The document outlines the fundamentals of piping design and materials, focusing on the definitions, specifications, and applications of pipes and tubes, including their differences. It details various components such as fittings, valves, and instruments needed for effective fluid transfer in industrial settings, along with supporting structures and insulation requirements. Additionally, it addresses design codes, fabrication standards, and testing procedures essential for ensuring quality and safety in piping systems.

1. By. Effendi Sitanggang
Fundamentals of Piping
Design & Material

2. Piping Fundamentals
What is Pipe?
 It is aTubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant
for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that flows.
 It is a very important component for any industrial plant.
And it’s engineering plays a major part in overall engineering
of a Plant.
What isTube?
 A hollow product of round or any other cross section having
a continuous periphery.

3. Piping Fundamentals
 Difference b/w Pipe &Tube
 Pipes are normally specified by:
 Nominal pipe size
 Schedule
 Tubes are specified by:
 Outside diameter
 Thickness

4. Pipe &Tube
Pipe are specified by:
 Nominal Pipe Size &
 Schedule
Tubes are Specified by:
 Outside diameter &
 Thickness
O.D I.D
Wall Thickness
Length

5. Piping Fundamentals

6. Piping Fundamentals
 Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a dimensionless designator of
pipe size. It indicates standard pipe size when followed by
the specific size designation number without an inch
symbol. For example, NPS 2 indicates a pipe whose outside
diameter is 2.375 in.
 Diameter nominal (DN) is also a dimensionless designator
of pipe size in the metric unit system, developed by the
International Standards Organization (ISO). It indicates
standard pipe size when followed by the specific size
designation number without a millimeter symbol. For
example, DN 50 is the equivalent designation of NPS 2.

7. Piping Fundamentals
 Schedule is expressed in numbers (5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 20S,
30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160).
A schedule number indicates the approximate value of
the expression 1000 P/S, where P is the service pressure
and S is the allowable stress, both expressed in pounds
per square inch (psi).
 The higher the schedule number, the thicker the pipe
is.The outside diameter of each pipe size is
standardized.

8. Diameter Nominal (DN)
(mm)
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS)
(Inches)
6 1/8
8 ¼
10 3/8
15 1/2
20 3/4
25 1
32 1 ¼
40 1 ½
50 2
65 2 ½
Piping Fundamentals

9. Pipe Specification

10. In any plant various fluids flow
through pipes from one end to
other.
Now let us start with a plant where
we see three tanks.
Tank-1, Tank-2 and Tank-3
We have to transfer the content of
Tank no. 1 to the other two tanks.
We will need to connect pipes to
transfer the fluids from Tank-1 to
Tank-2 and Tank-3
LET US BRING THE PIPES.

11. We have just brought the
pipes, now we need to solve
some more problems.
Pipes are all straight pieces.
We need
some
branch
connections
We need some
bend connections
To solve these
problems we
need the pipe
components,
which are called
PIPE FITTINGS Even some
pipes are of
different
sizes!

12. These are the pipe fittings,
There are various types of fittings for
various purposes, some common types
are -
Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,
Reducers/Expanders, Couplings,
Outlets, etc.
Anyway, the pipes and
fittings are in place, but
the ends are yet to be
joined with the Tank
nozzles.
We now have to complete
the end connections.
These, in piping term, we
call
TERMINAL
CONNECTIONS.

13. So far this is a nice arrangement.
But there is no control over the flow from Tank-1
to other tanks.
We need some arrangement to stop the
flow if needed
To control the flow in a pipe line we
need to fit a special component.
That is called - VALVE
These are Flanged joints
These is a welded joints

14. There are many types of valves,
categorized based on their
construction and functionality,
Those are - Gate, Globe, Check,
Butterfly, etc.
Other than valves another
important line component of
pipe line is a filter, which
cleans out derbies from the
flowing fluid. This is called a
STRAINER

15. Here we see a more or less
functional piping system, with valves
and strainer installed.
Let us now investigate some aspects
of pipe flexibility.
If this tank
nozzle
expands,
when the tank
is hot.
In such case we need to fit a
flexible pipe component at
that location, which is called
an EXPANSION JOINT

16. When some fluid is flowing in a pipe
we may also like know the
parameters like, pressure,
temperature, flow rate etc. of the
fluid.
To know these information
we need to install
INSTRUMENTS in the
pipeline.

17. There are various types instruments to measure various
parameters. Also there are specific criteria for installation
of various pipe line instruments.
Next we shall look
into how to
SUPPORT the
pipe/and it’s
components.

