This study examined the phytochemical and elemental content of water melon (Citrullus lanatus) bark. The sample was spread in the laboratory to dry at room temperature after which it was grounded to get a coarse powder form using sterile mortar and pestle. The extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were subjected to phytochemical and elemental analysis using standard procedures. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloid, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroid, phytates and glycoside while the quantitative phytochemical screening indicated the contents of tannins to be (1.360g/100g), alkaloid (3.965 g/100g), saponins (1.380 g/100g), oxalates (3.675 g/100g), flavonoids (1.145g/100g), steroid (1.080g/100g), phytates (3.160g/100g) and glycoside (4.490 g/100g). The elemental analysis showed that the extracts contains Ca (0.025±0.002mg/100g), K (0.065±0.001mg/100g), Fe (0.189±0.007mg/100g), Zn (0.263±0.005mg/100g), Mg (1.771±0.005 mg/100g), Mn (0.670 ±0.003mg/100g), Na (0.033±0.001mg/100g), and Cu (0.245±0.003mg/100g) however Cr was not detected. The results of this study showed that the ethanol extract of C. lanatus contain bioactive compounds which might be responsible for pharmacological actions of the plant and the plant can also serve as a source of mineral elements in diet.
Herbal drugs are usually considered safe but when taken along with other drugs of chemical origin (allopathic drugs), they do interact with them and cause Bio-drug interaction
Herbal drugs are usually considered safe but when taken along with other drugs of chemical origin (allopathic drugs), they do interact with them and cause Bio-drug interaction
Pharmacotherapies for neurodegenerative disordersBrian Piper
This seminar was presented to 2nd year pharmacy students enrolled in a pharmacology & toxicology course and accompanies Goodman & Gilman's (12e) chapter 22.
Definition, Classification, chemical test, properties , uses, Distribution and occurrence, Extraction isolation, chromatography methods of purification,Function of alkaloids.
Secondary metabolites from plants like Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Resins, Volatile oils and Flavonoids. with definition, introduction, Chemical properties, Classification and Identification test
Oxygen is highly reactive atom that is capable of becoming part
of potentially damaging molecule commonly called “free radical.”
Free radicals are capable of attacking cells of the body, causing
them to lose their structure and function.
Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of at
least 50 diseases.
Free radial formation is controlled naturally by various compounds
known as antioxidants.
It is when the ability of antioxidant is limited that this damage can
become cumulative and debilitating.
Following criteria should be considered while selecting an antioxidant.
It should be able to produce desire redox reaction.
It should be physiologically and chemically compatible.
It should be physiologically inert.
It should be non-toxic both in the reduced and oxidized forms.
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should provide prolonged stability to the formulation.
Definition of hairy root culture ,multiple shoot culture ,Production of hairy root and multiple shoot , advantages an disadvantages of hairy root and multiple shoot culture, Sterilization and sterilizing agents wit concentration and exposure time
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Pharmacotherapies for neurodegenerative disordersBrian Piper
This seminar was presented to 2nd year pharmacy students enrolled in a pharmacology & toxicology course and accompanies Goodman & Gilman's (12e) chapter 22.
Definition, Classification, chemical test, properties , uses, Distribution and occurrence, Extraction isolation, chromatography methods of purification,Function of alkaloids.
Secondary metabolites from plants like Alkaloids, Glycosides, Tannins, Resins, Volatile oils and Flavonoids. with definition, introduction, Chemical properties, Classification and Identification test
Oxygen is highly reactive atom that is capable of becoming part
of potentially damaging molecule commonly called “free radical.”
Free radicals are capable of attacking cells of the body, causing
them to lose their structure and function.
Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of at
least 50 diseases.
Free radial formation is controlled naturally by various compounds
known as antioxidants.
It is when the ability of antioxidant is limited that this damage can
become cumulative and debilitating.
Following criteria should be considered while selecting an antioxidant.
It should be able to produce desire redox reaction.
