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2. Purpose of Pipe Fittings
 Plumbing fittings have different shapes
which allow rigid straight pipe to
change both direction and diameter.

3. Elbows
 Used to change the angle or direction
of the pipe run.
 The most common elbows come in 90
degree and 45 degree turns.
 The sweep of the fitting describes how fast a
transition or change in direction is made.

4. Street Elbows
 One end of the fitting has male threads
and the other end has female threads.
 Street elbows are common in galvanized
steel and copper pipe.
 They are convenient because they do away
with the need for a nipple and work well in
tight quarters.

5. Tee or T-fittings
 Allow for branch lines.
 They are shaped like the letter T.
 In these fittings the intersection is
slightly curved in order to avoid clogs.
Gradual bends are best for smooth flow
of waste.

6. Couplings
 Used to join two straight pieces of pipe
of the same diameter.

7. Reducers
 Used to join pipe of different diameters.
 Galvanized steel reducers are called bell
reducers because they look like a bell.
 All reducers make a gradual transition
between different diameters of pipe and
therefore they take up considerable
space

8. Bushings
 Used to make the diameter of a pipe
fitting smaller.
 They differ from reducers in that they
make abrupt changes in diameter and
take very little space.
 Two examples of galvanized steel bushings
are
○ face bushings, which take the least amount of
space, and
○ hex bushings which can be tightened with an
adjustable wrench.

9. Unions
 Used to join pieces of pipe where pipes
cannot be turned or when a piece of
equipment may have to be removed for
maintenance or replacement.

10. Adaptor fittings
 They Are used to change the end of a
non-threaded pipe to male or female
threads as needed.
 Adaptors are commonly used in copper
and plastic plumbing jobs.
 For example adaptors are used to convert
from a PVC glue connection to a threaded
connection or
 from a copper soldered connection to a
threaded connection.
 Male adapters and female adapters are
both common.

11. Caps
 Used to close the end of a dead end
pipe.

12. Plugs
 Close an opening on a pipefitting
normally used for inspection and
cleanout.

13. Nipples
 Short lengths (under 12") of pipe
threaded at both ends.

14. Wyes
 Pronounced like the letter Y
 Used primarily to gain inside access to
DWV systems.

15. Valves
 Devices that control the flow of liquid or
gas through or from a pipe.
Types of plumbing valves are:
○ compression valves,
○ ball valves,
○ sleeve-cartridge valves,
○ ceramic disc valves
○ and more

16. PVC Fittings
 PVC fitting come in a wide variety of configurations.
 They many be glued (S) or threaded (T) or both.
 Glued fittings are referred to as “slip” fittings.
 When specifying a PVC fitting the size and type of connection are
specified. Some examples are:
 ¾” x ½” ST Ell – A reducing ell with a ¾” slip x ½” thread
 ¾” x ¾” x ½” SST Tee – A reducing tee with a threaded outlet
 ¾” x ½” SS Bushing = A bushing with slip connections.
Threads
No
Threads

17. Copper Tubing Fittings
 Copper tubing use compression
fittings.
 Fittings are available to adapt from
compression to IPS and from
compression to soldered fittings.
 Common fittings include couplings, ells,
and tees.

18. Valves and Hose Bibs
 Valves are used to control the flow of
water or other fluids in a plumbing system.
 Common types of valves include the
following:
 A gate valve is a valve situated between the point
of connection and the rest of the plumbing
system.
 It usually remains wide open, but can be shut
down in case repairs or additions have to be
made to the system.
 A gate valve is not designed to be opened and
closed on a regular basis.

19. CHECK VALVE
 A check valve allows the fluid in the
pipe to flow in one direction only.
 Check valves are used in water wells to
prevent the backflow of water.
 There are two basic types: swing or flapper
and lift check valves. Both work
automatically.
Arrow Depicts
Direction of Flow

20. GLOBE VALVE
 A globe valve is a valve used when
frequent adjustment of the flow rate is
necessary.
 It is a compression-type valve with a disk or
washer that is compressed into a seat to form
a tight seal. Repair is made by replacing the
stem washer or disk.

21. HOSE BIB
 A hose bib is a threaded exterior faucet
that allows for the attachment of a
garden hose or appliance hose.

