TYPES , USES , PROS & CONS , DIMENSIONS , MATERIALS & MRP OF SANITARY FIXTURES .

1. BUILDING SERVICES-I
SANITARY FIXTURES
TAYYABA.S.D
HMSSOA TUMKUR
4TH
SEM B.ARCH

2. SANITARY FIXTURES
Sanitary fixtures: A receptacle for industrial and faecal sewage that is installed
in homes and public and industrial buildings. Sanitary fixtures are attached to
the interior systems of water pipes and sewerage systems and constitute the
main elements of a building’s sanitary engineering equipment.
Sanitary fixtures can be categorised into two groups:
Soil appliances: Water closets, bidet, urinals, cisterns, flush valve.
Waste appliances: Wash basin, sink, dishwasher, washing machine.
Waste appliances Soil appliances
Wash basin Water closets
Sink Bidet
Dishwasher Urinal
Washing machine Cistern
Flush valve
Properties of good sanitary fixtures:
1. Durable (long lasting).
2. Impervious to water (it must not absorb water).
3. Resistant to corrosion (in order to make it long lasting and to be hygienic).
4. Simple in outline (so that there will be no crannies to hold dirt).
5. Smooth surfaced inside and out (for ease of cleaning and to be largely
selfcleansing internally as flushed in use).
6. With the inside so designed that the water will drain naturally to the outlet.
Materials for Sanitary Appliances:
The materials from which sanitary appliances are manufactured are dependent
upon the type of fitment and the use of the building into which it is to be
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installed. In general terms the materials must be non-corroding, non-absorbent
and easily cleaned. In factories and schools, materials must also be capable of
withstanding rough treatment, but for domestic use this requirement can be
discounted.
Metal: Baths, shower trays and flushing cisterns are commonly made out of cast
iron, although this is being superseded to a large extent by the use of plastics.
The interior surfaces of cast iron baths and shower trays are vitreous enamelled
to provide a smooth, hard wearing surface that is corrosion resistant. Articles
manufactured from cast iron are very heavy and brittle, and great care must be
exercised when handling them.
Ceramic: Ceramic or Pottery ware has always been a popular material for such
appliances as WCs, wash hand basins, urinals, sinks and shower trays. The term
ceramic means a substance made by firing clay and includes various forms of
pottery such as fireclay, stoneware and vitreous china. Fitments manufactured
from fireclay and stoneware would be porous, i.e. would absorb moisture, unless
coated with vitreous enamel. Appliances made from fireclay and stonewash are
strong and heavy and this makes them particularly useful in situations where
hardwearing qualities are essential, i.e. Factories and schools. Belfast sinks,
urinal slabs and stalls, shower trays and WCs are all made from these two
materials.
Vitreous china: it’s a special type of earthenware which, as a result of high
firing temperature, is made impervious, i.e. will not absorb water. Its hard
surface coating serves to aid cleaning and to improve its appearance. The
strength of vitreous china allows fitments to be manufactured with a very thin
section reducing their weight. Wash hand basin and WCs are the most common
appliances made of vitreous china.
Acrylic plastic: produces appliances that are very light in weight and cheap to
manufacture.
A gloss finish can be obtained, but this must be carefully cleaned to avoid
scratching. The plastic becomes soft when heated, so the appliances must always
be exposed to cold water before being subjected to hot water, or mixing taps
should be used. Baths must be provided with supports, which usually consists of
timbers on metal cradles. A variety of colours can be obtained.
Glass reinforced polyester: appliances are much stronger than those made from
acrylic plastic, but they are more expensive. Baths and shower trays are often
made from this material, and should have a good gel coat finish. Thin coats may
be worn away by cleaning, which could expose the glass fibre.
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Vitreous enamelled pressed steel: is also used for the manufacture of baths and
sink units. It is cheaper material but does not have the long lasting qualities of
cast iron.
Manufacturers of porcelain enamelled ware always attached a label to the
appliance giving instruction on its care and methods of cleaning. Always make
sure that this is intact when the job is complete.
Stainless steel is also extensively used for a wide range of sanitary appliances
including WCs, sink units, urinal stalls and wash hand basins. Its popularity
derives from the properties it possesses:
(a) It has a clean, pleasant appearance.
