Placenta Tissue Banking
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The document discusses placental tissue banking and mesenchymal stem cells. It notes that the placenta connects the baby to the mother, delivers nutrients to the baby, and produces hormones. Placental stem cell banking involves collecting and storing stem cells from the placenta after birth. Mesenchymal stem cells can be collected from both the placenta and umbilical cord and have potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Banking placental stem cells ensures a stem cell match for the child and family members.
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The document discusses the extraembryonic membranes that form during amniote development to allow for reproduction on land. It notes that in amniotes like reptiles, birds and mammals, the blastoderm gives rise not only to the embryo, but also to structures outside the embryo called extraembryonic membranes. These include the chorion, amnion, yolk sac and allantois. The yolk sac functions in nutrient absorption. The amnion encloses amniotic fluid. The allantois disposes of waste and contributes to gas exchange. These extraembryonic membranes allow for the development of terrestrial amniote embryos protected from desiccation.
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Development of chick
The document summarizes key stages in early chick development:
1) Fertilization occurs internally in the oviduct, followed by cleavage and the beginning of gastrulation even before egg laying.
2) Blastulation involves the formation of the blastoderm layers and subgerminal cavity.
3) Gastrulation continues after laying, forming the primitive streak which elongates toward the head region through cell migration.
4) Cells migrate through the streak to form the endoderm and mesoderm, and the ectoderm covers the embryo through epiboly. Axis specification establishes bilateral symmetry.
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vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein.
Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
Characteristic
Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
The principle component are protein,phospholipid and fats in different combination.
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For eg- the avian contain 48.19% water , 16.6 % protein, 32.6% phospholipids and fats and 1% carbohydrates.
Extra embryonic membrane in chick, Types, Developments, Functions
The document discusses the four main types of extra-embryonic membranes that develop in birds during embryonic development - the yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois. Each membrane has a distinct structure and function. The yolk sac surrounds and digests the yolk. The amnion forms a fluid-filled cavity that protects the embryo. The chorion forms the outermost layer where gas exchange occurs. The allantois acts as a respiratory organ and aids in waste removal. Together these membranes provide protection, nutrition, respiration and excretion to support the developing embryo.
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3) Gastrulation continues after laying, forming the primitive streak which elongates toward the head region through cell migration.
4) Cells migrate through the streak to form the endoderm and mesoderm, and the ectoderm covers the embryo through epiboly. Axis specification establishes bilateral symmetry.
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In all viviparous animals, embryonic development takes place inside the uterus of the mother, because the eggs are microlecithal and the amount of stored yolk is not sufficient for the developing embryo. Such embryos get attached to the uterine wall to draw essential substances from the maternal circulation through the placenta.
vittelogenesis.pptx
Vittelogenesis is a word developed from Latin vitellus-yolk, and genero-produce
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Yolks is the most usual form of food storage in the egg.
Yolks appear in the oocyte in the secondary period of their growth called vittelogenesis.
Thus,the formation and deposition of yolks is known as vittelogenesis
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Yolks is a complex variable assembled component.
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1) Preformation theory proposed that embryos existed preformed and fully formed within the egg or sperm, simply needing to grow larger. This was later disproven.
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3) The egg arrests again in metaphase of meiosis II due to cytostatic factor (CSF) containing c-mos and cdk2, which prevents cyclin degradation. Fertilization triggers calcium release and inactivation of CSF, allowing cyclin degradation and completion of meiosis.
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Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
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Biochemistry of fertilization.
This document provides an overview of fertilization and the biochemical processes involved. It discusses:
1) The definition of fertilization as the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
2) The steps of fertilization including capacitation, acrosomal reaction, cortical reaction, plasmogamy, and karyogamy.
3) The significance of fertilization is that it leads to successful reproduction and the formation of a new organism.
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Cleavage, Types of cleavage
The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
extra embryonic membranes in birds
extra embryonic membranes in birds.
easy notes on it.
you can read and understand it easily.
this is in simple English language
Presentation on Parental care in Amphibians
This document summarizes various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians. It describes how amphibians select sites for egg-laying, form foam, mud, leaf, and shoot nests, carry eggs on their bodies, use organs as brooding pouches, coil around eggs, and transfer tadpoles to water. Some amphibians exhibit viviparity where young are born live rather than from eggs. The document concludes that parental care in amphibians likely evolved in response to their habitats and lifestyles, and may be instinctive rather than influenced by hormones.