It should be physiologically and chemically compatible.
It should be physiologically inert.
It should be non-toxic both in the reduced and oxidized forms.
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should provide prolonged stability to the formulation.
Definition of hairy root culture ,multiple shoot culture ,Production of hairy root and multiple shoot , advantages an disadvantages of hairy root and multiple shoot culture, Sterilization and sterilizing agents wit concentration and exposure time
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
Phytochemical, Proximate and Nutrient Analysis of Cassia Tora Seedsinventionjournals
Recently Proximate analysis and phytochemical analysis and nutrient analysis of seeds of Cassia tora L. from the campus of Government Vidharbha Institute of Science and Humanity, Amravati had been investigated. The seeds sample contained tannin, saponin, protein, steriods, terpenoids, carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides. Proximate analysis of moisture, ash, fat amd mineral analysis of calcium, magnesium, iron, nitrogen and solubility were check. The values of it is moisture (56%), cold water (52%), hot water (54%), 1%NaOH (43%), 1%HCl (61%), benzene +alcohol (35%), ash content (17%). These results indicate that the seeds of these Cassia tora L. contains mineral and nutrients elements that will be useful in nutrition. Also the existence of some phytochemicals like tannin, saponin and steroids illustrated medicinal action of the plant in its therapeutic uses. The result of their phytochemcial screening could justify the observed activities and validate their use in herbal medicine.
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Cucurbits are edible crops, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. They are climbers with reserves in roots and are distributed mainly in tropical zones. They are mostly moist vines and are distributed in both the eastern and western hemispheres. The member of this family are excellent fruit crops having most of the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals required for the good health of humans. All parts of the Cucurbitaceae plants (leaf, stem, root or tuber, fruit and seeds) are used in the traditional system of medicine. Wide research is going on to search a new active compound and to analyze their medicinal properties. The present review of Cucurbitaceae family deals with the very large amount of updated information of scientific research and report in the field of phytochemistry and pharmacology. In this study, we have documented some of the important plants viz., Mukia maderaspatana, Solena amplexicaulis, Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus lanatus, Coccinia indica, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa acutangula, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Corallocarpus epigaeus, Luffa cylindrica, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes dioica and Kedrostis foetidissima.
Screening and evaluation of medicinal properties of grape fruit varieties in ...EditorIJAERD
Theni districts could be considered one of the highest grapes producing area also export best quality of
Paneer dhrakshai Indian table grapes in Tamil Nadu. The research work focused to identify the nutritive compounds in
the grapes (Vitis vinifera) species which are a wonderful fruit having pulp content, vibrant color and exert an immense
health benefits. Grape fruits were found to be rich source of Anthocyanin content and vitamin C also macromolecules
contents such as carbohydrate contents of 29mg, Protein 18.7mg and fat content 3.7mg /100 g of f. wt. Micronutrients
were estimated by AAS which showed that calcium content was 3.1mg/g.f.wt, iron content 2.7 mg/g.f.wt, potassium 2.6
mg/g.f.wt found to be more than other minerals in fresh extracts of grape fruits. The comparative results of revealed
considerable amount of phytoconstituents in grape fruits in which anthocyanins alone has been taken to evaluate
therapeutic effects on breast cancer cell MCF-7 cell viability test was carried out to determine cell proliferation. The
results revealed presence of anthocyanins in high quantity in the process of purification through various biochemical
methods that could ultimately be used for preventing cancerous cell proliferation which reduces the development of
cancer diseases. On comparison Grapes (Vitis vinifera) may serve as functional food with vital pharmaceutical and
biological value.