(b) It is non-corrosive.
(c) It is hard wearing.
(d) It has no vitreous enamelled surface to chip
(e) It is easily cleaned.
Soil appliances:
1. Water closet:
It is a ceramic sanitary ware product which is used as a toilet. This kind of
toilets are more hygiene and easy to clean. The Toilet which is designed to sit is
known as water closets.
Types: Typically there are three types of water closets-one piece water closet,
two piece water closet and squatting pans. Each of these has their own
subvarieties, built to suit different needs and demands. Kid’s toilet, elderly
toilets, and Anglo-Indian type toilets are some other types you’ll find in the
market.
i. One-Piece Toilet: This is when the toilet’s tank is connected to the bowl,
making the whole toilet is a piece of ceramic.
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The clear advantages of this kind of toilet are that the size of the water tank is
typically smaller and there is no crevice in the middle, so it is easy to clean.
ii. Two piece water closet: This is probably the most common type of toilet that
is spreading across the continent. Opposite to the one-piece toilet, the water
tank and the bowl are separated, and thus the tank has a larger volume to store
water. Although nowadays people tend to go for a one-piece toilet, the two-
piece toilet has its strengths.
iii. Squatting pan: Will not be directly connected to the drainage pipeline
because the bad order will come in toilets. So squatting pan will be connected to
the drain pipe by using an ‘S’ trap or ‘P’ trap. This trap will avoid escape of bad
order from drain line by a water seal. Water seal of the squatting pan will be
maintained by the trap. But in water closets the design itself will maintain a
water level to seal the bad order escape from the drain pipe line. These types of
toilets are comparatively cheaper than the water closet type toilets
Squatting pan of sizes smaller than 630 mm may be made either box rim or open
rim type.
Dimensions: Normally sitting height of the water closet will be 400mm (16
inches) from the ground. For a separate toilet compartment, the size should be at
least 36x66 inches.
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Advantages: Disposes off human excreta (urine and faeces) by using water to
flush it through a drainpipe to another location for disposal, thus maintaining a
separation between humans and their excreta.
- The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives.
- No real problems with odours if used correctly.
- Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers).
Disadvantages:
High capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water. -Requires a
constant source of water.
- Cannot be built and/or repaired locally with available materials
Note: A Cistern Flush Toilet should not be considered unless all of the
connections and hardware accessories are available locally. The Cistern Flush
Toilet must be connected to both a constant source of water for flushing and a
Collection and Storage/Treatment or Conveyance technology to receive the
black water. The Cistern Flush Toilet is suitable for both public and private
applications and can be used in every climate.
Although flush water continuously rinses the bowl, the toilet should be
scrubbed clean regularly. Maintenance is required for the replacement or repair
of some mechanical parts or fittings.
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2. Bidet: is a plumbing fixture or type of sink intended for washing the genitalia.
A secondary but nevertheless important use of the bidet is as a footbath.
For identification purposes, bidets are usually classified in two distinct types
which are as follows:
Submerged inlet over rim supply
Tap controls are conveniently placed to enable the user to adjust the flow rate
and temperature of the water.
With most submerged inlet bidets the rim seat may be warmed by an ascending
spray which then fills the bowl for washing.
Most water authorities have special requirements for bidets with submerged
inlets.
Non return valves should be fitted to both the hot and cold supplies.
Hot and cold pipes to the bidet should be taken at least two metres above the
appliance before being connected into the main supplies.
In some instances a separate cistern may be required.
The reason for these recommendations is to prevent back siphon age.
Bidets with over rim supply are simpler to install and are supplied with water in
the same manner as a wash basin.
Types:
i. The traditional Bidet is expensive and takes a plumber to install. It also takes
up more floor space and won’t even fit in most bathrooms and you have to get
up and move to use it which can be very awkward and messy sometimes.
ii. The bidet toilet seat can come with many options including heating the seat
but the more options the more expensive and more potential for needing a
repairman to come out and fix it someday. You will also most likely need a
plumber to install it = more money.
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iii. The Hand Held Bidet Sprayer is far less expensive, requires no new
plumbing to install, can fit in any size bathroom and actually does a better job
cleaning you because it has a stronger water flow and more control over where
it spray and it needs almost no maintenance.