Spermatogenesis steps, hormonal regulation and abnormalities
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in males. It occurs in three stages: spermatocytogenesis where spermatogonia proliferate into primary spermatocytes, meiosis where primary spermatocytes undergo two divisions to form spermatids, and spermiogenesis where spermatids undergo changes to form spermatozoa. Hormones like testosterone, LH, FSH, growth hormone, and estrogen regulate spermatogenesis by stimulating Leydig and Sertoli cells. Abnormalities can result in conditions like azoospermia, oligozoospermia, and teratozoospermia.
Parental care in Amphibians
Parental care in amphibians provides benefits to offspring survival. There are various types of parental care exhibited by different amphibian species, including selecting protected nesting sites, defending eggs or territories, directly transporting tadpoles to water, gluing or carrying eggs attached to the body, and even viviparity in some species. Parental care improves offspring chances of survival by protecting eggs from predators and ensuring young amphibians safely reach water once hatched.
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This document provides an overview of anticoagulants. It discusses the history of anticoagulant development beginning in the late 19th century. Common anticoagulants used for blood collection and storage are described, including their mechanisms of action and uses. EDTA, citrate, and heparin are highlighted. The coagulation cascade and numbered coagulation factors are also summarized. Changes that occur in stored blood over time are reviewed at both the physical and biochemical levels. Finally, therapeutic uses of anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin are mentioned.
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Gastrulation is the process by which a single-layered blastula develops into a multi-layered structure called a gastrula through a series of cell movements. These movements include invagination of endoderm cells to form the inner layer, convergence and divergence of surface cells toward the blastopore, and involution of prechordal and mesoderm cells between the endoderm and ectoderm. By the end of gastrulation, the gastrula contains three germ layers - an outer ectoderm layer, an inner endoderm layer, and a middle mesoderm layer.
Origin and Migration of Germ Cells in Vertebrates
1. In vertebrates, primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise early in development and migrate into developing gonads to form germ cells.
2. The mechanism of PGC migration varies between species, with frogs and zebrafish migrating chemotactically in response to signaling proteins, while birds and reptiles migrate through the bloodstream.
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animal behaviour topic reasoning.PPTX
This document discusses animal reasoning and problem-solving abilities. It provides definitions of reasoning and discusses topics like cognitive bias, language, insight, numeracy, sapience, theory of mind and consciousness in animals. Examples are given of chimpanzees and crows demonstrating causal reasoning abilities. Studies show animals can understand words and simple sentences, though they cannot generate new sentences. Insightful problem-solving has been seen in chimpanzees and elephants. Some animals can represent small quantities and transmit numerical information. Research suggests certain whales and dolphins exhibit traits of sapience like complex emotions. Studies on ravens provide evidence of theory of mind in non-human species. The mirror test is discussed as a way to study
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Theories of preformation, pangenesis, epigenesis,
The document summarizes several historical theories of embryological development:
1) Preformation theory proposed that embryos existed preformed and fully formed within the egg or sperm, simply needing to grow larger. This was later disproven.
2) Epigenesis theory, advocated by Wolff, stated that differentiation occurs after fertilization from an undifferentiated egg or sperm, and is the universally accepted view.
3) Pangenesis theory proposed by Darwin involved "gemmules" transmitting traits, but lacked scientific basis.
4) Axial gradient theory proposed physiological gradients along the axis determine development and regeneration, with Child expanding on this view quantitatively.
Egg activation
1) Amphibian oocytes remain dormant in prophase of meiosis I for years until progesterone stimulates germinal vesicle breakdown and the resumption of meiosis.
2) Progesterone causes the egg to produce the protein c-mos, which activates maturation-promoting factor (MPF) containing cyclin B and p34cdc2, driving the first meiotic division.
