The document discusses ultrasonic transducers and sensors. Ultrasonic transducers convert electrical energy into ultrasound waves above the range of human hearing using piezoelectric crystals. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo received back to determine the distance to an object. They are capable of sending ultrasound and receiving the echo, which is converted to electrical signals for processing. Common applications include measuring wind speed, tank fullness, and speed through air or water.

1. A Presentation on
Ultrasonic Transducer
Prof. Sajid Naeem (DOES – PC)

2. Ultrasonic Sensor
An ultrasonic transducer is a device that converts energy into
ultrasound, or sound waves above the normal range of
human hearing.
Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound
waves in the ultrasonic range, above 18,000 hertz, by turning
electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo
turn the sound waves into electrical energy which can be
measured and displayed.

3. Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they
both send and receive) work on a principle similar to radar or
sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the
echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic
sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate
the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors
calculate the time interval between sending the signal and
receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object.

4. Construction of Ultrasonic Sensor
Piezoelectric crystals are used for
this conversion process.
Piezoelectric crystals will
oscillate at high frequencies
when electric energy is applied to
it. The reverse is also true. These
piezoelectric crystals will
generate electrical signals on
receipt of ultrasound. These
sensors are capable of sending
ultrasound to an object and
receive the echo developed by
the object. The echo is converted
into electrical energy for onward
processing by the control circuit.

5. Interfacing & Features
•description: ultrasonic transducer - receiver
•max. input voltage: 20Vrms
•operating temperature: -20 C to +85 C
•range: 0.2 to 6m
•nominal frequency: 40kHz
•sensitivity: -67dB min.
•sound pressure: 112dB min.

6. General Functional Block Diagram

7. This technology can be
used for measuring: wind
speed and direction
,fullness of a tank and
speed through air or water.
For measuring speed or
direction a device uses
multiple detectors and
calculates the speed from
the relative distances to
particulates in the air or
water. To measure the
amount of liquid in a tank,
the sensor measures the
distance to the surface of
the fluid.

8. Log of Ultrasonic Sensor

9. Applications