Dimensions:
11.5 by 8.5 inches for
elongated
11.6 by 8 inches for round
Advantages:
1. Conserving Waste and Saving the
Earth
2. Increased Cleanliness
3. Therapeutic Effect on Skin
4. Septic System Friendly
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5. Cost-Effective and Easy to Use
Disadvantages: they take up space, add another job to the dreaded chore of
cleaning the bathroom, and if you haven't already got one may require minor
renovations to install. You also run the risk of accidentally wetting your clothes
if you're not careful.
3. Urinals: a bowl or other receptacle, typically attached to a wall in a public
toilet, into which men may urinate.
Types: There are three main types of urinals, each with its own plumbing and
design. They are the trough urinal, bucket urinal and against-the-wall urinal
Trough urinal: A long, narrow urinal designed for use by several men at the
same time; equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away the urine.
Bucket urinal: A bucket toilet is a basic form of a dry toilet whereby a bucket
(pail) is used to collect excreta. Usually, faeces and urine are collected together
in the same bucket, leading to odour issues.
Against the wall urinal: A toilet that is attached to a wall especially in a public
bathroom for men to urinate into.
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Dimensions:
The minimum spacing required between urinals is 30 inches centre to centre.
The minimum spacing between a urinal and the sidewall is 15 inches.
1950mm (High), 1000mm (Wide), 1200mm (Deep)
Water Savings:
Toilets account for about half of a typical building’s water consumption. In the
United States, almost 5 billion gallons of water is used every day to flush toilets,
according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Newer models of
conventional flush-type urinals use about one gallon per flush. Older ones can
use from three to five gallons. Since no-flush urinals use no water, one to five
gallons of water is saved with each use.
Low Maintenance:
Waterless urinals generally require little maintenance other than a few simple
procedures that are outlined below. The absence of a flush valve eliminates
valve repairs and reduces opportunities for tampering. Additionally, overflow
due to clogged drains and vandalism is not a problem since large amounts of
water are not being flushed. According to the manufacturers, drain lines on
waterless urinals are less susceptible to clogging as the mixture of water and
urine, absent with no-flush urinals, causes encrustations to form in the pipes.
Occasional flushing with a few gallons of water is recommended to keep lines
clean.
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Improved Hygiene: Many people have the impression that urine is an unclean
substance. However, it is generally a sanitary liquid, composed mainly of
dissolved metabolic waste and excess water. A person’s urine normally does not
contain harmful microorganisms unless they are harbouring some type of urinary
tract infection. Water used by conventional urinals gives germs in the restroom
the moist environment they need to grow. Manufacturers design waterless
urinals to dry out between uses. This makes them hostile to bacteria and viruses.
Also, since there is no handle, no-flush urinals are touch-free, reducing the
spread of communicable diseases.
Disadvantages:
User acceptance:
Some owners report reluctance on the part of users to accept the waterless
urinals at first. Two universities reported that signs posted near the urinals
explaining how they work and why they were installed seemed to increase
favourable responses in these cases.
Similarly, some maintenance personnel are hesitant to perform maintenance on
the no-flush fixtures. They do not want to come in contact with the removable
cartridges that contain small amounts of urine.
Retrofits:
When replacing conventional urinals, removal of flush valves and capping of
water supply lines will be necessary. Some remodelling may be required to
lower the drain lines to bring the new waterless urinals to the proper mounting
height.
Local Approval:
Acceptance of no-flush urinals varies from city to city. Some municipalities
allow them and offer incentives for installation, but others reject them. The
latest edition of the International Plumbing Code requires water be supplied to
all fixtures needing it for proper operation. The law prohibits water closets that
are not thoroughly washed at each discharge. Further, some local plumbing
codes require that all fixtures be connected to a water supply. All these
requirements could and have been interpreted to exclude waterless urinals; a
variance from the local authority could, however, override these limitations.
Checking with local code officials early in the design process is, therefore,
essential.
4. Cisterns: A tank for storing water, especially one supplying taps or as part of
flushing toilets.
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As a cistern is required to store water, it must be made from very sturdy and
waterproof materials. These come in galvanized mild steel, polypropylene or
glass reinforced plastics. Insulation is also necessary and strong supports to
carry the massive load. To avoid contamination of the stored liquids, these come
with a cover.