Terry Exports LLP (TEL) is an Indian based premium moringa powder exports-oriented firm, which promotes, market and distributes moringa oleifera products of the highest quality to pharmaceutical/nutraceuticals, cosmetic, personal care, wellness, food, beverage and spa industries in the USA, Europe.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Similar to Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
Williams et al. 010
used for treating and preventing low potassium levels,
treating high blood pressure, and preventing stroke. Iron is
an important component of hemoglobin, the substance in
red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to
transport it throughout the body (Abbaspour et al., 2014;
Ware 2018). Nutritionists have considered the role of
metals such as zinc, copper and iron in human fitness (W
illiams et al., 2019), and recommended that they should be
considered for preparation of herbal drugs (Sadia et al.,
2011). Plants have been known to relieve various diseases
in India, Africa, Panama and America. Medicinal plants are
the richest bio-resources of drugs of traditional systems of
medicine, modern medicines, nutraceuticals, food
supplements, folk medicines, Pharmaceutical
intermediates and chemical entities for synthetic drugs
(Prashant, 2011).
Progress toward better understanding of plant derived has
been depended on two factors which are interdependent.
First is the development of strict criteria of prove that a
medicine really does what it is claimed to do and the other
has been the identification by chemical analysis of the
active compounds in the plant. The medicinal value of
plant lies in some chemical substances that produce a
definite physiological action on the human body (Imafidon
et al., 2018).
The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in
most developing countries as therapeutic agents for the
maintenance of good health have been widely observed
(Banerjee et al., 2012).
Watermelon belongs to the family of cucurbitaceous,
scientifically classified as C. lanatus (Donald, 2003). It is
cultivated extensively for its pleasant-tasting fruit.
Watermelon is of the twelve species of the family of
cucurbitaceous cultivated by man. It is the major vegetable
crop in the United States and other parts of the world and
account for 6.8% of the world area devoted to vegetable
crop production (Ali et al., 2012; Imafidon et al., 2018).
Watermelon requires a long, warm growing season and
grows best under temperature of 21 to39oC. The plant also
tolerates high humidity. The optimum pH range for
watermelon is 6.0 - 6.5 although the plant will tolerate soil
with as low as 5 (Imafidon et al., 2018; Braide et al., 2012).
The vine, an annual plant is coarse and hairy and bears
divided, oval leaves on short stalks and round, light yellow
with individual flowers. The rounded, oblong, berrylike fruit
grows to a very large size. The thick rinds are green and
the watery parts are usually red in colour and contain many
dark flat seeds (Prashant et al., 2011). Fruits occupy a part
of daily diet of the rich and rarely the poor and there are
many parts of a fruit that are not considered edible, and so
are usually thrown away. One such fruit is water melon
which is taken by many but the bark is thrown away and
generally not included in regular diet. The juice or pulp of
water melon is considered as the edible portion but bark is
discarded as major solid wastes (Ali et al.,2012; Braide et
al., 2012; Imafidon et al., 2018).
Effective health cannot be achieved in Africa unless
modern medicine is complemented with traditional
medicine. At least 80% of Africans depends on traditional
medicine for their health care. Fruits and vegetables have
been recognized as natural source of various bioactive
compounds which could be attributed to their phyto-
constituents such as flavonoids, fiber and phenolic
compounds. Plants derived drugs are more inexpensive
compare to synthetic drugs (Samy and Ignacimuthu, 2000;
Boakge et al., 2015).
Micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health
problem in many developing countries (Adebowale et al.,
2013; Williams et al., 2018). According to WHO (2000),
one third population of the world is affected by iron
deficiency, causing varied degree of impairment in
cognitive performance, lowered work capacity, lower
immunity to infection, pregnancy and complication. The
quality and quantity of phytochemical and elemental
constituent of a given plant may vary with location due to
variation in soil and other environmental conditions. In this
area, there is no coherent documented information on the
nutrition composition of watermelon bark although the
plants are available.
The objective of the study is to investigate the
phytochemical and elemental composition of watermelon
bark in the study area. The findings will serve as a guide
when recommending it as a source of drugs and food to
the local community.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample Collection and Identification
The water melon (C. lanatus) bark was obtained from Mubi
market of Adamawa State of Nigeria the plant was
identified and authenticated by a taxonomist in the
Department of biological Science, Adamawa State
University Mubi.
