This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
The slides describing about the different techniques of seed production, as the seed is the basic part of any production program. Therefore, please provide review about these techniques.
Physical purity analysis tells us the proportion of pure seed component in the seed lot as well as the proportion of other crop seed, weed seed and inert matter by weight in percentage for which Seed Standards have been prescribed.
Thus, it helps in:
Improving the plant stand (by increasing the pure seed component).
Raising a pure crop (by eliminating other crop seed and weed seeds).
Raising a disease free-crop (by eliminating inert matter).
In the use of seed drill (by selecting uniform particles).
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
The deterioration of seed quality, vigor and viability, due to high relative humidity and high temperature during the post-maturation and per-harvest period is referred to as field weathering,
Deterioration caused by weathering is directly related to seed exposure to adverse conditions.
Exposure to hot and humid conditions, rainfall, photo period after ripening are per-harvest factors, cause seed quality loss.
Physical purity analysis tells us the proportion of pure seed component in the seed lot as well as the proportion of other crop seed, weed seed and inert matter by weight in percentage for which Seed Standards have been prescribed.
Thus, it helps in:
Improving the plant stand (by increasing the pure seed component).
Raising a pure crop (by eliminating other crop seed and weed seeds).
Raising a disease free-crop (by eliminating inert matter).
In the use of seed drill (by selecting uniform particles).
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
The deterioration of seed quality, vigor and viability, due to high relative humidity and high temperature during the post-maturation and per-harvest period is referred to as field weathering,
Deterioration caused by weathering is directly related to seed exposure to adverse conditions.
Exposure to hot and humid conditions, rainfall, photo period after ripening are per-harvest factors, cause seed quality loss.
Its all about pigments in plants Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores.
Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well.
Seed marks the beginning of each plant production and therefore
ensuring its quality is the priority of modern seed science and a prerequisite
for obtaining high yields of all plant species. Determination of seed quality
and its viability indicates what seed lots can be placed onto the market, and
for that reason it is very important to have reliable methods and tests to be
used for seed quality and seed vigour testing
Guidelines for the Conduct of Tests for DUS On Chilli (Hot Pepper), Bell (Sw...kartoori sai santhosh
Guidelines for the Conduct of Tests for Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability On
Chilli (Hot Pepper), Bell (Sweet) Pepper and Paprika(Capsicum annuum L.)
Seed viability testing.
Testing of pollen viability.
Tissue culture of crop plants.
Description of flowering plants in botanical terms in relation to taxonomy.
Preparation of different agro-chemical doses in field and pot applications
Seed dormancy breaking treatments
Seed Science & Technology
K Vanangamudi
ICAR ARS NET STO exams
TNPSC AO AAO HO ADH AHO exams
Location and cause for dormancy in certain species
Scarification for seed dormancy breaking treatments
Electrical seed treatment for seed dormancy breaking treatments
Soaking in water for seed dormancy breaking treatments
Stratification for seed dormancy breaking treatments
Temperature treatments for seed dormancy breaking treatments
Chemical methods for seed dormancy breaking treatments
Promoters - inhibitors concept for seed dormancy breaking
Soaking in chemicals for seed dormancy breaking treatments
This presentation describes about the dormancy, types of dormancy (seed dormancy and bud dormancy) as well as methods to overcome the bud and seed dormancy in detail.
This presentation will led you to a good knowledge about the seed dormancy , its breaking methods and importance . Its an educational material delivered by me in my college presentation.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. SEED VIABILITY
SEED VIABILITY- “Seed viability refers to the capability of a seed to
germinate and produce a normal seedling.”
“The viability of the seed accession is a measure of how many seeds are
alive and could develop into plants which will reproduce themselves, when
given the appropriate conditions.”
(Copeland and Mc Donald, 1980)
5. SEED LOOSE VIABILITY DUE TO
Seed loose viability due to adverse weather conditions during
seed development and maturation e.g. drought, excess water,
extreme temperature etc.
Nutrient deficiencies and pesticides injury during seed
development and maturation.
Environmental conditions after physiological maturity e.g.
during harvesting, drying, cleaning, storage and handling of
seeds.
6. SEED VIABILITY TESTS
Tetrazolium test ( Tz )
Germination test
Cut test
X-ray analysis
Spectral imaging .
Ferric Chloride Test for Mechanical Damage .
Indoxyl Acetate Test for Seed Coat Damage.
Noninvasive diagnosis of seed viability using infrared
thermography.
7. TETRAZOLIUM TEST
TETRAZOLIUM TEST (George Lakon in 1942) OBJECTIVE:
“Rapid assessment of viability.”
PRINCIPLE:
“A colorless tetrazolium solution is used as
an indicator producing in living cells a red,
stable and non-diffusible substance, named
Formazan.