Types:
Low level (easy to maintain): one where the toilet cistern and the toilet bowl are
joined by a short flush pipe, so that the cistern sits slightly above and behind the
bowl.
High level (accessible by stepladder): fixed to the wall and connects to the toilet
pan via an exposed flush pipe.
Concealed toilet cisterns: is simply a toilet cistern (tank) that is hidden in some
way. It is usually hidden inside or behind a wall, or in the ceiling or inside
cabinetry. A cistern concealed inside a wall is called an in wall cistern while
one hidden behind the wall is called an in duct system.
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Dimensions: typical depths between 27”-30” (69-76 cm), widths around 20” (51
cm), and back heights from 21”-31” (53-79 cm).
Advantages:
It’s modern and stylish. The buttons on the wall are typically stainless steel,
which offers a sleek and sophisticated look in your bathroom.
It’s hygienic. The cistern is thought as a harbour for dust, bacteria, and other
contaminants. Concealing the cistern helps eliminate these concerns.
It saves space. If you have a small bathroom, it can make the area look less busy
and cluttered, providing the appearance of additional room.
Disadvantages:
More expensive, since concealed cistern toilets are not as common as standard
toilet tanks, you may have trouble finding one for a decent price. Additionally,
labour costs may be more for installation since you’ll want a plumber with
experience installing concealed cistern toilets.
If the water is turned off in your home, you cannot manually fill the cistern with
water. That means if you need to use the toilet, you have no way of filling or
refilling the tank.
It can be difficult to turn off the water to a concealed cistern as well. Unlike
typical toilets where the shut-off valve is near the bowl, the shut-off valve for a
concealed cistern may be hard to find.
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Replacing the toilet cistern can become a large project. If the cistern is
concealed behind a toilet wall, it may require the wall coming out if the plumber
is unable to access the cistern via the wall void.
Concealed cisterns usually require a wall-faced pan, which will require a
bracket that holds the pan in place. The bracket also ensures that the cistern can
hold the weight of someone sitting on the bowl.
The concealed cistern will need to be installed before your walls are sheeted and
tiled. Additionally, you can have a void built out so that the cistern can be
installed via that method as well.
5. Flush valve:
The part inside the tank of a toilet that moves the water into the bowl. Toilet
flush valves come in different sizes ranging from 2 to 4 inches, depending on
the toilet design.
Types:
Standard flush valve:
The standard flush valve has been the widely used flush valve all over the
world. This type of valve is fundamental 2’ valve equipped with a flapper that
tugs and yanks when you thrust or heave the toilet handle. This flush valve is
suitable for toilets with 2’ opening, toilets with larger tanks or even low flush
toilets.
When this valve needs replacement, you would not have to worry about because
you can even do the repair process on your own without engaging with a
professional. In case of running toilets, you can replace your flapper to solve the
problem and restore your toilets. When the problem persists, it would be better
to replace the flush valve with a new one as well.
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4’ flush valve:
This is considered the largest flush valve among all the other types. This is
composed of a piston which would rise upwards and allow an amount of water
to flow into the toilet during flushing. This flush valve type can flush the toilet
at 360 degrees and because of that, it can send the water down the toilet or
flushes the water in a faster manner compared to the other flush valve types.
Even though it is the biggest and can flush the toilet at 360 degrees, it only uses
minimal amount of water which would help save your money on your utility
bills. This is one of the unique attributes of a 4’ flush valve which makes it
great.
Dual flush valve:
The very best advantage of this flush valve type is its ability to give the operator
the opportunity to choose between a half flush and a full flush by just using a
single valve. This can be identified by the way you operate mechanism. Pulling
it down would mean half flush but if you push it downwards, it would mean you
have chosen the full flush. For other models of this valve type, they utilise
buttons than handles. This will be the best option especially for homeowners
who wanted to save a penny on their utility bills.
3’ flush valve:
The amount of water released by the water tank would differ due to the size of
your flush valve. Bigger flush valve flushes more water and makes the flushing
procedure quicker. When this valve needs replacement, the repair procedure is
the same with that of the standard flush valve.
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Dimensions:
Advantages:
a) Space Saver
b) Aesthetically more pleasing
c) Dual flush 6/3 litres
d) Suitable only for western style
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Disadvantages:
Ledge wall of 8 inches to be constructed for installing.