Preparation of Sample
The water melon (C. lanatus) was washed, cut open; flesh
and seeds were removed and the bark was air dried in
Chemistry laboratory 2, Science Complex of the Faculty of
Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi. The sample
was spread in the laboratory to dry at room temperature
after which it was pulverized to get a coarse powder form
using sterile mortar and pestle. The powder was stored in
an air tight container and was used for successive analysis
(Kubmarawa et al., 2009).
Extraction
The 2 kg of the powered samples used for the
phytochemical and elemental analysis was extracted with
ethanol (60 – 80oC) following the procedure described by
AOAC (2000).
3. Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
Int. J. Pharm. Phytothe. Res. 011
Phytochemical analysis
The ethanol or aqueous extract of (C. lanatus) bark was
tested for the presence of bioactive compounds.
Test for tannins
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 2 mL of 2% solution
of FeCl3. Blue-green color was observed.
Test for flavonoids (alkaline reagent test)
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 2 mL of 2% solution
of NaOH. An intense yellow colour formed which turned
colorless on addition of few drops of diluted acid was
observed.
Test for saponins
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 5 mL of distilled water
in a test tube and was shaken vigorously for 10 minutes
and 1 mL HCl 2M was added, stable foam was formed
which persisted for 15 minutes was observed.
Test for glycosides (Salkowski’s test)
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 2 mL of chloroform.
Then 2 mL of concentrated H2SO4 was added carefully and
shaken gently. A reddish-brown color was observed.
Test for alkaloids
The extract (200 mg) was mixed with 10 mL of methanol.
To 2 mL of the filtrate was added 1% HCl and then
steamed. To 1mL of the filtrate 6 drops of Wagner reagent
was added Brownish-red precipitate was observed.
Test for steroids
To 2mL of acetic anhydride 0.5g of the sample was added
followed by an addition of 2mL H2SO4. The color changed
from violet to blue green (Nwankwo and Ukaegbu-Obi,
2014).
Determination of phytochemicals
The phytochemicals of the samples were estimated using
Buck scientific (USA) BLC 10/11– model high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) following the procedure
adopted by Nwankwo and Ukaegbu-Obi, (2014). The
prepared sample (5 g) was placed into 25cm3 standard
volumetric flask and made up to mark over diluent. The
solution was refluxed, shake, centrifuged and decanted.
Then filtrate was filtered using the HPLC grade filter paper
and then inject in to HPLC buck scientific (USA) BLC
10/11 - model (AOAC, 2000).
Elemental analysis
The dried sample was weighed into a crucible and placed
in a muffle furnace at room temperature and the
temperature was raised to 5500C for three hours to
complete ash. The ash was dissolved in hot 10% HNO3,
filtered and diluted to required volume in a standard flask
with 0.01M HNO3. The elements in solution were
determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(AAS) following the procedure adopted by AOAC (2000).
The result of the elemental analysis was presented in the
form of means ±SD of triplicates of determination.
RESULTS
Preliminary phytochemical screening conducted on the
ethanol extract of C. lanatus revealed the presence of
tannins, alkaloids, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroids,
phytates and glycosides (Table 1):
Table 1 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanol
extract of C. lanatus) bark.