Thus, it’s possible to distinguish the red colored living
tissues from the colorless dead ones and the seeds are
classified into viable and non viable seed classes.”
8. PRECONDITIONING OF SEED BEFORE
TETRAZOLIUM (Tz) TEST
Preconditioing of seeds before Tetrazolium (Tz) test no
moistening or preparation required (small seeded legumes
with soft coats).
Seeds directly placed in Tz solution in case of peas and
beans bisect longitudinally before placing in Tz solution.
Eg: The seed coat may be removed e.g. cucurbits The
seed coat may be scratched above embryo e.g. lettuce
9. METHODOLOGY
SEED HYDRATION
It is done by soaking seeds in water for a specific period of
time .
This is done to active hydrolytic enzyme (dehydrogenase)
and stimulate respiration.
CUTTING OR PUNCTURING OF SEED
This is done to allow the penetration of Tz solution into
internal tissues.
10. STAINING OF SEEDS
Staining of seeds: It is done by soaking
seeds in Tz solution for a specific period
of time to allow staining of viable tissue
in the seed.
Tz is used @ 0.1 or 1.0 % solution, at
30-35º C temperature for 24-48 hours
at pH of 6-8.
11. EVALUATION OF SEED
Evaluation of seeds evaluated according to staining
pattern.
12. GERMINATION TEST
OBJECTIVE:
To gain information about the field planting value of the seed lot.
GERMINATION :
Germination in a laboratory test refer
to the emergence from the seed embryo
of those essential structures which for
the kind or seed being tested; indicate
its ability to develop into a normal plant
under favourable conditions.
13. PHASES OF GERMINATION
Imbibition phase (Rapid uptake of water)
Active metabolism (Major metabolic pathways affected
are respiration, protein synthesis, DNA replication, RNA
synthesis etc.)
Cell expansion and seedling protrusion.
14. GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR GERMINATION
SUBSTRATUM
Suitable substratum : Paper, sand or soil .
Adequate moisture/ water : pH 6-7.5,.
Favourable temperature : as per crop .
Light : Required for germination in some of the crops like lettuce etc.
Chemicals : KNO 3 , GA 3 , Ethephon as prescribed by ISTA.
Prechilling : Also called stratification and it is exposing of imbibed seeds to cool
temperature usually between 5-10 º C for a period of time (days, week or months)
Duration of germination tests : Number of days to first and final count .
Germination Methods in the laboratory:
Between the paper(BP method)
Top of the paper (TP)
Sand
15. PROCEDURE
From working sample take 400 seed at random.
Method Between Paper/ Top Paper / sand
Plant seed as 100×4R, 50×8R, 25×16R
Provide temperature or light and humidity as recommended.
Germination count(1st and final as per specie)
16. THE CUT TEST
The cut test is simple and easily executed.
Viability is determined by cutting the seed open and
examining the contents.
In particular, the seed embryo must appear intact and healthy
if the seed is to go on and germinate.
In addition, the endosperm must appear clean and firm.
17. X-RAY ANALYSIS
X-ray radiography is a valuable tool to supplement
laboratory tests , provide additional information about
the seed lot quality along with the internal
detail/structure of the seed.
X-ray analysis can be a very efficient and non-destructive
method of assessing seed quality.
A good x-ray image will reveal details of seed fill, insect
infestation and also size or absence of the embryo.
20. SEED DORMANCY
Failure of fully developed & mature viable seed to
germinate under favorable conditions of moisture &
temperature.
- This condition called as resting stage, period or
dormancy.
- This seed called as dormant seed.
21. TYPES OF DORMANCY
Primary dormancy-
Due to internal causes even favorable environmental
conditions are available for germination.
Secondary dormancy-
They germinate immediately after present the
favorable conditions, but the dormancy is induced in
the seeds if there is kept under certain conditions.
Eg. Mustard seed – is kept in higher concentration with
CO2 due to respiration.
22. Special dormancy-
Some species are germinated , but the primary roots fail to develop
that’s why epicotyls is stopped.
Organic dormancy-
Seed remains hard after the expiry of germination period and don’t
germinate, when the moisture reduced below 4%.
23. CAUSES OF DORMANCY
1. Impermeability of seed coat to water-
Seed coat become hard (family- Leguminosae,
Solanaceae, Malvaceae, Convolvulaceae,
Chenopodiaceae.) the seed contain external waxy coating
made up off Lignin, Suberin or Cutin which is
impermeable to water.
- These seed remain dormant until seed coat is removed
by microbial activity of alteration of temperature.
24. 2. Impermeability of seed coat to oxygen-
Germination is inhibit due to impermeability of the
seed coat to oxygen.