It wastes lot of water compared to flush tank.
Flush tanks work with siphon effect, they tend to deliver water with sufficient
velocity and empties limited amount of water Flush valve is not self-limiting,
that is it keeps on letting water out until you have water left in overhead tank.
Flush valve plumbing is very expensive - 1.5" thick pipe needs to be used
throughout the system. Flush tanks work with even 3/4" Pipes, so it is going to
at least twice as expensive without any additional performance benefit.
Waste appliances:
1. Wash basin:
A basin, typically fixed to a wall or on a pedestal, used for washing one's hands
and face.
1) Wall hung basins:
Wall hung basins are fixed directly onto the wall with brackets, creating a
minimalist and spacious look. Many basins come with full pedestal and semi
pedestal to cover the unsightly pipework.
a) Full pedestal wall hung basins:
This is the classic basin that most people would think of when they imagine a
bathroom. While it appears that the basin is supported entirely by the pedestal,
it’s actually mounted on the wall.
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If you are really short of space it is worthwhile considering a wall hung basin.
Various sizes from 16” to 30“ are available Price- ranging from Rs. 2700 - Rs.
7000
b) Half pedestal wall hung basins:
The semi pedestal basin is completely wall mounted, as the name suggests, is
only half the size of a full pedestal & only there to cover the pipework under the
basin. These basins save space by eliminating the standard pedestal design and
creating more floor space underneath, allowing you to use the underneath for
storage or just to remain clear and create the illusion of more room. Half
pedestal wall hung basins are designed to give you maximum functional utility.
The only drawback of wall hung basins would be, you cannot mount it to the
wall if there is any room beneath the basin. You can go for another style of
basins mentioned below if that's the case.
Price- ranging from Rs. 3000 - Rs. 10000
2. Under countertop basins:
A style that is becoming more popular is the Under Countertop lavatory, which
offers a smooth profile with solid-surface, and is easy to clean. Under
countertop, lavatories are attached to the undersides of countertops, vanities or
console tables. For installing these types of basins platform is necessary, granite
is mostly preferred choice.
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The top of the lavatory is covered by the countertop, so only the inside of the
basin is visible. They are practical and discreet, reducing clutter and bringing a
sense of openness to your bathroom.
Price- ranging from Rs. 2000 - Rs. 10000
Table top basins:
This type of basin sits on top of a vanity unit or worktop, so it appears almost as
if it’s a separate bowl that could be picked up and moved. This can create a very
modern and luxurious look and can suit a wide variety of bathrooms.
Price- ranging from Rs. 2500 - Rs. 30000
Countertop basins:
A Countertop basin also is known as the semi-recessed basin is partly sunk into
a vanity unit or worktop, so that only the rim or the front part of the basin is
visible. This means the pipework is also hidden within with the unit.
These types of basins are stylish and sleek compared to the Table top
basins. Price- ranging from Rs. 2290 - Rs. 8000
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The Basins are available in different
Shapes:
a) Rectangular
b) Rectangular Oval
c) Rectangular Square
d) Round
e) Square Dimensions:
Standard size: 63 cm x 45 cm
2. Sink:
a sink in a kitchen is a basically a hardware bowl used for washing dishes,
vegetables, etc.
Top-Mount, Drop-In, or Self-Rimming Sink:
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The most common type of kitchen sink, the top-mount or drop-in, installs from
above. Based on a template provided by the sink manufacturer, a hole is cut into
the counter material and the sink is inserted from above. All of the sink's weight
is carried by the rim. Then the rim of the sink is caulked to the counter with
silicone. Because the sink edge creates a rim, these sinks are sometimes called
rimmed or self-rimming sinks.
Pros: Drop-in sinks are a do-it-yourselves dream. No special skills are needed
for installation. Quartz and slab stone countertops are virtually impossible for a
homeowner to cut. But most do-it-yourselves can make sink cut-outs in
laminate and even solid surface materials.
Cons: The sink's rim prevents you from sweeping water and debris from the
counter straight into the sink. Also, the rim adds yet another part of the sink that
needs to be cleaned.
Undermount Sink:
Undermount sinks are the opposite of top-mount sinks, as the sink is attached to
the bottom of the counter with special clips.