Phytochemical Result
Tannins + +
Alkaloids + + +
Saponins + +
Oxalates + +
Flavonoids + + +
Steroids +
Phytates + + +
Glycosides + + +
Key + = presence of constituents
+ + = high presence of constituents
+ + + = very high presence of constituents
The result of quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed
1.360g/100g, 3.965g/100g, 1.380g/100g, 3.675g/100g,
1.145g/100g, 1.080g/100g, 3.160g/100g and 4.490g/100g
for tannins, alkaloids, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids,
steroids, phytates and glycosides respectively (Table 2):
Table 2: Quantitative phytochemical composition of
ethanol extract of C. lanatus bark
Phytochemical (g/100g)
Tannins 1.360
Alkaloids 3.965
Saponins 1.380
Oxalates 3.675
Flavonoids 1.145
Steroids 1.080
Phytates 3.160
Glycosides 4.490
The result of elemental analysis revealed 0.025 ±
0.002mg/100g, 0.065 ± 0.001mg/100g, 0.189 ±
0.003mg/100g, 0.263 ± 0.005mg/100g, 1.770 ±
0.007mg/100g, 0.670 ± 0.003mg/100g, 0.033±
0.001mg/100g and 0.245 ± 0.003mg/100g for Ca, K, Fe,
Zn, Mg, Mn, Na and Cu respectively while Cr was below
detection level (Table 3):
4. Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
Williams et al. 012
Table 3: Elementary composition of ethanol extract of
C. lanatus bark
Element Concentration (mg/100g)
Calcium (Ca) 0.025 ± 0.002
Potassium (K) 0.065 ± 0.001
Iron (Fe) 0.189 ± 0.003
Zinc (Zn) 0.263 ± 0.005
Magnesium (Mg) 1.770 ± 0.007
Manganese (Mn) 0.670 ± 0.003
Sodium (Na) 0.033± 0.001
Copper (Cu) 0.245 ± 0.003
Chromium (Cr) BDL
BDL = below detection limit
All values represent mean ± SD (Standard Deviation).
DISCUSSION
The values of the quantitative phytochemical analysis
ranged from 1.08 - 4.490g/100g similar value (1.12 –
3.42g/100g) was observed by Wiiliams et al., 2019.
Glycoside has the highest value followed by alkaloids,
flavonoids, phytates, saponins, tannins, oxilates and
steroids (Table2). This is in agreement with the report of
Ali et al. (2012), who showed that alkaloids and terpenes
are widely distributed in the genus “citrullus.”
Phytochemicals have biological properties such as
antioxidant activity, antimicrobial effect, modulation of
detoxifying enzymes, stimulation of the immune system
and general modulation of hormonal activities (Imafidon et
al., 2018)
The presence of these metabolites indicates the great
potentials of the water melon bark as a source of useful
phytomedicines. As some flavonoids have anti-
inflammatory effects on both acute and chronic
inflammation (Kim et al., 2012; Hussain et al., 2013).
Some plants that possess alkaloids are known for
decreasing blood pressure and balancing the nervous
system in case of mental illness. The presence of tannins
could also show that it is an astringent help in wound
healing and anti-parasitic. The presence of saponins
shows the class of natural products involved and can be
used to enhance penetration of micro molecules such as
protein through cell membrane. It also indicates the water
melon bark potential activity on antimicrobial agents
(Eujoba, 2012; Williams et al., 2018). However, in high
quantity it is toxic. Oxalates may be responsible for its use
in the treatment of cough, dysentery, inflammation and
ringworm (Ouilly et al., 2017). Alkaloids are known to
possess anti –malarial property, hence the bark of water
melon may be a good source of anti – malaria for which it
is traditionally used. Also water melon bark (Citrullus
lanatus) as a genital stimulant may attribute to the
presence of alkaloids (Ouilly et al., 2017). The presence of
terpenes suggests its possible use as anti-tumor and anti-
viral agent as some terpenes are known to be cytotoxic to
tumor cells. Some of the eudesmane (sesquiterpenes) has
been reported to exhibit antibacterial properties possess
anti-malaria property; hence the bark may be a good
source of anti-malaria (Tona et al., 2001). Any plants parts
containing saponins and phenols are believed to have
antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti- inflammatory, anti-viral and
anti-diarrheal this is the reason why water melon bark can
be used as medicine (Sharma et al., 2000; Sadique et al.,
1987).