Eg. Fruit of Oats and Xanthium-
These contains two seed (upper & lower) lower is
germinate under soil and upper seed doesn’t
germinate until seed coat is punctured or removed by
the high concentration of oxygen.
25. 3. Growth of embryo-
Mustard & Amaranthus- seed are easily permeable in
oxygen and water, but the seed coat doesn’t rupture.
4. Immaturity of embryo-
The development of other parts of seed completed except
embryo.
5. Temperature requirement-
Apple , Peach require low temperature to germinate further
more require high temperature to germinate.
26. 6. Light requirement-
Carrot, tobacco require absolute requirement of light, while
Datura exposure to light is inhibitory for germination.
7.Germination Inhibitors-
Tomato fail to germinate due to presences cirulic acid found
in the sap of fruits.
These chemical present the husk in Rice and Oats seed .
27. METHODS OF BREAKING DORMANCY
1.Mechanical treatment of seeds-
The dormancy can be removed by mechanically to
weakening the seed coat called as Scarification.
1) Filing (using sand)
2) Chipping (using knife)
3) Piercing (using needle)
4) Chilling (using temperature)
5) Pre-drying (using temperature)
6) Pre-washing (using water)
7) Pre-soaking (using warm water)
28. 2. Chemical treatment-
Seed are dipped in mineral acid (HCL, H2SO4) or
organic solvent (Alcohol, Acetone) to cause degrading of
seed coat and dissolving of waxy coating.
3. Use of growth regulator-
Germination can be influence by using growth
hormones (GA3, IBA, IAA, NAA, 2,4-D)
29. ADVANTAGES OF DORMANCY
Seed survive in adverse conditions.
Seed stored till next season, transport to another place
without loosing its viability.
Seed use in research such as gene pool.
Some seed kept in cold condition to get best price when
there is off season.
Due to dormancy species are saved from wipeout in case of
natural calamity.
Seed germinate itself.
30. DIS-ADVANTAGES OF DORMANCY
The seed can not sown immediately after maturity, will have
to wait for the expiry of dormant period.
Seed remain naked during dormant period they get shabby
look.
Germination of the seeds is poor and growth of buds is slow
and irregular even under favorable condition.
Noxious weed seed lie dormant for many years in soil and
thus growing year after year becomes eradication
impossible.
31. PURPOSE OF SEED STORAGE
The purpose of seed storage is to maintain the seed in good physical
and physiological condition from the time they are harvested until the
time they are planted .
32. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SEED STORAGE
Seed storage conditions should be dry and cool .
Effective storage pest control .
Proper sanitation in seed stores .
Before placing seed into storage they should be dried to safe moisture limits,
appropriate for the storage system .
Storing of high quality seed only i.e well cleaned , treated as well as of high
germination with vigour and good pre-storage period .
33. SEED LONGEVITY IN STORAGE IS A FUNCTION OF:
Type of species
Initial seed quality (production and conditioning)
Storage environment
34. SPECIES CAN DISPLAY ORTHODOX AND
RECALCITRANT BEHAVIOUR
ORTHODOX SEED:
Orthodox seeds tolerate maturation drying and can remain
viable for years.
Medium-lived seeds (3 – 15 years). Long-lived seeds (> 15
years).
RECALCITRANT SEED:
Recalcitrant seeds do not tolerate maturation drying and
are short-lived seeds. Species can display orthodox or
recalcitrant seed behavior
35. RELATIVE STORABILITY INDEX
Crop Category 1
(1 to 2 yr.)
Category 2
(3 to 5 yr.)
Category 3
( >5 yr.)
VEGETABLES Green bean
Broccoli &
cabbage
Beet
Lettuce
Sweet corn
Tomato
Onion
Cucumber
Pepper Pea
36. STORAGE CONDITIONS
Seed longevity is improved by storing seeds at low temperature
and low moisture content.
Rule of thumb for seed storage
Seeds lose half their storage life:
1.For each 1% increase in seed moisture between 5 and 14%.
2.For each 5ºC increase in storage temperature between 0 and
50ºC.
37. TYPES OF STORAGE
Sealed containers
Open storage
Conditioned storage
38. SEALED CONTAINERS:
Used to keep out moisture
Types include:
Aluminum or plastic cans
Aluminum pouches
40. OPEN STORAGE
Does not have temperature or relative humidity control.
Cheapest type of storage.
Needs basic protection from water,
contaminating agents (herbicides), and rodents.
41. CONDITIONED STORAGE
Conditioned storage as temperature control.
Commercial storage facilities held at <10ºC.
Humidity may be controlled below 50% RH
or seeds stored in sealed containers.
Conditioned storage is used for high value seeds.