This ppt contains a detailed analysis about the Motion sensing and Detecting methods.
It Further draws the attention of Different types of Motion Sensing.
It also adds light to the upcoming technologies using the motion sensing methods..
BETTER DOWNLOAD THE PPT FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND CLEAR VISUAL APPERANCE FOR THE PRESENTATION..
This ppt contains a detailed analysis about the Motion sensing and Detecting methods.
It Further draws the attention of Different types of Motion Sensing.
It also adds light to the upcoming technologies using the motion sensing methods..
BETTER DOWNLOAD THE PPT FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING AND CLEAR VISUAL APPERANCE FOR THE PRESENTATION..
The Arduino family of boards use processors developed by the Atmel Corporation of San Jose, California. Most of the Arduino designs utilize the 8-bit AVR series of microcontrollers, with the Due being the primary exception with its ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit processor.
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
The Arduino family of boards use processors developed by the Atmel Corporation of San Jose, California. Most of the Arduino designs utilize the 8-bit AVR series of microcontrollers, with the Due being the primary exception with its ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit processor.
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
The presentation covers sampling theorem, ideal sampling, flat top sampling, natural sampling, reconstruction of signals from samples, aliasing effect, zero order hold, upsampling, downsampling, and discrete time processing of continuous time signals.
This is a presentation of OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOT. which has the details on making an obstacle avoider using arduino uno, ultrasonic sensor. This presentation has the detailed description of all the components that are being used in making. And also circuit diagram and flow chart of the robot.
This is about Sensors, Sensors’ Classification, Vision System, Steps in Vision Sensing, Image Acquisition, Ultrasonic Sensors
• As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic
waves.
The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back
from the target.
• Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time
between the emission and reception.
• Distance calculation
• The distance can be calculated with the following formula:
• Distance L = 1/2 × T × C
where L is the distance, T is the time between the emission and reception,
and C is the sonic speed.
(The value is multiplied by 1/2 because T is the time for go-and-return
distance.)
Features
• [Transparent object detectable]
Since ultrasonic waves can reflect off a glass or liquid surface and return to the sensor head, even
transparent targets can be detected.
• [Resistant to mist and dirt]
Detection is not affected by accumulation of dust or dirt.
• [Complex shaped objects detectable]
Presence detection is stable even for targets such as mesh trays or springs.
How Ultrasonic Sensors Work?
•Ultrasonic sound vibrates at a frequency above the range of human
hearing.
• Transducers are the microphones used to receive and send the
ultrasonic sound.
•Ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use a single transducer to send a
pulse and to receive the echo. The sensor determines the distance to
a target by measuring time lapses between the sending and receiving
of the ultrasonic pulse.
Ultrasonic Sensors
• Ultrasound can be used for measuring wind speed and direction
(anemometer), tank or channel fluid level, and speed through air or water.
• It generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range, above 18 kHz, by turning
electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound
waves into electrical energy which can be measured and displayed.
• The technology is limited by the shapes of surfaces and the density or
consistency of the material.
• Foam, in particular, can distort surface level readings.
• This technology, as well, can detect approaching objects and track
their positions.
• Ultrasonic transducers convert AC into ultrasound, as well as the reverse.
• Ultrasonic, typically refers to piezoelectric transducers or capacitive
transducers.
• Piezoelectric crystals change size and shape when a voltage is applied; AC
voltage makes them oscillate at the same frequency and produce ultrasonic
sound.
• Capacitive transducers use electrostatic fields between a conductive
diaphragm and a backing plate.
Selection of Sensors
The most common optical sensor options are photoelectric—diffuse, reflective, and through beam. Laser sensors and fiber-optic sensing units also fall under the optical sensor category. Photoelectric sensors are mostly presence sensors.
