The document provides a detailed overview of various plumbing systems, including types of fixtures such as water closets, sinks, and baths, along with their materials and functionalities. It discusses flushing mechanisms, water requirements, and different plumbing systems like the one pipe, single stack, and two pipe systems for drainage in buildings. Additionally, it highlights the importance of ventilation in plumbing to manage foul gases and maintain water seals in traps.

1. & Plumbing Systems

2.  Water closet, Tub Baths, Wash Hand Basins,
Sinks etc.
 Generally made up of fire clay, earthenware or
chinaware.
 Fire clay is heavy, strong and tough and hence
used in public places.
 Earthenware & Chinaware are impervious, light,
elegant and aesthetically sound.
 They are used for residential buildings.

3. Ordinary or wash down type – flushing cisterns – 2m
above
Siphonic Type – low level – generally will have two traps
with an air gap to cause partial vacuum. This siphonic
action helps a powerful cleansing action.

4. Generally two designs
 The oriental design of the squatting style:
◦ Requires 10 – 15 litres of water for flushing and cleaning
 The European design of the sitting style
◦ Requires a less water for flushing and cleaning.

5.  It is a tank which discharges
a water for flushing a water
closet, urinals and drain
 Syphonic type–
◦ widely used,
◦ 10-15lit capacity,
◦ cast iron box,
◦ Has central outlet stand pipe covered by bell shaped cast
iron vessel.
◦ This vessel is connected to a chain through a lever
arrangement.

6. ◦ Vessel is receives a jerk
when chain is pulled and
splash water.
◦ When water runs down –
takes some air with it.
◦ This results into partial
vacuum in the top of the
bell shaped vessel.
◦ The water inside get empty within few seconds due to the
siphonic action. This causes a powerful flush in the closet
below.
◦ The water to the cistern is supplied through the ball valve
arrangement.
◦ These cisterns always remains full without any wastage
of water and are provided with an overflow pipe to help in
case ball valve dose not close.

7.  Made up of cast iron or steel coated with enamel
 Provided with hot and cold inlets
 Also Provided outlet for waste
 Length – 165 to 180cm
 Breadth 55 – 57cm
 Depth – 40-45cm
 Legs may or may not be provided.

8.  Either pedestal type or Bracket
type
 They are made of pottery or
porcelain ware or porcelain
enameled case iron, pressed steel or plastic.
 They are manufactured in different shapes and sizes.
 Provided with hot and cold pipe inlet
 Outlet of waste pipe and overflow
 Basins are generally fixed 80cm above floor level.

9.  Made of white glazed fire clay,
stainless steel, metal porcelain,
enameled pressed steel and plastic.
 They are manufactured in different sizes and
shapes.
 Generally 60x45x25cm
 The height is kept at 85cm
 Commonly used in residential building.

10.  Require to relieve the pressure of the foul gases developed in
the house drains
 The foul gas if not escaped will break the water seals in the
trap.
 Ventilation dilutes the foul air in the drain and reduces its
obnoxious effects.
 Ventilation can be accomplished by providing a low fresh air
inlet connected to the house drain through the lower most
chamber.
 Ventilation can also be accomplished by providing an outlet
pipe connected to the highest point on the underground drains
and rising high above the roof level of the house.
 This system takes off the drainage air mixed with foul gases.

11.  The inlet of the ventilation system of a
house drainage usually consists of 100mm
dia cast iron pipe.
 A slotted cast iron head is fixed on the top of
the inlet.
 A light micaflap is hinged to the head so that
it act as non return valve.
 By this arrangement only fresh air is
admitted inside but dose not allow fouls air
to escape out.
 A long 30 to 50mm dia cast iron pipe is used
a the outlet.
 A cowl or wire bulb is fitted on the top of the
outlet pipe.
 Cowl level is kept 1.2 to 1.5m above the eye
level of the residence.

12.  There are four systems of the plumbing for building drainage
 One pipe system of plumbing in multi storeyed building.
 The lavotary blocks at different floors are so placed one above
the other that the waste water discharging from the different units
can be carried through common vertical stacks connected
through short branch drains.
 One pipe collects both soil waste and waste water from different
appliances.
 This main pipe is directly connected to drainage system.
 All traps of water closets, basins etc are completely ventilated
whereas Gully traps and waste pipes are completely dispensed
with.
 Single stack system of plumbing is similar to that of one pipe
system but no ventilation of traps is provided

14.  Single stack partially
ventilated system of
plumbing is a
compromise between one
pipe system and single
stack system.
 In this case there is only
one soil pipe for
collecting the discharge
from all fittings.
 A relief vent pipe for
ventilating only the traps
of water closet is
provided.

15.  In case of two pipe
system of plumbing
separate soils and
waste pipes are
provided.
 The soil pipes are
connected directly to
the drain where as
waste pipe are
connected through
the trapped gully.
 All the traps used are
completely ventilated.

16.  In multi storeyed
building a sudden flush
of water from an
appliance on the upper
floors causes the air in
the short branch drain
pipe connecting a fitting
in the lower storey to be
sucked out which
creates partial vacuum
at the waterseal in the
traps of the lower floors
fittings.

17.  The atmospheric pressure acting on the other side
of the water seal therefore, forces the water up the
trap and siphons it out into branch, thus breaks
the seal.
 Water seal in the traps can be got broken down by
providing an anti-siphonage pipe which connects
the down stream side of the water seal to the
atmosphere.
 This is achieved by connecting the ventilating pipe
to the crown of the traps of the lower storey
appliances using short branch pipe.