Fitting and fixtures

BUILDING
SERVICES
PIPING,FITTINGS AND
FIXTURES OF
WATER SUPPLY
PRESENTED BY-
VIDHI BHASIN
NIKHAR MEHRA
MOHD. IBTISAM
AMAN SINGH
RAHUL KAUSHIK

CONTENT
• PIPING
• JOINTS
• VALVES
• TAPS AND FITTINGS

INTRODUCTION
• A water pipe is any pipe or
tube designed to transport
treated drinking water/potable
water to consumers/building.
They differ according to sizes:-
1) Large diameter main pipes,
which supply entire towns
2) Smaller branch lines that
supply a street or group
of buildings,
3) Small diameter pipes
located within individual
buildings

MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
OF PIPES
Pipes come in several types and sizes. They can be divided into:
• Three main categories: metallic pipes, cement pipes and plastic
pipes.
• Metallic pipes include steel pipes, galvanised iron pipes and cast
iron pipes.
• Cement pipes include concrete cement pipes and asbestos
Cement pipes.
• Plastic pipes include plasticised polyvinyl chloride (pvc) pipes

DIFFERENT TYPES
• CAST IRON (CI) PIPES
• STEEL PIPES
• GALVANIZED IRON (GI) PIPES
• COPPER PIPES
• PLASTIC OR POLYTHENE OR PVC PIPES

GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
• This type of pipe is used for water Supply work inside the
building.
• These pipes are wrought steel pipes
• Provided with zinc coating.
Application areas:
• Water & sewerage.
• Fire fighting installations.
• Plumbing systems.

GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
ADVANTAGES :-
• LOW INSTALLATION AND
• MAINTENANCE COST
• LONG LIFE
• TOUGHNESS
• ANTI-RUST PIPES
• USEFUL FOR LARGE CONSTRUCTION
• PROJECTS-DURABLE AND LARGE
• DIAMETER
• DISADVANTAGES :-
• HEAVY TO HANDLE.
• DEVELOPS BLOCKAGES.
• DIFFICULT TO REPAIR.

PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES
• These pipes are being used increasingly
• These days for supply of cold water in
External and internal plumbing work.
• There are 3 common types of plastic pipes
Are available in market, as given below.
Unplasticized pvc (upvc) or rigid pipes
• For use with cold water Plasticized pvc
pipes With addition of rubber.
• It has lower Strength and lower working
Temperature than upvc pipes.
• Chlorinated pvc (cpvc) pipes which can
Withstand higher temperatures upto 1200
(used to carry hot water). which are
plasticized

• Supply of cold water in external and internal plumbing
• Work.
• For pipes used in soil and waste water discharge systems, the
thickness of the wall will be larger than that of used for roof
drainage.
• Rigid pvc pipes are used for distribution of water with temperature
below 450c.
• At higher temperature, the strength of the pipes decreases.Similarly
ultraviolet radiation from sunlight as well as frequent changes in
temperature reduces the life of pvc pipes.

Advantages :-
1. Durable and usable.
2. Corrosion resistant.
3. Insulation.
Disadvantages :-
1. Heat constraints.
2. Cost.
3. Weight.

STEEL PIPES
• Steel pipes are comparatively expensive.
• But they are the strongest and most durable of all
water supply pipes.
• They can withstand high water pressure, come in
convenient (longer) lengths than most other pipes and
thus incur lower installation/transportation costs.
• They can also be easily welded.