25. WATER SUPPLY FIXTURES
And
FASTEnInGS

26.  Water supply is the process of general
requirement for supply of water from public
water supply system to individual building
and subsequent distribution of water to
various parts of the building. The water from
public water supply system to individual
buildings is supplied through pipes.

27. WATER SUPPLY PIPE
 A water pipe is any pipe or tube designed to
transport water to consumers.
 If the water is treated before distribution or at the point of
use(POU) depends on the situation. In well planned and
designed water distribution networks, water is generally
treated before distribution and sometimes also
chlorinated, in order to prevent recontamination on the
way to the end user.
 The varieties of water pipes include large diameter main
pipes, which supply entire towns, smaller branch lines that
supply a street or group of buildings, or small diameter
pipes located within individual buildings.
 Water pipes can range in size from giant mains of up to
3.65 m in diameter to small 12.7 mm pipes used to feed
individual outlets within a building.

29. FACTORS
The following factors should be considered in selection of pipes.
 Strength of pipe.
 Water carrying capacity.
 Life and durability of pipe.
 Expenditure on transportation.
 Joining process, maintenance and repairs.
Types of Pipes
Pipes come in several types and sizes. They can be divided into three
main categories:
I.Metallic pipes
II.Cement pipes &
III.Plastic pipes
Metallic pipes include steel pipes, galvanized iron pipes and cast iron
pipes.
Cement pipes include cement pipes and asbestos cement pipes and
cement concrete pipes.
Plastic pipes include plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and Un-
plasticized PVC (UPVC )

31.
Cast Iron Pipes
 Cast iron pipes are quite stable and well
suited for high water pressure. However,
cast iron pipes are heavy, which makes
them unsuitable for inaccessible places
due to transportation problems. In
addition, due to their weight they
generally come in short lengths
increasing costs for layout and joining.

33. Cement Pipes
 CEMENT PIPE
 Main advantage of cement pipes in place of metallic pipes is their corrosion
resistance. These pipes are bulky, heavy and require careful transportation
and handling. The layout process of these pipes is costlier than steel pipes.
 Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
 These pipes are light in weight and easy in transportation and layout. They
have smooth internal surface and are not affected by corrosion (rust). The
pipes are extensively used for water supply systems. Holes can be drilled in
these pipes. These pipes are not costlier.
 Concrete Cement and Asbestos Cement Pipes
 Concrete cement pipes are expensive but non-corrosive by nature. Their
advantage is that they are extremely strong and durable. However, being
bulky and heavy, they are harder and more costly to handle, install and
transport

35. Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes
PVC pipes are non-corrosive, extremely light and thus easy to handle and
transport. Still, they are strong and come in long lengths that lower
installation/transportation costs. However, they are prone to physical
damage if exposed over ground and become brittle when exposed
to ultraviolet light. In addition to the problems associated with the expansion
and contraction of PVC, the material will soften and deform if exposed
to temperatures over 65 °C
Un-plasticized PVC (UPVC) Pipes
These pipes are rigid PVC pipes. They are light in weight, tough, resistant to
chemical attack and large in length. Due to large in length the cost of
handling is much whereas transportation and installation cost is less. Smooth
internal surface of pipes provide less friction which results in saving of
energy. These pipes are not suitable for the area which is very hot.

37. Cost Considerations
 Installation costs make up a major part of the total cost of
a project. Differences in the cost of the actual pipe do not
change the total cost of the project much. However the
following factors should be considered concerning
installation costs and the choice of pipe:
 Weight of the pipe: A pipe that is lightweight can be
handled easier and faster.
 Ease of assembling: Push-on joints can be assembled
much faster than bolted joints.
 Pipe strength: If one type of pipe requires special bedding
to withstand external pressures while another pipe does
not, the choice can impact installation costs significantly.

38. Health Aspects
 A leaking distribution system increases the likelihood
of safe water leaving the source or treatment facility
becoming contaminated before reaching the
consumer. Moreover, leaking can result in
considerable water loss on the way to the end-user.
 The distribution system must be designed,
managed and maintained to guarantee a minimum
level of leakage.
 A certain level of free residual chlorine disinfectant
will reduce the risks of recontamination within the
distribution system.