3) The egg arrests again in metaphase of meiosis II due to cytostatic factor (CSF) containing c-mos and cdk2, which prevents cyclin degradation. Fertilization triggers calcium release and inactivation of CSF, allowing cyclin degradation and completion of meiosis.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
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The document outlines the six main stages of vertebrate development: fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, neural crest formation, and organogenesis. It describes the key events that occur during each stage, including the entry of sperm and initiation of cell division during fertilization, the formation of the blastula from cleavage, the invagination of cells during gastrulation, the formation of the neural tube during neurulation, and the differentiation of tissues and organs from the germ layers during organogenesis. Examples are provided for how these stages differ across key vertebrate groups like amphibians, birds, and mammals.
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Biochemistry of fertilization.
This document provides an overview of fertilization and the biochemical processes involved. It discusses:
1) The definition of fertilization as the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
2) The steps of fertilization including capacitation, acrosomal reaction, cortical reaction, plasmogamy, and karyogamy.
3) The significance of fertilization is that it leads to successful reproduction and the formation of a new organism.
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The urinogenital system includes the urinary and reproductive systems of vertebrates. The urinary system includes kidneys and ducts, while the reproductive system includes gonads and ducts. These two systems are closely related in vertebrates. The kidneys develop from the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros in embryos. The metanephros contains nephrons, the functional units of vertebrate kidneys. Male gonads are testes that produce sperm, while female gonads are ovaries that produce eggs. Sperm and eggs meet during reproduction and are exchanged via various genital ducts and organs between males and females.
Brain of vertebrates
The document summarizes the development and comparative anatomy of the vertebrate brain. It describes how the embryonic brain divides into three primary vesicles - the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. It then discusses the specific structures that develop from each of these regions across different vertebrate groups, including differences in brain structure between cyclostomes, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key differences include the size of regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and olfactory bulbs across the groups.
Development of Eye In Vertebrates
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) form the internal organs. The development of the eye occurs through interactions between the lens placode and optic vesicle. The optic vesicle induces formation of the lens placode and positions the lens in relation to the retina. The optic vesicle then becomes the optic cup with two layers that differentiate into the pigmented retina and neural retina. The lens placode invaginates to form the lens.
Gastrulation in frog
Gastrulation is the process by which the three primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) are formed in frog embryos through coordinated cell movements. In Xenopus embryos, gastrulation begins with bottle-shaped cells invaginating at the equatorial marginal zone to form the blastopore slit. These cells become the dorsal blastopore lip. Additional mesodermal and endodermal precursor cells involute through the expanding blastopore, eventually forming a ring around the yolky endoderm and completing germ layer formation. Fate mapping studies track the origins and locations of precursor cells during gastrulation.
Parental care in amphibian
Amphibians show various forms of parental care to protect their eggs and offspring. This includes constructing nests or shelters to house eggs, directly coiling around or carrying eggs, giving birth to larvae, or retaining eggs in pouches or internally until the offspring are fully developed. Some frogs build mud or foam nests, while others lay eggs on leaves overhanging water. Certain frogs carry eggs on their backs or transfer tadpoles to water. Salamanders may coil around eggs or carry them attached to their neck. Parental care benefits offspring by increasing survival when they are associated with parents and improving offspring quality to boost future survival and reproduction.
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The document summarizes key aspects of cleavage in early embryonic development. It describes how cleavage involves repeated mitotic cell divisions following fertilization, resulting in blastomeres. Cleavage can be total or partial depending on how the cleavage furrows bisect the egg. There are also different cleavage planes and patterns (e.g. radial vs spiral cleavage) that influence cell positioning. Early blastomeres may be determinate, with fate predetermined, or indeterminate, retaining potential to develop into a complete embryo. Cleavages follow basic principles like Sachs' laws regarding equal cell division and perpendicular intersection of division planes.
extra embryonic membranes in birds
extra embryonic membranes in birds.
easy notes on it.
you can read and understand it easily.
this is in simple English language
Presentation on Parental care in Amphibians
This document summarizes various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians. It describes how amphibians select sites for egg-laying, form foam, mud, leaf, and shoot nests, carry eggs on their bodies, use organs as brooding pouches, coil around eggs, and transfer tadpoles to water. Some amphibians exhibit viviparity where young are born live rather than from eggs. The document concludes that parental care in amphibians likely evolved in response to their habitats and lifestyles, and may be instinctive rather than influenced by hormones.