ADVANTAGES
• Steel is strong and will resist damaging factors that can ruin other
pipes, such as tree roots, human error, and extreme weather
conditions.
• Unlike plastic pipes, steel pipes are 100 percent recyclable. When
thepipes are no longer needed, they can be melted down and
turned back into other useable metal pieces in other industries.
DISADVANTAGES
• Difference of heat transfer: unless for bonded aluminum
or copper base, thermal conductivity is very poor.
• It is often more expensivemany people think that this is a
one-time purchase, worth the investment

DISADVANTAGES
• Difference of heat transfer: unless for bonded aluminum or copper
base, thermal conductivity is very poor.
• It is often more expensivemany people think that this is a one-time
purchase, worth the investment

USES OF STEEL PIPES
• WATER MAINS
• SEWERAGE SYSTEMS.
• INDUSTRIAL WATER LINES
• PLANT PIPING.
• DEEP TUBE-WELLS
• CASING PIPES
• PIPE LINES FOR NATURAL GAS

COPPER PIPES
ADVANTAGES
• Copper is a naturally corrosion-resistant
metal.
• Durable metal (capable of withstanding 1,000
psi of pressure), copper is also lightweight.
• Easier to extend over long stretches without
supports.

DISADVANTAGE
• Copper pipes also encounter problems from
water acidity, so they are not good to install
for plumbing systems that draw water from a
well.
• Costs more than plastic.
• Copper is flexible as far as metals go, but
plastic pipes can bend to fit into almost any
space necessary.

PIPE SIZES
• MAIN DISTRIBUTION = 300MM
• SUB-DISTRIBUTION MAIN=200MM
• DISTRIBUTION LINE =100MM
• Design life 40-50 years (actual 50-100)
 Large mains -12”
 Submains-6” or 8”

Elbow
• An elbow provides a change in material-flow direction. This adds
pressure losses to the system due to impact, friction and re-
acceleration.
• Installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change
of direction, usually 22.5o, 45o and 90o angle.
.

Materials:Rubber
• Plastic
• Iron
• Steel
• Copper
• Stainless steel
• Aluminum
• Cast iron
• Ductile iron etc

Standard tee joint
• A tee, the most common pipe fitting, is used to combine (or divide)
fluid flow.
• tees can connect pipes of different diameters or change the
direction of a pipe run, or both
• It can also be used to combine the flow from two inlets to one
outlet.

• It is having one inlet and two
outlets, outlets are arranged at
90o to the main line connection
(inlet).
• If the 3 sides of T-fitting are
similar in size then it is called as
Equal tee otherwise it is called as
Unequal tee.

Cross type
• Cross type fittings contains 4 opening in 4 directions.
• These are connected when there are 4 pipes are meeting at a point.
• These fittings generate more amount of stress on pipe as the
temperature changes, because they are located at the center of
four connection points.
• Cross fittings are generally used for fire sprinkler systems.

Adaptors
• If the pipes are not having special ends or plain ends then adaptors
make them threaded either male or female whichever is needed.
• Adopters are generally used for copper and PVC pipes. Male
adapters contain male threads and female adapters contains female
threads.
• One end of adapter is plain which is glued or welded or soldered to
the plain pipe end.

End Cap Joint
• A cap is used like plug, except that the pipe
cap screws or attaches on the male thread
of a pipe.
• They may have a solvent weld socket end
or a female threaded end and the other
end closed off.
• Comprises a cylindrical gasket-type fitting
formed of soft, malleable material.
• The end cap is connected to the end of an
air filter with an adhesive

Olet
• Olets are used when there is standard sizes of fittings are not
suitable for our requirement.
• Sometimes the inlet pipe size is larger compared to outlet pipes in
t-sections then also Olets are used.
• Some important types of olets are:
• Butt-Weldolet
• Socket weld Olet
• Threaded olet
• Elbow olet
• Nipple olet
• Lateral olet
• Sweepolet
• Flange olet

Plug
• Plug is a component of plumbing component which is generally
used to close pipe opening during inspections and repairs.
• Plug are generally contains male threads.

Coupling
• A coupling is used to
connect the pipes of same
diameter.
• Coupling are also useful if
the pipe is broken or
leakage occurs.
• Generally there are two
types of couplings are
available. Compression
coupling and slip coupling.