18. Here are some of the pipe supporting
arrangements. There can be numerous
variants. All depend on piping designer’s
preference and judgement.
Let us see some OTHER types of
supports

20.  Also arrangement is kept in the
pipeline so that liquid can be
drained out if required.
 To achieve this a DRAIN
connection with Valve is provided
at the lowest point of the pipeline
 Pipes are also slopped towards low
points.
 For Pipeline which shall carry liquid, we have to make sure that all
air is allowed to vent out of the line when the line is filled with liquid.
 To achieve this a VENT connection with Valve is provided at the top
most point of the pipeline.
Let us look
into typical
Vent and
Drain
arrangement
in a pipeline

21. Pipe Fittings
 The in-line components, known as fittings,valves and other
devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate
and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are
included when one discusses the concept of piping design.
 Piping systems are documented in Piping and
Instrumentation Diagrams.
 Process piping & Power piping are typically checked by pipe
stress engineers to verify that the routing , nozzle loads,
hangers and supports are properly placed & selected such
that the allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under the
appropriate ASME code.
 Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect
straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes
or shapes, and to regulate fluid flow .

22. Pipe Fittings
 Valves are use to regulate the flow of fluids by opening,
closing or partially obstructing various passageways.

23. Pipe Fittings

24. Pipe Fittings
 Elbows pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or
tube allowing a change of direction, usually 90° or 45°. The
ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually
female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, it
is called a reducing or reducer elbow.

25. Pipe Fittings
 Tee is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. Most
common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes, but
reducing tees are also available.

26. Pipe Fittings
 Cap has a similar function to a plug. In plumbing systems
that use threads the cap has female threads it is a type of
pipe fitting, often liquid or gas tight, which covers the end
of a pipe .
 Plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it
fits inside the fitting it is mated to. In a threaded iron pipe
plumbing system, plugs have male threads.

27. Pipe Fittings
 Couplings connects two pipes to each other. If the material
and size of the pipe are not the same, the fitting may be
called a 'reducing coupling' or reducer, or an adapter.

28. Pipe Fittings

29. Pipe Fittings

30. Flanges

31. Flanges
Size/dimensions
 Bolt holes in flanges:
 Equally spaced
 Specification
 number of holes
 diameter
 bolt circle
 hole size
 bolting configuration

32. Pipe Fittings

33. Insulation - When hot fluid flows through pipe then
generally pipe is insulated. There are two primary
reasons for insulating the pipe carrying hot fluid.
 Containing the heat inside the pipe. Insulation preserves
the heat of the fluid. It is called Hot Insulation
 Personnel safety, so that people do not get burn injury by
touching hot surface of pipe. It is called Personnel
Protection Insulation
 Cold pipes are also insulated
 Cold or chilled fluid carrying pipes are insulated to
prevent heating of cold fluid from outside. It is called Cold
Insulation.
Insulation

34. Other types of Insulation
 When gas flows through pipes at high velocity, it creates
noise. In such cases pipes are insulated to reduce
noise. It is called Acoustic Insulation.
 Some times pipe and it’s content are heated from
outside, by heat tracing element. In that case pipe along
with heat tracing element are insulated to conserve the
heat of the tracer. It is called Heat Tracing Insulation.
 Some times cold pipes are insulated to prevent
condensation of atmospheric water vapor on pipe
surface. It is called Anti-Sweat Insulation.
Insulation

35. Material of Pipes
 Carbon Steel Pipes
The most common type of Carbon Steel pipe used is
ASTM A-53 , A 106/B
 Stainless Steel Pipes
 A312-TP 304 , A312-TP316
 Resistance to corrosion
 Good HeatTransfer
 High tensile strength at high temperature
 Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe
 Strength & toughness
 Corrosion Resistance
 Resistance to stress corrosion cracking

36. Material of Pipes
 LowTemperature Carbon Steel
 A333 Gr.6
 Alloy Steel
 A335-P11
 A335-P22
 Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe
 Strength & toughness
 Corrosion Resistance
 Resistance to stress corrosion cracking

37. Pipes
Forms of Steel Pipes
 Seamless:This type is made by piercing solid billets.
 Straight–Seam Welded:These pipes are made from
plate.
 SpiralWelded: These pipes are made from plate.

38. Pipe Supports Schedule

39. Pipe Supports Schedule

40. Method of Projections
 The two types of projection used in plumbing and piping
diagrams are orthographic and isometric
 Orthographic pipe drawings show single pipes either
straight or bent in one plane only. Orthographic pipe
drawings may be single-line drawings where you draw
the center line of the pipe as a thick line and add valves
and fittings, or double- line drawings where you draw
each valve and fitting. Use the single-line method when
speed is essential. Double-line drawings are generally
used in applications, such as catalogs, where visual
appearance is more important than drawing
time. Orthographic pipe drawings are sometimes used
on more complicated piping systems.