Spermatogenesis steps, hormonal regulation and abnormalities
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in males. It occurs in three stages: spermatocytogenesis where spermatogonia proliferate into primary spermatocytes, meiosis where primary spermatocytes undergo two divisions to form spermatids, and spermiogenesis where spermatids undergo changes to form spermatozoa. Hormones like testosterone, LH, FSH, growth hormone, and estrogen regulate spermatogenesis by stimulating Leydig and Sertoli cells. Abnormalities can result in conditions like azoospermia, oligozoospermia, and teratozoospermia.
Parental care in Amphibians
Parental care in amphibians provides benefits to offspring survival. There are various types of parental care exhibited by different amphibian species, including selecting protected nesting sites, defending eggs or territories, directly transporting tadpoles to water, gluing or carrying eggs attached to the body, and even viviparity in some species. Parental care improves offspring chances of survival by protecting eggs from predators and ensuring young amphibians safely reach water once hatched.
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Therapeutic uses of stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into many different cell types. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells found in embryos, and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cell therapies work by isolating healthy stem cells and transplanting them into damaged areas where they develop into replacement cells and tissues. Some applications discussed include using cord blood stem cells to treat leukemia, dermal papilla stem cells to treat baldness, and dental pulp stem cells to regenerate teeth. However, the use of embryonic stem cells raises some ethical issues.
Adult stem cells hope
This document discusses the potential of adult stem cells to treat degenerative diseases by regenerating cells. It outlines two types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells which are controversial due to ethical issues, and adult stem cells which are readily available and have been safely used for therapies. The document describes how adult stem cells can be collected from healthy individuals using growth factors and apheresis, then cryogenically stored for future autologous use to treat diseases like cancer and heart disease. It provides examples of current adult stem cell therapies including bone marrow transplants to treat blood cancers.
Adult stem cells hope
This document discusses the potential of adult stem cells to treat degenerative diseases by regenerating cells. It outlines two types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells which are controversial due to ethical issues, and adult stem cells which are readily available and have been safely used for therapies. The document describes how adult stem cells can be collected from healthy individuals using growth factors and apheresis, then cryogenically stored for future autologous use to treat diseases like cancer and heart disease. It provides examples of current adult stem cell therapies including bone marrow transplants to treat blood cancers.
Dermama faq on stem cells
Stem cells are the foundation cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types and can self-renew to produce more stem cells. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells or their derivatives to replace or repair damaged tissues. Current stem cell therapies include blood stem cell transplants, but challenges remain in isolating the right stem cells, avoiding rejection issues, and ensuring the stem cells integrate properly in the body.
Stem cell technology | Presented by pranjali V. Bhadane
This presentation is related to biological topic stem cell technology. stem cell technology plays an important role in life science. stem cell technology is most important for future researchers on personal genomics, personal drug and Complex Disease Research...
256447 stem-cell-transplantation
The document discusses different types of stem cells, their properties and potential uses. It explains that stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of dividing and renewing themselves that can differentiate into specialized cells. The document also outlines a study where high-dose immunosuppression followed by stem cell transplantation helped patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes achieve prolonged insulin independence in most cases.
256447 stem-cell-transplantation
The document discusses different types of stem cells, their properties and potential uses. It explains that stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of dividing and renewing themselves that can differentiate into specialized cells. The document also outlines a study where high-dose immunosuppression followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation helped patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes to reduce or stop insulin use.
Stem cell culture
Stem cells can be derived from embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to differentiate into other cell types. There are several types of stem cells including totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells, which differ in their ability to differentiate. Stem cells offer potential for treating diseases but also raise ethical issues that require more research.
Stem cell therapy
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and their potency to differentiate. Stem cell therapy uses stem cells to treat diseases by promoting tissue regeneration when stem cells differentiate into the target tissue upon transplantation. While stem cell therapy holds promise, ethical issues surround the use of embryonic stem cells and challenges remain in obtaining cells and ensuring successful transplantation and treatment of diseases.