• Compression coupling is regular coupling which is connected
between two pipes and it prevents leakage by the arrangement of
gaskets or rubber seals on both sides, otherwise glue is provided.
• Slip coupling is easier to install and it contains two pipes which are
arranged as one into other, inner pipe can slide up to some length.
So, we can fix long length damaged pipe by slip coupling

Unions
• Union is a type of fitting, which functions as similar to coupling.
• But coupling cannot be removed after fixing but in this case we can
remove the union whenever we needed.
• Unions consists nut, male and female ended threads.
• So, this is also useful for maintaining purpose of pipe.

Concentric reducer
• cone shaped with gradual
decreasing around the pipe but in
this case accumulation of air may
possible and it results in
cavitation.
Eccentric reducer
• one edge parallel to connecting
pipe due to which air
accumulation is not possible.
Reducer
• Reducer is a pipe fitting component which reduces the flow size
from larger to smaller by reducing size of pipe.
• Usually there are two types of reducers are available.

Various types of pipe fittings are available in plumbing systems for different purposes and
functions. A pipe fitting is used in plumbing system to join multiple pipes of same size or
different sizes, to regulate the flow or to measure the flow. They are made up of different
materials like copper, iron, brass, PVC etc.

What is valve?
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing, or
partially obstructing various passageways.
Valve Functions
 Stopping and starting fluid flow.
 Varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow.
 Controlling the direction of fluid flow.
 Regulating downstream system or process pressure.
 Relieving component or piping over pressure.

Valve types Linear motion Rotary motion Quarter turn
Gate Valve x
Globe valve x
Plug valve x x
Ball valve x x
Butterfly valve x x
Diaphragm valve x
Pinch valve x
Classification of Valves
The following are some of the commonly used valve classifications, based on mechanical motion:
•Linear Motion Valves. The valves in which the closure member, as in gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch
moves in a straight line to allow, stop, or throttle the flow.
•Rotary Motion Valves. When the valve-closure member travels along an angular or circular path, as in
butterfly, ball, plug valves.
•Quarter Turn Valves. Some rotary motion valves require approximately a quarter turn, 0 through 90°,
motion of the stem to go to fully open from a fully closed position or vice versa.
Classification of valves based on motion

Methods of controlling flow through a valve.
1. Move a disc, or plug into or against an orifice globe or needle type valve)
globe valve Needle valve

2. Slide a flat, cylindrical, or spherical surface across the orifice.
gate valve
plug valve

3. Rotate a disc or ellipse about a shaft extending across the diameter of an orifice.
ball valve butterfly valve

4. Move a flexible material into the flow passage.
pinch valve
diaphragm valve

• Body
• Bonnet
• Trim (internal elements)
• Actuator (Handwheel)
• Packing
Basic Parts of the valve

– Globe valve
– Gate valve
– Plug valve
– Ball valve
– Needle valve
– Butterfly valve
– Diaphragm valve
– Pinch valve
– Check valve
– Safety/relief valve
– Reducing valve
Valve types

Globe Valves
• A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start, and regulate fluid flow. The three
primary body designs for globe valves are Z-body, Y-body, and Angle.
• Advantages
o Recommended for throttling applications.
o Good for frequent operation.
o Easy to repair.
• Disadvantages
o Flow path causes a significant pressure drop.
o Globe valves are more costly than alternative

Gate Valves
• Flow is controlled by raising
or lowering the valving
element.
• Gate valves are not usually
used to regulate flow
because the valving element
can be damaged when in the
partially open position.
• Similarly, they also limit the
pressure drop across the
valve when fully open.

Advantages
• Gate valves opens or closes slowly, which prevents fluid hammer and
subsequent damage to the piping system.
• They need long operation time since setting the valve to the fully open or
closed position requires the handle to be turned many times.
• Good choice for on-off service.
• Full flow, low pressure drop.
• Bidirectional.
Disadvantages
• It is not suitable for throttling applications.
• It is prone to vibration in the partially open state.
• It is more subject to seat and disk wear.
• Repairs, such as lapping and grinding, are generally more difficult to
accomplish.