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalR - Slides Onl...Peter Gallagher
In this session delivered at Leeds IoT, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
Google Calendar is a versatile tool that allows users to manage their schedules and events effectively. With Google Calendar, you can create and organize calendars, set reminders for important events, and share your calendars with others. It also provides features like creating events, inviting attendees, and accessing your calendar from mobile devices. Additionally, Google Calendar allows you to embed calendars in websites or platforms like SlideShare, making it easier for others to view and interact with your schedules.
1. PIR SENSOR
• PIR sensors allow you to sense motion . Generally, PIR sensor can detect
animal/human movement. PIR is made of a pyro electric sensor, which is
able to detect different levels of infrared radiation.
• A Passive Infrared sensor is an electronic sensor that measures infrared
light radiating from objects. Term “passive” means that sensor is not using
any energy for detecting purposes, it just works by detecting the energy
given off by the other objects.
• PIR sensors are mostly used in PIR-based motion detectors. Also, it used
in security alarms and automatic lighting applications.
• The most widely used infrared detector is a pyroelectric detector.
• It uses as a sensor for converting human infrared radiation into electrical
signal. The detector itself does not emit any energy but passively receives
it.Pyro electric detectors are thermal detectors: Temperature fluctuations
produce a charge change on the surface of pyroelectric crystals, which
produces a corresponding electrical signal.
4. • How does a PIR sensor work?
• All objects, including the human body, at temperatures above
absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of infrared
radiation. The hotter an object is, the more radiation it emits.
This radiation is not visible to the human eye because it is
emitted at infrared wavelengths. The PIR sensor is specifically
designed to detect such levels of infrared radiation.
• A PIR sensor consists of two main parts:
• A pyroelectric sensor, which you can see in the image below
as a round metal with a rectangular crystal in the center.
• A special lens called a fresnel lens which Focuses the infrared
signals on the pyroelectric sensor.
5.
6. The Pyroelectric Sensor
• A pyroelectric sensor consists of a window with two
rectangular slots and is made of a material (typically
coated silicon) that allows infrared radiation to pass
through. Behind the window, there are two separate
infrared sensor electrodes, one responsible for
producing the positive output and the other for
producing the negative output.
• The two electrodes are wired such that they cancel
each other out. This is because we are looking for
changes in IR levels and not ambient IR levels. That’s
why when one half sees more or less IR radiation than
the other, we get the output.
7. Working
• When ever it detects change in infrared radiation it produces
digital output signal.
• When there is no movement around the sensor, both slots
detect the same amount of infrared radiation, resulting in a
zero output signal.
• But when a warm body like a human or an animal passes by, it
first intercepts half of the sensor. This causes a positive
differential change between the two halves.
• When the warm body intercepts the other half of the sensor
(leaves the sensing region), the opposite happens, and the
sensor produces a negative differential change.
• By reading this change in voltage, motion is detected.
8.
9.
10. PIR in Lighting application
• When Unoccupied
• When a space is unoccupied, the
pyroelectric sensor does not detect any change in
temperature and would remain idle.
• When Occupied
• When the human or animal body gets into the
sensors range, the infrared signal difference
between these two pyroelectric sensors will
trigger the lights to turn on.
16. Applications of PIR Sensor
• PIR sensors are used in thermal sensing
applications, such as security and motion
detection. They are commonly used in security
alarms, motion detection alarms, and
automatic lighting applications.
17. Ultrasonic sensor
• An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the
distance of a target object by emitting ultrasonic sound waves,
and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal.
Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound
(i.e. the sound that humans can hear).
• Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the transmitter
(which emits the sound using piezoelectric crystals) and the
receiver (which encounters the sound after it has travelled to
and from the target).
18. How the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance
Sensor Works?
• It emits an ultrasound at 40 000 Hz which travels through the air and if
there is an object or obstacle on its path. It will bounce back to the
module. Considering the travel time and the speed of the sound you can
calculate the distance.
