Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit
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Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
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2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
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This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
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The objective of any hybridization system is to enforce cross-pollination between inbred lines. Most crop plants are hermaphroditic, that is, possess male and female organs on the same flower, and, therefore, undergo some degree of self-pollination during flowering. To make hybrids, you must eliminate self-pollination on the female parent line and force pollination by the selected male parent. One way to do this is to make the female line male-sterile, which can be accomplished mechanically or genetically.
Recurrent selection sca1
Recurrent selection is a plant breeding technique that involves repeated cycles of selection and intermating to improve quantitative traits in a population. There are several types including simple recurrent selection, recurrent selection for general combining ability, and recurrent selection for specific combining ability. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability uses homozygous testers to select for specific combining ability through multiple generations of testing cross performances, selecting best performers, and intermating selections. This allows for systematic accumulation of favorable alleles while maintaining genetic variation to continue making progress from selection.
Maintenance breeding
Maintenance breeding is the branch of plant breeding that deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed to preserve the genetic purity and identity of plant varieties. It involves continuously producing fresh breeder seed through methods like growing isolated plots and bulk selection to remove off-types. Proper handling and roguing of the breeder seed crop is crucial. The breeder seed is then used to produce foundation seed while maintaining a carry-over stock to safeguard against losses. Maintenance breeding helps purify varieties and parental lines, prevent genetic deterioration, support quality seed production, and prolong the life of varieties.
Pea
Peas (Pisum sativum) are an important crop that originated in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa. They are grown worldwide for their fresh pods and dry seeds, which are rich in nutrients. Peas have pink flowers with five sepals and five petals, including one standard, two wings, and two keel petals fused around the stamens and pistil. Self-pollination is most common due to the timing of stigma receptivity and pollen release. Cross-pollination requires emasculation of male parts and application of pollen from another plant.
Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer.
This document discusses the backcross method for transferring dominant and recessive genes. The backcross method involves using a recurrent parent that lacks a desired trait and a donor parent that has the trait in order to transfer the trait to the recurrent parent over multiple generations. For dominant traits, backcrosses can be done sequentially, while for recessive traits, F2 generations must be grown after the first and subsequent backcrosses to identify plants with the recessive trait. The backcross method allows a trait to be transferred without significantly changing the genotype of the recurrent parent. Some examples of traits transferred through backcrossing include rust resistance in wheat and downy mildew resistance in pearl millet.
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This document outlines the principles and methods of plant breeding. It discusses the impact of parents, quality of parents, objectives of breeding, breeding methods, and pedigree. The main methods covered are for cross-pollinated crops, including mass selection, progeny selection, and recurrent selection, and for self-pollinated crops, like mass selection, pure line selection, bulk method, and back-cross method. It also defines a pure line as the progeny of a single homozygous plant of a self-pollinated species.
Synthetic and composite variety
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
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3. Hybrid seed production plants female and male parents in a 3:1 ratio with males surrounding the field. Rouging removes off-types and reversions in females. Harvesting proceeds by first removing males and then female rows.
HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUES.power point presentation
This document provides information on hybridization techniques including selection and breeding. It defines hybridization as the mating of two genetically different plants or animals to produce offspring. The objectives of hybridization are to develop varieties with desirable traits like high yield, disease resistance, and drought tolerance. Techniques discussed include selecting parents, selfing parents to make them pure, emasculating flowers, bagging and tagging flowers, and performing cross-pollination. Selection methods like mass selection and pureline selection are described as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each. Breeding techniques like selective breeding and inbreeding are also outlined.
Seed testing and sampling
it also contains content related to seed sampling. The various seed tests along with their explanation.
Seed Viability Testing
1. The document provides information on seed viability testing procedures conducted in a laboratory, including objectives of seed testing, roles of seed testing laboratories, and methods for purity testing, germination testing, and moisture content determination.
2. Key steps outlined include mixing and dividing samples, analyzing sample purity through identification of pure seeds and contaminants, and conducting germination tests using various apparatus to identify normal and abnormal seedlings.
3. Procedures for determining seed moisture content using either air oven drying or moisture meters are also described.
Seed production of okra( lady's finger )
- Okra is a flowering plant cultivated as an annual vegetable crop for its green seed pods. It is grown widely in India and other tropical regions.
- Hybrid seed production of okra involves emasculation of the male sterile parent followed by hand pollination with pollen from the male parent. Proper synchronization of flowering and a female to male ratio of 8:1 is required.
- Factors such as temperature, soil type, sowing time, seed rate, spacing, fertilizer use, irrigation and pest management must be optimized to produce high quality hybrid okra seeds. Proper isolation, roguing and inspection also help maintain seed purity and standards.
Androgenesis
Androgenesis is the production of haploid plants through the culture of male gametophytes or microspores. There are two main methods - anther culture and isolated pollen/microspore culture. Anther culture involves excising anthers from flower buds and culturing them on nutrient media, while microspore culture isolates microspores from anthers. Several factors influence androgenesis success, including genotype, anther wall components, culture medium, growth regulators, and physical conditions. Androgenic haploids can develop directly from microspores or indirectly through a callus phase, following various developmental pathways. Androgenesis allows for the efficient production of haploid plants for breeding programs.
Anther culture and pollen culture
BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF FLOWER INTRODUCTION TO ANTHER AND POLLEN CULTURE PROCEDURE FOR CULTURE FACTORS INFLUENCING CULTURE APLLICATIONS HOMOZYGOUS PLANTS HAPLOID
PLANTS
plant tissue culture and its applications. Agricultural biotech.