Ball Valves
A ball valve is a rotational motion valve that uses
a ball-shaped disk to stop or start fluid flow.
Advantages
• Maintains and regulates high volume, high
pressure, and high temp flow
• Low purchase and maintenance costs.
• No lubrication requirements.
• Give tight sealing with low torque.
• Time of valve operation is minimized.
• Can be used for throttling service.
• Can handle fluids with suspended solids.
Disadvantages
• Have relatively poor throttling characteristics.
• Difficult to clean, leads to contamination

Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valves are rotary motion valve that is used to stop, regulate, and
start fluid flow.
Advantages
• They are suitable for large valve applications.
• Compact, lightweight design.
• The maintenance costs are usually low.
• Pressure drop across a butterfly valve is small.
• Used with chemical or corrosive media.
Disadvantages
• Difficult to clean
• Throttling limited to low differential pressure
• Potential for cavitations and choke
• Unguided disc movement is affected by flow turbulence

Diaphragm Valves
A diaphragm valve is a linear motion valve that is used to start, regulate,
and stop fluid flow. The name is derived from its flexible disk, which
mates with a seat located in the open area at the top of the valve body
to form a seal.
Advantages
• Valve components can be isolated
from the process fluid.
• Valve construction prevents
leakage of the fluid without the
use of a gland seal (packing)
Disadvantages
• The diaphragm becomes worn
more easily and regular
maintenance is necessary.
• These types of valves are
generally not suited for very high
temperature fluids and are mainly
used on liquid systems.

Pinch Valve
A pinch valve is the simplest valve design. It is a linear
motion valve that is used to start, regulate, and stop fluid
flow. It uses a rubber tube (pinch tube) to control the
fluid.
Advantages
• They are ideally suited for the handling of slurries,
liquids with large amounts of suspended solids, and
systems that convey solids pneumatically.
• The flow passage is straight without any crevice.
• There are no internal moving parts in contact with
the fluid.
• Low maintenance due to wear or pressure.
• Minimum items to change. Tube ONLY.
Disadvantages
• Cannot be used in high temperature/ pressure
applications
• Cannot be used with gas media

Needle valves
• They are used to make relatively fine adjustments in the amount of fluid
flow.

Check Valves
• Check valves are designed to prevent the reversal of flow in a piping
system.
• These valves are activated by the flowing material in the pipeline.
• The pressure of the fluid passing through the system opens the
valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve.
• Closure is accomplished by the weight of the check mechanism, by
back pressure, by a spring, or by a combination of these means.
• The general types of check valves are swing, tilting-disk, piston , and
stop.

Stop Valve
• This valve is suitable means of connections for
inserting and controlling the flow of water.
• Nominal size of valve is designated by nominal
bore of the pipe to which the valve is normally
fitted.
• The body and bonnet of this valve is made from
cast brass.
In large buildings sufficient numbers of stop
valves are fixed on branch pipes to minimize
interruption of supply during repairs.
• A stop valve is also called stopcock. There are two
types of stop valves.
1). Internally threaded
2). Externally threaded

BIB COCK
 TAP WITH A BENT NOZZLE FIXED AT THE END OF A PIPE.
 COMMONLY USED IN BATHROOMS, OPEN AREAS, COMMON
WASHROOM, AND ALSO IN KITCHEN AT TIMES.
 STANDARD SIZE OF THE CONNECTING POINT IS 15MM IN INDIA.

