measurement instrumentation instruments monitoring sensing electromechanical damping torque wattmeter ohmmeter voltmeter galvanometer snr signal to noise ratio white noise gaussian noise types of noise noise random errors systematic errors gross errors types of errors error dead band span range hysteresis effect non indicating instruments indicating static charateristics types measuring instrument selection measuring instrument type system throttle position sensor mass airflow sensor air bags odometer tachometer speedomoter fuel gauge fuel guge adaptive cruise control automobile sensors and actuators corrosion sensor shock sensors strain sensors vibration sensors non destructive teting testing types of structures structures offshore
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