This document provides an overview of plant tissue culture and its applications. It discusses the history and development of plant tissue culture techniques. The key techniques covered are micropropagation, somatic cell genetics, transgenic plants, and the major steps of tissue culture including initiation, multiplication, and root formation phases. Different types of tissue culture are also described such as cell culture, callus culture, and protoplast culture. The applications of plant tissue culture discussed include clonal propagation, secondary metabolite production, genetic variability, somatic embryogenesis, haploid plant production, somatic hybridization, transgenic plants, and germplasm conservation. The document concludes by stating that plant tissue culture can be useful for human needs but must be performed cautiously.
Seed processing and storage
This document discusses seed processing and storage. The objectives of seed processing are to improve quality by removing impurities, maintaining viability and vigor, making handling easier, and increasing value. Methods used for processing include drying, cleaning, grading, packaging, labeling, and treatment. Storage aims to preserve seeds under controlled conditions to prolong viability for long periods. Factors that affect seed longevity are seed type, quality, coat integrity, moisture content, and storage environment. Orthodox seeds can be stored long-term at low temperature and humidity while recalcitrant seeds require different storage methods.
hybridization.pptx
Hybridization refers to the crossing of two individuals or plants with different genotypes. Thomas Fairchild produced the first artificial hybrid in 1717 by crossing sweet William and carnation. Mendel published his work on hybridization and inheritance in pea plants in 1866. The objectives of hybridization are to create genetic variability, combine desired traits from different varieties, make F1 hybrids useful, and improve quantitative traits. The process involves selecting parents, self-pollinating parents, emasculating flowers, bagging, collecting and storing pollen, cross-pollinating, labeling, and collecting hybrid seeds. Segregation and recombination in subsequent generations produce many new genotypes from the original cross.
sneha parmar - plant breeding presentation.pptx
India is the pioneer in commercial cotton hybrid cultivation, which covers over 50% of cotton area and yields 50% higher productivity than varieties. Hybrids have wider adaptability, higher resistance to stresses, and better fiber quality. They can be developed faster than varieties. Hybrid seed production in India is done through conventional hand emasculation and pollination or non-conventional male sterility-based methods. Conventional hybrids require identifying male and female parents and emasculating female parents before pollination. Male sterility-based hybrids eliminate emasculation since female parents produce no pollen. Proper agronomic practices like isolation distances, fertilizer use, plant protection measures are required for high quality hybrid seed production
Quality seed production
The document discusses quality seed production techniques. It emphasizes that seed is the vital input for crop production and can contribute to 10-15% higher yields. Quality seed should have high genetic and physical purity, germinability, vigor and be free from pests and diseases. The document outlines differences between seed and grain, and factors to consider in seed production including agro-climatic conditions, isolation, seed treatment, nutrition, roguing, harvesting and post-harvest handling. It provides guidelines on seed production techniques for various crops like rice, maize, cotton, groundnut and sorghum.
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Foundation and certified seed production of castor
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plant tissue culture and its applications. Agricultural biotech.
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Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit
- 1. SELFING AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES IN CROP PLANTS & BREEDER’S KIT Dr. Rajendragouda Patil Assistant professor Genetics and Plant Breeding School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SAST), NMIMS, MPTP Shirpur
- 2. • SELFING: In selfing, pollination with pollen of the same flower or the same plant is achieved. • Objectives: • To maintain the purity of a variety • To increase the homozygosity
- 3. • CROSSING: In crossing, a flower is pollinated from the pollen of the desired plant. In case of a bisexual flower, we need to avoid its own pollen so that we can pollinate with the pollen from desired plant. This is achieved by a process called as emasculation. • Emasculation means removal of anthers or killing of the pollen grains before anthesis so that the flower becomes only female and thus can be crossed with any desired pollen. Crossing is done with the following objectives: • To introduce desirable characters of one variety into another variety. • To enhance genetic variability. • To exploit hybrid vigor or heterosis
- 4. 1. Staggered sowing Methods of achieving synchronization in flowering 2. Photoperiodic treatment 3. Vernalization 4. Pollen storage 5. Adjusting the cultural operations phosphate fertilizers or by giving less irrigations nitrogenous fertilizers or by giving more number of irrigations Early flowering Late flowering
- 5. SELFING TECHNIQUES IN CROP PLANTS: 1. Bagging 2. Ringing 3. Mud smear 4. Lantern Method 5. Straw Method Bagging Lantern Method Straw Method Mud smear Ringing
- 6. EMASCULATION TECHNIQUES IN CROP PLANTS • Hand emasculation • Killing the pollen using heat or cold • Removal of male flowers • Removal of male plants • Chemical suppression of male flowers
- 7. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES OF CROSSING: • Contact Method • Test Tube Method • Humphrey and Tuller’s method • Shiva Shankar's method Shiva Shankar's method Humphrey and Tuller’s method Test Tube Method Contact Method
- 8. Use of male sterility • Genetic Male Sterility • Cytoplasmic Male Sterility • Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility
- 9. BREEDER’S KIT • Fine pointed straight or curved scissors. • Two pointed forceps. • Hand lens or magnifying lens. • Glass tubes, cloth or paper bags, parchment or butter paper bags would be suitable. Fine muslin cloth bags may be used so that pollen or small insects does not enter. • Fine sprayer and distilled water. • Small camel hair brush. • Petri dishes for collecting pollen grains. • Field labels of suitable sizes for marking the plants. • Stakes, threads, wires etc. to secure crossed plants and parents. • Field note book with pencil. • Fine pointed needles. • A small vial of alcohol or methylated spirit to sterilize forceps, scissors etc. • Gem clips, ball pens and rubber bands.
- 10. THANK YOU