Pros: You will love undermount sinks the first time you sweep countertop water
and crumbs straight into the sink with a sponge. These sinks have no rim to get
in the way, making clean up a charm.
Cons: Though gunk does not build up on top, it will collect under the counter,
where the sink and counter meet.
Double Basin/Bowl Sink:
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The most popular type of kitchen sink basin arrangement, the dual basins allow
for washing on one side and rinsing or drying on the other side.
Pros: Truly multi-purpose and highly flexible, double basin sinks have all sink
operations covered: washing, rinsing, and draining. It is hard to go wrong with a
good double basin sink.
Cons: Either side can be too small to accommodate large pots, baking pans, or
casseroles.
Single Basin/Bowl Sink:
Single basin is a general category of kitchen sinks, which can include both
farmhouse (apron) sinks and in-counter sinks. This type of sink has no divided
basin.
Pros: The single basin is large enough to wash big items, especially valuable for
houses with many people and busy cooking operations.
Cons: Be prepared to have a drying area on the side of the sink, as single basin
sinks have no room for this. Unless in the form of a large capacity farmhouse or
apron sink, single basins are less popular due to their inflexibility and small
size.
Farmhouse or Apron Sink:
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Farmhouse, or apron, sinks are large single basin sinks distinguished by their
front wall, which forms both the front of the sink and the front of the counter.
The most popular type of installation is with the sink level and integrated in the
counters. However, apron sinks are sometimes installed "country style": on top
of a cabinet or on a freestanding table (fixed against the wall) and not
surrounded by counters.
Pros
These generously sized sinks allow for big casserole and baking pans. Because
there is less room between the sink and the edge of the counter, the person using
the sink can move in a little bit closer to the sink, avoiding fatigue. Those who
suffer from lower back pain will especially enjoy being able to stand up
straighter at the sink.
Cons
Apron sinks are prone to dripping, as there is only a narrow barrier between the
sink and the floor.
Drainboard Sink:
Drainboard sinks combine a small basin on one side with a counter-level
drainboard on the other side.
Pros: These types of sinks are great in galley kitchens or any limited space.
Because the drainboard portion has a lip around it, it traps water and quickly
drains it back to the sink.
Cons: Basins tend to be small in drainboard sinks. So if you love to cook and
entertain lots of people, this sink may not be for you.
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Low Divider Double Basin Sink:
A low divider kitchen sink is a double basin sink, but instead of the divider
rising to the level of the top of the sink, it is only half of that height.
Pros: Low divider sinks are a perfect combination of single basin and double
basin sinks. When you fill one side low with water, it works as a double basin
sink. But if you need extra room for big pans, simply keep filling higher so that
the water overflows the divider.
Cons: Since not many manufacturers offer low divider sinks, prices tend to be
higher than for other types, such as single basin, double basin, and even
farmhouse sinks.
Island, Bar, or Prep Sink:
Considerably smaller than primary kitchen sinks, bar (or prep) sinks are used
either for bartending operations or for supplementary food preparation. Bar/prep
sinks are always single basin and are usually no more than about 15 inches
square or diameter (round).
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Pros: If you have the space, a second sink is always welcomed. Install this sink
in your kitchen island or at the far end of your main countertop.
Cons: Bar/prep sinks have few downsides, due to the fact that they are only
supplementary sinks. Perhaps the most significant downside would be that some
homeowners install these sinks with good intentions, yet rarely end up using
them.
Integrated Sink:
Integrated (or integral) sinks are produced by solid surface countertop
manufacturers such as DuPont for its Coria line and Samsung for its Sharon
line. Integrated sinks are made of the same material as the counter and are fused
in place at the fabricator's shop.
Pros: With integrated sinks, one notable downside of top-mount sinks, the
obtrusive rim, is eliminated. Also, the under counter seam (prone to collecting
debris and mould) found on undermount sinks is eliminated with integrated
sinks. The counter flows seamlessly into the sink.
Cons: Integrated sinks, common in bathrooms, are more difficult to find in the
kitchen realm. These are custom order items and, as a result, are rather
expensive. Also, if the sink is damaged, it cannot simply be removed and
replaced: it must be repaired.