Preserve your baby's stem cells
This document discusses stem cell banking and its benefits. It explains that stem cell banking involves extracting, processing and storing stem cells that can potentially treat over 80 diseases. Stem cells have the ability to transform into any tissue or organ and can benefit not just the baby but also siblings and family members. The document provides information on what stem cells are, where they come from, how they work and the potential of stem cell therapy for regenerative medicine. It discusses private and public stem cell banking options available in India. The overall goal is to create awareness of stem cell banking and its ability to provide a healthy future for families.
Stem cells technology and applications
Stem cells have unique properties that allow them to renew themselves and differentiate into other cell types. There are two main sources of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from embryos and adult stem cells found in tissues. Embryonic stem cells are grown in laboratories using nutrient solutions and feeder cell layers. Tests to identify stem cells examine transcription factors, cell markers, and differentiation potential. Applications of stem cell research include tissue regeneration, treatment of diseases like cardiovascular and brain disorders, replacing deficient cells, and treating blood disorders.
stem cells and cancer stem cells
(1) Stem cells can be embryonic, adult, or induced pluripotent. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells are multipotent.
(2) Cancer stem cells are a small fraction of tumor cells that can self-renew and differentiate to form the heterogeneous tumor mass. They rely on signaling pathways like JAK/STAT, Hedgehog, Wnt, and Notch to maintain their stem-like properties.
(3) Targeting these pathways and surface markers on cancer stem cells is a promising strategy for cancer treatment, though more research is still needed to develop effective therapies.
Regenerative medicine
Regenerative medicine uses stem cell therapy and tissue engineering to replace damaged cells and repair organs. It aims to treat age-related diseases by generating replacement cells from stem cells. Regenerative medicine works by isolating cells, manipulating and expanding them, and transplanting the modified cells back into patients to replace malfunctioning cells. Pioneers in the field have used this approach to successfully engineer tissues like bladders and windpipes. Induced pluripotent stem cells allow adult cells to be reprogrammed and have potential for personalized regenerative medicine without ethical concerns of embryonic stem cells. Regenerative medicine holds promise for treating many currently incurable diseases.
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit organization providin.docx
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit
organization providing a global forum for
stem cell research and regenerative medicine.
Stem Cell
Facts
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are the foundation cells for every organ and
tissue in our bodies. The highly specialized cells that make
up these tissues originally came from an initial pool of stem
cells formed shortly after fertilization. Throughout our lives,
we continue to rely on stem cells to replace injured tissues
and cells that are lost every day, such as those in our skin,
hair, blood and the lining of our gut. Stem cells have two
key properties: 1) the ability to self-renew, dividing in a
way that makes copies of themselves, and 2) the ability to
differentiate, giving rise to the mature types of cells that
make up our organs and tissues.
Tissue-specific stem cells
Tissue-specific stem cells, which are sometimes referred to
as “adult” or “somatic” stem cells, are already somewhat
specialized and can produce some or all of the mature
cell types found within the particular tissue or organ in
which they reside. Because of their ability to generate
multiple, organ-specific, cell types, they are described as
“multipotent.” For example, stem cells found within the
adult brain are capable of making neurons and two types of
glial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Tissue-specific stem cells have been found in several organs
that need to continuously replenish themselves, such as the
blood, skin and gut and have even been found in other, less
regenerative, organs such as the brain. These types of stem
cells represent a very small population and are often buried
deep within a given tissue, making them difficult to identify,
isolate and grow in a laboratory setting.
Neuron – Dr. Gerry Shaw, EnCor Biotechnology Inc.
Astrocyte – Abcam Inc.
Oligodendrocyte – Dhaunchak and Nave (2007).
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17813-8
www.isscr.org
Embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells have been derived from a variety
of species, including humans, and are described as
“pluripotent,” meaning that they can generate all the
different types of cells in the body. Embryonic stem cells
can be obtained from the blastocyst, a very early stage
of development that consists of a mostly hollow ball of
approximately 150-200 cells and is barely visible to the
naked eye. At this stage, there are no organs, not even
blood, just an “inner cell mass” from which embryonic stem
cells can be obtained. Human embryonic stem cells are
derived primarily from blastocysts that were created by
in vitro fertilization (IVF) for assisted reproduction but
were no longer needed.