41. Orthographic Pipe Drawings

42. Method Of Projections
 ISOMETRIC (PICTORIAL) PLUMBING OR PIPE
DRAWINGS
 Isometric pipe drawings are used; for all pipes bent in
more than one plane. One may use either the single-
line or double-line method. The finished drawings are
easier to understand in pictorial format than as
orthographic line drawings.

43. Isometric Drawings
 ISO No. & Revision No.
 Orientation & Reference to Project Site
(NORTH)
 Coordinates of key reference items.
 Elevation of piping sections and their angle with
reference to horizontal (H) and vertical (V).
 Pipe supports Number,Type, Elevation (T.O.S)
 Reference to other ISOs and GA drawing.
 Inline instruments & valve numbers, size, type.
 Stress analysis

44. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
 Test Pressure
 Test media
 Line to be Heat traced or not.
 P&ID reference.
 Insulation requirements.
 Painting Requirement
 Weld position (spool b/o to mark FW & SW)
 Welding specifications.
 Operating & design temperature & pressure

45. Isometric Drawing
A single-line isometric
pipe drawing
A double-line isometric
pipe drawing

46. Standard Symbols For Plumbing, Piping, andValves

47. Symbols

48. Symbols

49. Symbols

50. PIPETOLERANCES
Convention
Dimension
Inner
Diameter,
mm
Wall
thickness
, mm
Tolerance limits
Inner
Diameter,
mm
Wall
thickness
, mm
92 x 6
(ID 80 x 6.0)
80.0 6.0 + 0.10 ± 0.30
103 x 5.5
(ID 92 x 5.5)
92.0 5.5 + 0.15
+ 0.05
± 0.28 1
103 x 6.5
(ID 90 x 6.5)
90.0 6.5 + 0.10 ± 0.33
114 x 7.0
(ID 100 x 7.0)
100.0 7.0 + 0.10 ± 0.35
117 x 6.0
(ID 105 x 6.0)
105.0 6.0 + 0.15
+ 0.05
± 0.30
130 x 6.0
(ID 118 x 6.0)
118.0 6.0 + 0.15
+ 0.05
± 0.30

51. COLOR CODES
The color codes are used to identify piping
carrying hazardous fluids.
Part Function
Yellow Flammable Material
Brown Toxic and poisonous materials
Blue Anesthetics and harmful materials
Green Oxidizing materials
Grey Physically dangerous materials
Red Fire protection materials

52. COLOR CODES

53. DESIGN AND FABRICATION CRITERIA
Application Codes & Standards
DESIGN ASME B31.3, ASME B31.1, ASME Section
VIII, Div 1& 2
Fabrication (pre-
fabrication, welding
erection)
ASME Section IX, B31.3, B31.1, ASME
Section VIII, Div 1 & 2; BS EN 13480; ANSI
B16.5, 16.20 & 16.21;
For Material and
Consumables
ASTM, ASME Section I,II Part A, B ,C, D;
ANSI B16.5; API
HSE OHSAS 18001, EMS/ISO 14001, OSHA,
NSC
Quality Requirements ASME Section IX, B31.3, B31.1,; API 570;
ASME Section VIII, Div 1 & 2 & ASME
Section V

54.  ASME B31.1: POWER PIPING
Prescribes requirements for the design, material,
fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power
and auxiliary service piping systems for electric
generation stations, industrial and institutional
plants, central and district heating plants, and
district heating systems .
CODES

55.  ASME B31.3: PROCESS PIPING
This code prescribes requirements for the materials,
design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination,
inspection, and testing of piping within the property
limits of facilities engaged in the processing or
handling of chemical petroleum or related products.
The requirements of ASME B31.3 apply to piping for
all fluids, including raw, intermediate, and finished
chemicals; petroleum products, gas, steam, air, and
water; fluidized solids; and refrigerants.
CODES

56. Testing, Quality AssuranceAnd Quality Control
 Inspection relates to those activities performed by
the owner, the owner’s agent, or a third party.
 Examination is applied to nondestructive methods
of examination, while testing refers to traditional
hydrostatic and pneumatic tests for leakage. QA and
QC relate in-plant or on-site programs, whose
function is to control the various activities, which
affect quality.
 At most Engineering Limited; ITS (Inspection & Test
Solution) software is used to monitor the progress of
inspection activities performed during the project.