LONG BODY BIB COCK
 TAP WITH A BENT NOZZLE FIXED AT THE END OF A PIPE WITH AN EXTRA LENGTH
OF THE NOZZLE TO GIVE MORE SPACE BETWEEN WALL AND THE WATER DROP
POINT OF BIB COCK.
 ONLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIB COCK AND LONG BODY BIB COCK IS ITS NOZZLE’S
LENGTH.
 KEPT THIS WAY TO GIVE MORE GAP BETWEEN THE WALL AND THE DROP POINT SO
THAT FILLING A WIDE BUCKET OR WASHING UTENSILS OR CLOTHS BECOMES EASY.
 STANDARD SIZE OF 15MM.

TWO WAY BIB COCK
 TWO WAY BIB IS A MODERN CREATION TO GIVE YOU A FLEXIBILITY TO CONNECT
HEALTH FAUCET OR HAND SHOWER OR EVEN CONNECTION POINT FOR WASH
BASIN ALONG WITH STANDARD OPERATING BIB COCK.
 WIDELY USED TO AVOID AN EXTRA ANGLE COCK TO CONNECT HEALTH FAUCET
ALONGSIDE THE WALL HUNG OR KOMOD.

BASIN MIXERS
 BASIN MIXERS ARE THE TYPE OF BASIN FAUCETS WHICH
GIVES PROVISION FOR BOTH AND HOT WATER SUPPLY.
 CAN BE AVAILABLE IN TWO TYPES AGAIN.
i. FIRST ONE IS 2 LEVER BASIN MIXER AND THE SECOND ONE
IS SINGLE LEVER BASIN MIXER.
ii. 2 LEVER BASIN MIXER OPERATES WITH TWO DIFFERENT
HANDLES AND SINGLE LEVER BASIN MIXER CAN BE
OPERATED WITH ONLY ONE LEVER.
 STANDARD SIZE OF THE CONNECTION POINTS IS 15MM.

WALL MIXERS
 WALL MIXERS ARE ONLY USED IN THE BATHROOM WHICH HAS A
PROVISION FOR BOTH HOT AND COLD WATER.
 3 SEPARATE LEVERS TO CONTROL THE WATER FLOW IN SPOUT AND
SHOWER.
 WIDELY USED IN ALL NEW CONSTRUCTIONS IN INDIA AND WORLDWIDE
NOWADAYS.

SINK FAUCETS AND
MIXERS:
 USED FOR SINK AND KITCHEN AREA IN SPECIFIC.
 TWO TYPES OF SINK FAUCETS.
i. ONE IS REGULAR SINK FAUCET WHICH COMES IN SWINGING SPOUT AND
SINGLE LEVER AND
ii. THE 2ND ONE IS SINK MIXER WHICH HAS A PROVISION FOR HOT AND COLD
WATER.
 STANDARD SIZE OF THE CONNECTION POINT IS 15MM ONLY.

 SHOWERS
 OVERHEAD SHOWERS ARE SMALL IN SIZE AND USUALLY WORKS
BETTER WITH LESS WATER PRESSURE
 RAIN SHOWERS ARE BIGGER IN SIZE STARTING FROM 6 INCH
AND CAN GO UPTO 36 INCH IN DIAMETER OR RADIUS.

SINK
 ALSO KNOWN BY OTHER NAMES INCLUDING SINKER, WASHBOWL, HAND BASIN
AND WASH BASIN BOWL.
 SHAPED PLUMBING FIXTURE USED FOR WASHING HANDS, DISHWASHING, AND
OTHER PURPOSES.
 SINKS HAVE TAPS (FAUCETS) THAT SUPPLY HOT AND COLD WATER AND MAY
INCLUDE A SPRAY FEATURE TO BE USED FOR FASTER RINSING.
 INCLUDE A DRAIN TO REMOVE USED WATER; THIS DRAIN MAY ITSELF INCLUDE A
STRAINER AND/OR SHUT-OFF DEVICE AND AN OVERFLOW-PREVENTION DEVICE.
 SINKS MAY ALSO HAVE AN INTEGRATED SOAP DISPENSER.

http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_hvac/valve_selection.html
References
https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-pipe-fittings-in-plumbing/12541/

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