The fertilized egg and the cells that immediately arise in the
first few divisions are “totipotent.” This means that, under
the right conditions, they can generate a viable embryo
(including support tissues such as the placenta). Within a
matter of days, however, these cells transition to become
pluripote ...
“Stem Cell, Possibilities And Utility In Health sector”
The role of stem cells in basic biological processes in vivo, namely in development, tissue repair and cancer.
Remarkable progress has been achieved in studying stem cells. The most exciting use of cultured stem cells is the promise for curing many devastating diseases like Parkinson's and diabetes. However, more basic research remains before stem-cell based therapy is widely used.
ES cells have the most capacity to differentiate into a variety of cells and their proliferation capacity is also unsurpassed by any other cell type. There are three major problems with ES cells; ethical issues, immunological rejection problems and the potential of developing teratomas.
In the future, ideally, somatic stem cells from the patient will be extracted and manipulated and then reintroduced into the same patient to cure debilitating diseases.
Potential Uses of Stem Cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types - embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in tissues. Adult stem cells act as a repair system, replenishing tissues. Stem cells can be extracted from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and blood. They are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into other cell types. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos and cultured on feeder layers where they can proliferate indefinitely. Stem cells have potential uses in research, drug testing, and regenerative cell therapy for conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury.
Stem cells
This document discusses stem cells, their properties and types. It describes that stem cells have the ability to self-renew and undergo asymmetric division to produce differentiated cells. There are two main types of stem cells - embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent and can generate all cell types, and adult stem cells which are multipotent and generate cell types of their tissue. Hematopoietic stem cells continuously replenish blood cells and can be collected from bone marrow or peripheral blood. Stem cells play roles in tissue regeneration and cancer development.
Stem cell.pdf
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into other cell types and can serve as a repair system in the body. There are several types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent, adult stem cells which are multipotent, and induced pluripotent stem cells which are created from adult cells. Stem cells show promise for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications given their ability to differentiate and potentially replace damaged or dying cells.
Stem Cell Research
There are different types of stem cells that can be classified based on their origin and abilities. Embryonic stem cells are the earliest type found in embryos that can become any cell type but carry risks. Adult stem cells are tissue-specific and found in organs to repair and replace cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells reprogrammed to be like embryonic stem cells. Rigorous testing through clinical trials is required to translate stem cell research into safe and effective medical treatments.
Stem cells #scichallenge2017
Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different cell types and can serve as an internal repair system. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and derived from embryos, and adult stem cells, which are multipotent and found in adult tissues. While embryonic stem cells are important for research due to their pluripotency, both types hold promise for regenerative medicine and treatments for conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and spinal cord injuries. However, more research is still needed to fully realize their clinical potential and address ethical concerns.
Similar to Placenta Tissue Banking (20)
Stem cell technology | Presented by pranjali V. Bhadane
Stem cell technology | Presented by pranjali V. Bhadane
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit organization providin.docx
The ISSCR is an independent, nonprofit organization providin.docx
“Stem Cell, Possibilities And Utility In Health sector”
“Stem Cell, Possibilities And Utility In Health sector”
Placenta Tissue Banking
- 1. PLACENTA TISSUE BANKING MS.RAJALAKSHMI R NURSING TUTOR, RNPC
- 2. The placenta is an organ that connects the baby to the uterus via the umbilical cord and delivers vital nutrients via the mother’s blood supply. After nutrients from the mother enter the placenta and are delivered to the baby, waste products from the baby are carried back into the placenta where they are transferred to the mother’s body to dispose of. The placenta also produces hormones that are essential to the healthy development of the baby and protect the baby from infections and sickness throughout pregnancy. WHAT IS THE PLACENTA?
- 4. Placenta banking refers to the collection and storage of stem cells from the placenta, in addition to those found in cord blood, after the birth of a human baby. Placental stem cells are those stem cells that are found only in the placenta and are collected after the blood from the umbilical cord is drawn. They are NON-EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS, as are those obtained from umbilical cord blood.