Corner Sink:
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A kitchen comer sink has double basins which are set at right angles to each
other.
Pros: Some corner sinks are spaced wide enough to have a built-in drying area
in the centre section. Corner sinks cleverly make use of notorious space-
wasters: counter corners.
Cons: When you can find them, corner sinks are expensive. Also, these sinks
require custom cuts in the counters. Since most kitchen counters are seamed at
the corners, these sinks are forced to bridge this seam, reducing the structural
strength of the countertop in that area.
Dimensions:
24 inches deep, 36 to 42 inches high and 25-1/4 to 26 inches wide. The standard
22-by-33 inch.
3. Dishwasher: A machine for washing dishes automatically.
Types:
Water-efficient dishwashers:
Dishwashers built before wasted 10 or more gallons of water per use because
they lacked several features available in modern dishwashers. So water-efficient
dishwashers were developed.
Soil Sensors
A soil-sensing dishwasher identifies how dirty your dishes are and adjusts how
much water is needed to clean them. If you pre-rinse your dishes before loading
them, the soil sensor detects this, and will use less water.
Water Filtration
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A dishwashing cycle can take at least two hours— with the same water being
reused and recycled. Dishwashers with improved water filtration remove food
from the water more efficiently as its sprayed back onto your dishes.
Efficient Jets
Dishwasher jets spray water and detergent over your dishes. When they’re
energy-efficient, they use less energy for the same clean.
Strategic Dish rack Design
While filling up your dishwasher now seems like an aggravating game of Tetris,
modern dish racks are designed to position your dishes to get the best clean, as
long as you don’t overcrowd them.
Although water-efficient dishwashers run longer than pre-1994 models, they
use less water than hand washing! You can also find water-efficient
dishwashers in different styles that are covered below.
Built-In dishwashers:
Built-in dishwashers are installed beneath your kitchen counter. They’re also
convenient to operate given how near they are to where food is prepared.
Flush against your kitchen cabinets, built-in dishwashers are available in
semiintegrated and fully-integrated styles.
Semi-Integrated Dishwashers:
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These built-in dishwashers blend in with your kitchen cabinets, but have a
control panel on the outside of the door. Semi-integrated dishwashers are ideal
for homeowners who don’t want to open their dishwasher to change settings
or stop a wash.
Fully-Integrated Dishwashers:
This style of built-in dishwashers completely blends in with your kitchen
cabinets, with the control panel inside the door. Fully-integrated dishwashers
are ideal for homeowners who want to completely conceal their dishwasher.
Built-in dishwashers are an aesthetic and convenient choice for homeowners.
However, if you plan on moving in the future, a built-in dishwasher may not be
the best option, as it is a permanently installed kitchen appliance.
Drawer Dishwashers:
This non-traditional dishwasher style is designed like the name suggests—as
drawers. They’re perfect for a home with a small amount of dishes because
they’re smaller than traditional models, but also require permanent
installation. You can find drawer dishwashers in single or double-drawer
units. With a double-drawer, you can separate dishes by washing needs and
preferences into different units.
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29. SANITARY FIXTURES
Delayed Start: Dishwashers with a delayed start feature allow you to start your
dishwasher when you like. This is helpful if you’re about to do a load of
laundry and don’t want them running at the same time. Load your dishwasher,
add your detergent, and set a start time.
Sanitize Wash: This dishwasher feature supercharges your cleaning power. A
sanitize wash boosts dishwasher temperatures far above what our hands can
handle, and paired with a powerful detergent, this feature can produce an
immaculate clean.
Rinse and Hold: The rinse and hold feature will quickly clean dishes without
using detergent, and requires much less water. This is perfect for dishes that
aren’t very dirty that you want to set up sooner rather than later.Rinse and hold
is also great for keeping the interior of your dishwasher clean between full
cycles, and helps prevent odours.
Pause Wash: The pause wash feature allows you to pause the cycle and add
more dishes. However, the dishwasher only opens if it’s able to, so earlier is
better,
Recessed and pull handle dishwashers:
A pull handle or recessed handle can determine where you install your
dishwasher. Recessed handles are pulled open with an under-hand gesture,
and don’t stick out beyond the frame of the dishwasher. These are ideal for
dishwashers installed in corners adjacent to cabinets that frequently open and
close.
