Plumbing involves pipes, drains, fittings and fixtures for water supply and waste removal. There are various components like pipes, fittings, fixtures, tanks and connecting pieces. Major plumbing systems include potable water supply, drainage/venting, and sewage/septic systems. Common pipe materials include PVC, uPVC, CPVC and galvanized iron. Fixtures include wash basins, taps, toilets. Traps like P-traps, S-traps and Q-traps are used to prevent foul gases. Popular brands for fittings, fixtures and tanks are listed along with price comparisons of common plumbing fittings made of different materials.

2. PLUMBING
Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, and fixtures installed for the distribution of
Portable water for drinking, heating and washing, and waterborne waste removal. "Plumbing" also
refers to the skilled trade which deals with installation and maintenance
There are various components that carry out the water supply and waste removal part of it.
• Pipes
• Fittings
• Fixtures
• Tanks Both overhead and underground
• Other connecting components
Here is a market study that shows analysis of these components. Based on their practical use,
available varieties, material variations and market prices of some brands
The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:
 potable cold and hot tap water supply
 Plumbing drainage venting
 Sewage systems and septic systems with or without hot water heat recycling and graywater
recovery and treatment systems

3. Use in cold water supply
pipes and
cable insulation.
PROPERTIES --
1. flexible
2. Durable
3. Low cost
Used in plumbing and
draining pipes
PROPERTIES –
1. rigid and durable
2. Nonflexible
3. safe to transport
drinking water
4. fire resistant
5. recyclable
Used fire protection
pipes waste water pipes.
PROPERTIES –
1. prone to maintenance
2. easily discernable
3. threaded fitting
Use as cold and hot
water supply pipes and
industrial liquid handling
PROPERTIES–
1. low prize
2. ease of installation
3.fire retardant
CLORINETED
POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE (cPVC)
UNPLASTICIZED
POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE (uPVC)
POLY VINYL
CHLORIDE (PVC)
GALVANIZIED
IRON (GI)

4. Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing
sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, to branch or re-direct the piping system
and if necessary to provide a jointing method if 2 dissimilar piping materials are used in
the one system. Fittings for pipe and tubing are most often made from the same base
material as the pipe or tubing being connected. The commonly used fittings are elbow,
tee, reducer, cap, union etc…
ELBOW
A pipe fitting installed
between two lengths
of pipe or tube
allowing a change
of direction, usually
90° or 45°.
SIZES – 15, 20, 25, 32, 40,
50 mm etc..
MRP – varies from Rs. 15
to Rs. 300
TEE
A Tee is used to either
combine or split a
fluid flow.
REDUCER
Reducers are used
to join 2 different
pipe sizes
together.
SIZES – 15, 20, 25, 32, 40,
50 mm etc..
MRP – varies from Rs. 20
to Rs. 350
CAP OR PLUG
A type of pipe
fitting which is
liquid or gas tight,
and is used to
cover the end
of a pipe. A cap
has a similar
function to a plug.
UNION
A union is similar to a
coupling, except it is
designed to allow quick and
convenient disconnection of
pipes for maintenance or
fixture replacement.

5. STEP OVER BEND
Step over bend is
used to cross over an
existing pipeline
SIZES – 15,20,25 mm .
MRP – varies from Rs.
54to Rs. 170
HEXAGONAL TRANS
Hexagonal
transmission is half
made up of cpvc and
half of brass.
SOCKET
A socket is a pipe
attachment detail
in which a pipe is
inserted into a
recessed area of
valve or fitting..
SIZES – 20, 25, 32 mm etc..
MRP – varies from Rs.
180to Rs. 585.
TANK NIPPLE
Tank nipple is
defined as a short
stub of pipe which
has external male
pipe threads at
each end, for
connecting two
other fittings.
END PLUG
An end plug closes off the
end of the pipe. It is similar
to a cap but it fits inside the
fitting it is mated to.
SIZES – 15,20,25,32,40,50 mm
MRP – varies from Rs. 10to Rs. 170
SIZES – 15,20,25,32,40,50 mm
MRP – varies from Rs. 50to Rs. 300
SIZE – 15mm
MRP –Rs. 8

6. TYPES OF TRAPS
These traps are connected outside of a
building collect waste water from
washbasins, bathroom, kitchen sinks,etc.
They are connected to the nearest of the
sewer or dainage to prevent foul gases.
Gully traps
Interecepting traps
These traps is provided at te last
main hole of building sewerage
to prevent entry of foul gases
from public sewer to building
sewer.
Nahni traps
Nahni traps are generally used near
the washbasins to prevent the
water to go through the pipes.
This trap is used within the indian
water closet and are made of cast
iron or UPVC pipes.
This trap also has water seal
which prevent foul gases to enter
in the house.
P -TRAP
S -TRAP
This trap is used in fixing water closet in
toilets.
They are fixed in outlet of the floor.
Q-TRAP
This trap is used in toilet under
water closet.
It is used in upper storey other
than the ground floor.
Traps are generally defined as fittings at the end of soil pipes and waste pipe.
They are located below or within a plumbing fixtures which retains small amount
of water.
They are used to remove foul gases.

7. There are different types of
fixtures available such as
washbasins , taps ,etc .
Taps
Wall Hung WC
Wash Basin WC with S Trap
WC with
Q Trap

8. These variety of
fixtures and fittings
are available in various
brands at various rates.
Different brands
available for
various
components are:
1. Fittings
• Astral
• Supreme
2. Fixture
• Jaguar
• Kholer
• Hindware
3. Tanks
• Supreme
• Sintex
Rate comparisons of fittings:
Sr.N
o.
Fitting Size
(in inches)
Range
(cPVC)
Range
(uPVC)
Range
(GI)
1 Pipes ½-4 245-7462 45-550 -
2 Elbow ½-2 10-219 8.5-54 31-295
3 Tee ½-2 13-276 10-414 47-375
4 Plug ½ 5.2 - 13-107
5 Reducer 3/4x1/2--
2x1-1/2
14.5-
171.5
7.3-
39
-
6 Union ½-2 83-578 22-127 86-444
7 Tank nipple ½--1-1/2 57-162 19-59 66-454
8 Step over
bent
½-2 42-558 22-230 -
9 Hexagonal
Trans
½-2 17-74 - -
10 End cap ½-2 5-94 3.8-27.5