• In order to generate the ultrasound we need to set the Trig pin on a High
State for 10 µs. That will send out an 8 cycle ultrasonic burst which will
travel at the speed of sound. The Echo pins goes high right away after that
8 cycle ultrasonic burst is sent, and it starts listening or waiting for that
wave to be reflected from an object.
19. • It all starts when the trigger pin
is set HIGH for 10µs. In
response, the sensor transmits
an ultrasonic burst of eight
pulses at 40 kHz. This 8-pulse
pattern is specially designed so
that the receiver can
distinguish the transmitted
pulses from ambient ultrasonic
noise.
• These eight ultrasonic pulses
travel through the air away
from the transmitter.
Meanwhile the echo pin goes
HIGH to initiate the echo-back
signal.
• If those pulses are not
reflected back, the echo signal
times out and goes low after
38ms (38 milliseconds). Thus a
pulse of 38ms indicates no
obstruction within the range
of the sensor.
• IF OBJECT(obstruction) IS
NOT PRESENT
20. • If those pulses are reflected
back, the echo pin goes low
as soon as the signal is
received. This generates a
pulse on the echo pin
whose width varies from
150 µs to 25 ms depending
on the time taken to receive
the signal.
• IF OBJECT(obstruction)
IS PRESENT
21. • Let us take an example to make it more clear. Suppose we have an object
in front of the sensor at an unknown distance and we receive a pulse of
500µs width on the echo pin. Now let’s calculate how far the object is
from the sensor. For this we will use the below equation.
• Distance = Speed x Time
• Here we have the value of time i.e. 500 µs and we know the speed. Of
course it’s the speed of sound! It is 340 m/s. To calculate the distance we
need to convert the speed of sound into cm/µs. It is 0.034 cm/μs. With
that information we can now calculate the distance!
• Distance = 0.034 cm/µs x 500 µs
• But we’re not done yet! Remember that the echo pulse indicates the time
it takes for the signal to be sent and reflected back. So to get the distance,
you have to divide your result by two.
• Distance = (0.034 cm/µs x 500 µs) / 2
• Distance = 8.5 cm
• Now we know that the object is 8.5 cm away from the sensor.
25. HC-SR04 Hardware Overview
• An HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor actually consists of
two ultrasonic transducers.
• One acts as a transmitter that converts the electrical signal into 40
KHz ultrasonic sound pulses. The other acts as a receiver and
listens for the transmitted pulses.
• When the receiver receives these pulses, it produces an output
pulse whose width is proportional to the distance of the object in
front.
• This sensor provides excellent non-contact range detection between
2 cm to 400 cm (~13 feet) with an accuracy of 3 mm.
26.
27.
28. Applications
• They can be found in automobile self-parking technology and anti-
collision safety systems. Ultrasonic sensors are also used in robotic
obstacle detection systems, as well as manufacturing technology.
• They are used within food and beverage to measure liquid level
in bottles,
• Ultrasonic sensors are also used in robotic obstacle detection
systems,
31. SENSOR AND ACTUATOR
• A sensor transforms interesting, useful energy into
electrical data. By contrast, an actuator transforms
electrical data into interesting, useful energy. Our
smartphones are full of transducers — the camera
and microphone are sensors whereas the speakers
and screen are actuators.
32. Sensor:
• Sensor is a device used for the conversion of physical
events or characteristics into the electrical signals.
• This is a hardware device that takes the input from
environment and gives to the system by converting
it.For example, a thermometer takes the
temperature as physical characteristic and then
converts it into electrical signals for the system.
• Sensors pick physical gestures from their
environment and convert them into electrical signals-
while actuators pick the system's electrical signals to
convert them into physical gestures (heat, sound,
electricity, etc.).
33.
34. Actuator:
• Actuator is a device that converts the electrical
signals into the physical events or characteristics.
• It takes the input from the system and gives output
to the environment.
For example, motors and heaters are some of the
commonly used actuators.
Editor's Notes
Pyroelectricity is the property of a polar crystal to produce electrical energy when it is subjected to a change of thermal energy.