Pull handles stick out beyond the frame of the dishwasher. This type of handle
isn’t ideal for corners adjacent to cabinets because it gets in the way.
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30. SANITARY FIXTURES
Dimensions: 24 inches wide, 24 inches deep and 35 inches high
(with adjustable-height legs)
Advantages:
• Dishwashers can help save time. Imagine the amount of things you could do
in the time you would have taken to wash the dishes and the utensils. Having a
dishwasher allows you to enjoy some time doing something more productive
than washing dishes.
• You don’t have to worry about your cups or saucers being broken. It’s a
known fact that when you handle soapy dishes they are bound to break one time
or the other. Whereas in a dishwasher all your precious china is safe. So why
should you only use glassware occasionally.
• Having a dishwasher in your kitchen means your kitchen looks great all the
time. Having a dishwasher allows all your dirty dishes and pots and pans out of
sight. It always looks like your kitchen is always neat and clean.
• Washing dishes with the help of a dishwasher is actually more sanitary. You
may wipe your dishes once or twice but a dishwasher makes use of just the right
amount of cleaner along with scalding hot water. The dishes pass through a
number of cycles and always come out sparkling clean.
• Washing dishes in a dishwasher helps you save great many gallons of water.
This means dishwashers are environmentally safe and they help save water too.
Disadvantages:
• Dishes might not come up completely clean if you put too much load in the
dishwasher.
• A dishwasher might increase your electricity bills
• Not all dishes or utensils you use could be dishwasher safe. In that case they
are better off being washed by hands then being damaged by your dishwasher.
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31. SANITARY FIXTURES
4. Washing machine: a machine for washing clothes, bed linen, etc.
Types of Washing Machine:
Depending on the position of loading the clothes in washing machine, there are
two types of washing machines: top loading and front loading washing
machines. Both these have been described below:
1) Top loading washing machine: In this washing machine the clothes are
loaded from the top of the washing machine. There is a cover at the top that
helps loading and unloading of clothes in the round vessel that perform the
function of the washer as well as the rinser and drier in the fully automatic
washing machine. The top loading washing machine is preferred by the people
who don’t want to bend the body while loading the clothes in the machine. This
washing machine is more widely used than the front loading washing machine
in many parts of the world.
2) Front loading washing machine: In this machine the clothes are loaded
from the front side. The studies have shown that the front loading washing
machines consume less electric energy, water and detergent and also give better
washing results compared to the top loading washing machine.
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Depending on the total automatic features available in the washing machine, the
top loading washing machines are also classified as: semi-automatic washing
machine and fully automatic washing machine. Let us see the details of the two:
1) Semi-automatic washing machine: This has separate tubs or vessels for the
washer and the drier. There are two separate timers that enable setting washing
and drying times. To wash the clothes you have to put the clothes in the wash
vessel, put sufficient quantity of the water and detergent and then set the timer.
After the specified time, the washing machine will stop. You can remove the
clothes and dry them in the sun or you can dry them partially in the drier vessel
by setting suitable time.
2) Fully automatic machine: In fully automatic washing machine there is only
one tub that serves as the washer, rinser as well as the drier. Depending on the
number of clothes or the weight of the clothes, the machine takes in the
sufficient amount of water and detergent automatically and sets the timer for
wash and drying automatically. All you have to do is just provide the water
connection, put the detergent from time-to-time in its storage space and put the
clothes, the fully automatic washing machine does the rest of things
automatically.
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Advantages:
One of the most important advantage of washing machine is time.it save your
time. You can do a lot of other works such as cleaning the house, cooking, and
education. You do not have to take a long time to wait for the drying of clothes.
Because in the process, there is very little water left on clothes. Second most
important advantage of washing machine is effort .When washing clothes by
hand; you lose a lot of energy to pitcher clothes, rinse, wring and clean clothes.
With washing machine
Disadvantages:
If washing machines have strong points like convenience and time saving, then
it also has its bad point. Some bad points of washing machine are taking too
much the electricity, detergent powder, and water. Using a washing machine
really needs electricity to activate so monthly, we will have an additional
electric bill. It also takes much expensive detergent powder and water more than
hand washing.
Dimensions:
850mm height, and 595 to 600mm wide.
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