The present study showed the presence of a number of
metals in citrullus lanatus bark. The most abundant
element was Mg followed by Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, K, Na and Ca
(Table 3), as previously reported by Imafidon et al.( 2018)
Nutritionists have considered the role of metals such as
zinc, copper and iron in human fitness (W illiams et al.,
2019), and recommended that they should be considered
for preparation of herbal drugs (Sadia et al., 2011).
Magnesium is an important mineral element in connection
with circulatory diseases such as heart disease (Eujoba,
2012). High magnesium concentration is a component of
leaf chlorophyll in plants.
Fe is not a toxic metal because it serves as micronutrient.
Iron is an essential element for blood production. About 70
percent of human body's iron is found in the red blood cells
called hemoglobin and in muscle cells called myoglobin.
Iron is an important component of hemoglobin, the
substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the
lungs to transport it throughout the body. If the body
doesn’t have enough iron, it can't make enough healthy
oxygen-carrying red blood cells. A lack of red blood cells
is called iron deficiency anemia (Abbaspour et al., 2014;
Ware 2018). Hence water melon bark can serve as a
source of Fe supplement for the body.
Copper is an essential trace element in human body and
exist as an integral part of copper proteins. Ceruloplasmin
which is concerned with the release of Iron from the cells
into the plasma and is involved in energy metabolism
(Ayoola et al., 2010). The presence of copper, zinc and
manganese indicates that the water melon bark is
essential for immune function (Tona et al., 2001).
Potassium is a mineral that plays many important roles in
the body. Food sources of potassium include fruits
(especially dried fruits), cereals, beans, milk, and
vegetables. Potassium is most commonly used for treating
and preventing low potassium levels, treating high blood
pressure, and preventing stroke. Potassium is necessary
for the function of all living cells. Potassium shift across
nerve cell membranes and necessary for the normal nerve
transmissions. Potassium depletion or excess can result in
numerous abnormalities, including abnormal heart rhythm
and various electrocardiographic abnormalities. Fresh
fruits and vegetables are good dietary source of potassium
(Raman, 2017). Therefore water melon bark can be a good
source of K.
5. Phytochemical Analysis and Mineral Content of Ethanol Extract of Citrullus lanatus Bark
Int. J. Pharm. Phytothe. Res. 013
Sodium has an important role in maintaining the water
balance within the cells and in the function of both nerve
impulse and muscles. It also helps in the maintenance of
normal acid-base balance. An adult need about 3g per day
of sodium but modern dietary habits take in 5 – 20 g per
day (Vashishtha et al., 2007).
Calcium plays an important role in building and
maintaining strong bones and teeth, large part of human
blood and extracellular fluids. Approximately 99% of the
body calcium is stored in the bones and teeth (Victor and
Chidi, 2009). The studied water melon bark is essential in
building up the level of calcium in the body.
Cr (though not detected in the extract) in trivalent state is
an essential trace element that potentiates insulin action
and those influences carbohydrate, lipid and protein
metabolism (Kim et al., 2012).
CONCLUSION
Results of this study indicate that the water melon bark
extract contains some major bioactive contents: tannins,
alkaloids, saponins, oxalates, flavonoids, steroids,
phytates and glycosides that inhibit the growth of micro-
organism there by proving very effective sources of
derived drugs. This may imply that the bark of water melon
can be used for the treatment of dysentery, constipation,
gastro internal disorder and diabetes. Therefore, the
metabolites identified are believed to have antioxidant,
anthelmintic, anti-bacterial, demulcent and diuretic being
used in the treatment of dropsy and renal stones.
The elemental analysis has further shown an appreciable
amount of minerals contained in the water melon bark. The
bark can be used as source of mineral in diet and also as
part of drugs in pharmaceuticals.
REFERENCES
Abbaspour N, Hurrell R and Kelishadi R (2014). Review
on iron and its importance for human health. J Res Med
Sci. 2014 Feb; 19(2): 164–174.
Adebowale K D, Nwokocha L M, Agbaje, W B (2013).