- 5. The type of stem cells that exist placenta tissue are called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC- like cells. MSCs are a different type of stem cells than those that are collected from cord blood in the umbilical cord and the placenta. MSCs can turn into a large number of skeletal tissue types such as bone, cartilage, fat tissue, and connective tissue. Cord tissue contains MSCs that are related to the child, while you can collect MSCs that are genetically unique to the mother from the placenta tissue. TYPE OF STEM CELL
- 6. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC’s) are adult non embryonic stem cells capable of renewing themselves as well as retaining their population throughout the individual’s lifetime. They can differentiate (create) into most types of cells of the human organism. They play a significant role in: maintaining normal function of the body (e.g. making blood in the bone marrow) repairing the body following injury or disease MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS (MSC’S)
- 7. MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS (MSC’S)
- 8. Potential applications in cell therapy: 1. Regenerative Medicine (Differentiate into mature cells that will travel to the injured tissue, giving them a therapeutic potential) 2. Regulate the body’s immune response (secrete chemical substances and molecules) 3. Gene therapy, i.e. use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to carry healthy DNA into diseased cells, thus aiming to cure serious diseases 4. cancer therapies (Clinical trials are investigating the potential use of Mesenchymals) POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF MSC’S
- 9. Other Applications Examples Immuno regulatory Functions Autoimmune disease e.g. Crohn's, MS, SLE (Lupus) Participation in Haematopoiesis Enhancement of haematopoietic engraftment following transplant Tissue Engineering Creation of tissue grafts for transplantation e.g. heart valves, skin, blood vessels etc. Gene Therapy Replacement of faulty genes in inherited conditions e.g. Thalassaemia MSCs Differentiating Ability Applications Bone/Cartilage Bone Reconstruction after fracture/injuries Muscle Cardiac Muscle Regeneration after Myocardial Infarction Nervous tissue Brain Damage & Neurodegenerative Diseases e.g. Parkinson’s Pancreatic tissue Diabetes Liver Tissue Liver Failure
- 10. Currently, research is being conducted into using mesenchymal stem cells for the following uses: – Cartilage repair – Diabetes – Heart disease – Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Liver disease – Stroke – Serious Wounds – Spinal Cord Injury USES OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
- 11. Placental stem cells can differentiate not only into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, but also into many other types of tissue. Placental stem cells have the benefits of embryonic stem cells, but without the controversy or medical drawbacks STEM CELLS FROM THE PLACENTA ARE VALUABLE & NON- CONTROVERSIAL
- 13. The entire process is performed by health care provider is noninvasive, and only takes about 5 minutes. Once baby is born and the umbilical cord has been cut, health care provider will collect blood from the cord. the entire placenta will be collected separately and placed into a special bag. The collection kit will then be transported to the laboratories for processing and preservation. The stem cells will be “cryopreserved” in a vapor- phase liquid-nitrogen storage tank that is continuously monitored 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, until the time when their family need them.
- 14. A successful transplant requires that the patient and the donor have closely matching human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types. HLA types are inherited from your parents. Because public banks rely on donations of placenta cells they cannot guarantee that a good HLA match. Many patients who need stem cell transplants don’t receive them because they are unable to find a suitable match from a public bank. Private banking ensures immediate access to a 100% HLA match for their child. And their baby’s stem cells have a much greater likelihood of providing a good match for other close blood relatives. STEM CELLS FROM A PUBLIC BANK -IT’S POSSIBLE.
- 15. Research has shown that placenta tissue is a rich source of a few different potentially valuable stem cells, including MSCs. emerging fields of gene therapy and cellular repair. precursor cells for the tissues of the body, and, in a laboratory setting they could one day be used in regenerative therapies (involves replacing or repairing damaged tissues and organs, and restoring their critical functions) for various organs. THE FUTURE OF PLACENTAL STEM CELLS
- 16. “When you bank your baby’s placental stem cells, you save what may be a key component of potential future medical treatments and cures.”
- 17. “ALONE WE CAN DO SO LITTLE; TOGETHER WE CAN DO SO MUCH.”