Plant propagation can occur through sexual or asexual methods. Sexual propagation uses seeds while asexual propagation involves vegetative reproduction through methods like cuttings, grafting, layering, and tissue culture. Cuttings require specific conditions like humidity and rooting hormones to successfully root. Grafting and budding combine scion cultivars onto rootstocks to control size or allow propagation of difficult to root plants. Layering induces roots to form on intact or nearly intact plants. Specialized structures like bulbs, corms, and tubers are also used in propagation. Micropropagation is a rapid, efficient method using specialized equipment but is only cost effective for large scale cloning. Seed propagation is widely used due to low cost and
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture technique and its commercial application on horticultural crops.It is the best technique used all over the world to produce the replica of the plant in high number especially used for highly demanding crops.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture and its application on horticultural crops.it is the best method to grow the crops in high number especially the highly demanding ones.
Plant Tissue Culture Technique and its applicationsKomal Jalan
Plant tissue culture technique and its commercial application on horticultural crops.It is the best technique used all over the world to produce the replica of the plant in high number especially used for highly demanding crops.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Plant propagation...
• Sexual methods - seed propagation
• Asexual methods
–rooting cuttings
–layering; air layering
–grafting
–specialized structures
–tissue culture; micropropagation
“The art and science of multiplying
plants by sexual or asexual means.”
4. Clone...
A genetically identical assemblage of
individuals produced from a plant
entirely by vegetative means.
Hartmann and Kester
5. Benefits of clonal propagation...
• Some plants produce few (if any) viable seeds.
• Clonal progeny are highly uniform in all characters.
• Outcrossing plants produce highly variable progeny.
• Plants may have extended juvenile period.
• Cloning allows for combining genotypes in one plant.
• Seeds may have lengthy and complex dormancies.
6. Cutting propagation...
• Cutting capable of regenerating roots (or
shoots) from adventitious meristem.
• Cuttings defined by size and location on
parent plant:
–stem tip
–nodal
–root
–leaf
• Cuttings also defined by condition of growth:
–softwood, semihardwood, hardwood
7. Conditions required for rooting cuttings...
• Hardwood and root cuttings require well
drained medium, but little moisture control.
• Leafy cuttings require high humidity to
prevent excessive dehydration:
–intermittent mist systems.
–poly tents or cold frames.
–fog.
• Medium into which cuttings are stuck must be
disease free, well drained, and light.
• Auxin application now standard treatment.
8. Examples of cutting propagation...
Species Cutting Type
African violet, begonia leaf cuttings
Many woody shrubs stem tip cuttings (softwood)
brambles root cuttings
Willow, poplars dormant hardwood cuttings
9. Grafting and budding...
• Can graft scion cultivar onto size controlling rootstock.
• Many difficult to root plants are graft compatible.
• Grafting defined by season and type of tissue.
–budding (T-budding, inverted T, patch)
–wedge, veneer, whip and tongue, cleft, etc.
• Scion cultivar may be changed on mature trees (top
working)
“The vascular cambium can regenerate the vascular
connections between the scion and rootstock resulting in
a complete plant composed of more than one genotype.”
10. Grafted and budded plants...
Species Graft/bud Type
apples chip, T-bud, cleft
conifers side veneer
pecans patch
roses T-bud (shield)
grapes modified wedge
11. Layering...
• Air layering - interrupt cambium and cover wound with
moistened medium. Ficus elastica, Magnolia
• Simple layering - low hanging branch covered with soil (with
or without wounding) - many shrubs
• Tip layering - tips of plants (brambles) at certain times of
year (rat-tail condition) develop roots where they touch the
soil Blackberries, raspberries
• Mound layering - soil mounded to cover base of specially
pruned young tree (also referred to as stool layering) Apple
rootstocks
“Layering involves inducing roots on an intact
(or nearly so) plant .”
15. Apomixis...
“the development of an embryo within a seed or
flowering structure from a source other than the
egg, resulting in the formation of an embryo
(sometimes in addition to the sexual embryo) that
is a clone of the maternal parent. Examples
include polyembryony in citrus and crabapples,
and the formation of bulbils in garlic.”
“an exception to the rule of nonclonal embryony.”
16. Micropropagation...
• Micropropagation is rapid, continuous, and efficient.
• Specialized equipment, facilities, and technically trained
personnel are required.
• Steps can be taken to obtain and maintain certified pest-
free plants.
• Cost effective if large numbers of a given clone are
produced.
• Widely used for orchids, ferns, many interior foliage
plants, rootstocks, etc.
“Micropropagation has many synonyms - tissue
culture, mass propagation, in vitro culture,
cloning.”
17. Plants amenable to micropropagation...
Flowering pot plants - Begonia, African violets, orchids
Interior foliage plants - ferns, Syngonium, Ficus,
Diffenbachia
Woody ornamentals - red maples, Rhododendrons,
Nandina
Forest trees - Poplar, birch, loblolly pine
Fruit trees - apple, cherry, pear (many rootstocks)
Vegetable crops - potato, celery, tomato, onion (male
sterile)
Plantation crops - banana, date palm, coffee
18. Types of development in vitro...
Proliferation of axillary buds from shoot tip cultures.
Differentiation of adventitious shoots from leaves,
stems, or roots.
Formation and proliferation of somatic embryos.
Seed germination - orchids.
Development of haploid plants from anthers or ovules.
Protoplast fusion and somatic hybrid development.
19. Propagation by seeds...
• Seeds are widely available, inexpensive, and easy to
handle.
• Hybrid seeds are more expensive, but may have
production benefits that offset the cost.
• Large scale agriculture (including vegetable crop
production) is dependent upon seed propagation.
• Seeds (especially seeds of woody plants) may have
complex dormancies that impede germination.
“Propagation by seeds is the major method by
which plants reproduce in nature and one of the
most efficient and widely used propagation
methods for cultivated crops.”
Hartmann and Kester