Composition of Cissus populnea stem. J. of Food
Composition and Analysis, 30, 41-46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2013.01.001
Ali M, Odiong IJ and Oranusi S (2012). Phytochemical and
Antibacterial properties of the seed of watermelon
(Citrullus lanatus). Prime J. of Microbiology Research,
2(3): 99 -104.
AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis of the
Association of Official’s Analytical Chemists, (17th
edn.) Arlington, Virginia. pp. 96-105.
Asaolu S S, Adefemi S O, Oyakilome G I, AjibuluE K and
Asaolu F M (2012). Proximate and Mineral Composition
of Nigerian Leafy Vegetables.J. of Food Research; Vol.
1, (3); 214.Canadian canter of Science and Education.
Ayoola P B, Adeyeye I and Onawumi O O (2010). Trace
elements and major minerals evaluation of Spondias
mombin, Vernomia amygdalina and Mmordica
charantia leaves. Pakistian Journal of Nutrition, 9(8);
755 - 756.
Banerjee A, Datta J K, Mondal K N (2012). Biochemical
changes in leaves of mustard under the influence of
different fertilizers and cycocel. J. of Agricultural
Technology, Vol. 8(4); 1397–1411.
Boakye A A, Wireko-Manu F D, Agbenorhevi J K and
Oduro I (2015). Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenols and
Phytochemical Constituents of four Under-utilised
Tropical Fruits. International Food Research J. 22(1);
262 - 26.
Braide W, Odion I J and Oranusi S (2012). Phytochemical
and Antibacterial properties of the seed of watermelon
(Citrullus lanatus). Prime J. of Microbiology Research,
2(3); 99 - 104.
Devaki S (2013). Possibilties of biological protecting
plant.www.Zenodo.org:idoi10 – 2476 – frp.
Donald M (2003). Horticultural Scientist University of
florida. Gulf coast research and education Centre
Brandetion p. 211
Eujoba A (2012). Chemical and Biological Analysis of
Nigerian Cassia Occidentalis species for Assian J. of
Phamaceutical and Health Science. Vol. 10; 133-139
Hussain J, Najeeb U R, Abdul L K, Liaqat A, Ahmed A,
Zabta K S, Hidayat H and Tania S R (2013). Proximate
Based Comparative Assessment of Five Medicinal
Plants to Meet the Challenges of Malnutrition.
European J. of Medicinal Plants, Vol. 3(3); 444-453.
Imafidon K E, Abu O D, Obayuwana H O, Okuofu E D
(2018). Phytochemical, Proximate, and Metal Content
Analysis Of Citrullus Lanatus (Watermelon) Seed
Fudma J. of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 2 (2); 153 - 156
Kim H N, Camp B J and Grigsby R D (2012). Issolation of
N – methylmorpholine from the seed of cassia
occidentalis (coffe senna) J. Agric Food Chem. 19 (1):
198 – 199.
Kubmarawa D, Andenyang I F H and Magomya A M
(2009). Proximate Composition and Amino Acid
profile of two non-conventional leafy vegetables
(Hibiscus cannabinus and Haematostaphis bacteri).
African J. of Food Science, Vol. 3(9); 233-236
Ncube N S, Afolayan A J and Okah A I (2008).
Assessment technics of antimicrobial properties of
natural compounds of plant origin: current method and
future trends. African J. of Biotechnology vol.3 (5); 122
- 127
Nwankwo I U and Ukaegbu-Obi K M (2014). Preliminary
phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of
two Nigerian medicinal plants (Ficus asperifolia and
Terminalis catappa). J. of Medicinal Plant and Herbal
Therapy Research, Vol. 2, 1-5.
Ouilly T J, Bazongo P, Adjima Bougma A, Kaboré N,
Lykke M A, Ouédraogo A, and Bassolé N H I (2017).
Chemical Composition, Physicochemical
Characteristics, and Nutritional Value of Lannea
kerstingii Seeds and Seed Oil. J. of Analytical Methods