic purity of the variety.
- 8. Foundation seed • Foundation seed is obtained from breeder seed by direct increase. • Foundation seed is genetically pure and is the source of registered and/or certified seed. • Production of foundation seed is responsibility of SCPPC (Seed Certification and Plant Protection Centre, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya.) • Foundation seed is produced on Government farms, at Research stations or by competent seed growers under strict supervision of experts.
- 9. Registered seed • Registered seed is produced from foundation seed or from registered seed. • Genetically pure and used to produce certified seed or registered seed. • It is usually produced by progressive farmers according to technical advice and supervision provided by SCPPC
- 10. Certified seed • Certified seed is produced from foundation, registered or certify seed. • This is so known because it is certified by the SCPPC as suitable seed for raising a good crop. • The certified seed is annually produced by progressive farmers according to standard seed production practices. • To be certified ,the seed must meet the prescribed requirements regarding purity and quality.
- 11. Requirements for Certified seed • Genetic Purity - Absence of seeds of other varieties of the same crop species as well as of other crop species • Physical Purity – freedom of seed from inert matter (sand, pebbles) and defective seed (broken, diseased, infested) • High Germination Rate • Freedom from weed seeds • Freedom from Diseases • Optimum moisture content (for efficient processing and storage)
- 12. Operations Essential to a Seed Industry • Breeding of New Varieties • Seed Multiplication • Seed processing • Seed certification • Seed Storage • Marketing and Distribution • Publicity
- 13. Thank You