herbs containing alkaloids

2. Herbs
chemotaxonomy
Herbs Containing
Alkaloids
1- Lobelia
2- Solanaceous Herbs
Stramonium
Egyptian Henbane
Belladonna
3- Catharanthus (Vinca)
4- Ephedra
5- Broom Tops
Herbs Containing
Volatile oil
1- Peppermint
2- Thyme
3- Cymbopogon
(Half Bar)
4- Lemon Grass
5- Savin Tops
Herbs Containing Resins
Cannabis- Indian Hemp

4. The main difference in the percentage of the tropane alkaloids and calcium
oxalates.
Origin: The dried leaves and flowering
tops of Datura stramonium Linne, Fam.
Solanaceae.

5. annual herb.
- Odour: slight disagreeable.
- Taste: characteristic bitter.
Color: olive brown to purplish.
Shape: flattened, longitudinally
wrinkled, hollow.

6. Phyllotaxis: Simple, alternate
shape: ovate
Apex: acuminate,
 Base: assymetric, petiolated,
Colour: hairy with dark green upper
surface to yellowish-green lower one.
The midrib: prominent on both surfaces.
 The veins run from the midrib to the teeth at
angle of 45˚.

7.  Very rare
 Calyx: shortly pedicellate with green
tubular.
Corolla: white to purplish, funnel shaped.
Androecium: five epipetalous free
stamens.
Gynaecium: superior bilocular, bicarpellary.

8. Capsule containing numerous seeds on
axile placentation.
Reniform, dark to blackish in color with
reticulate surface.

11. Color: green
Odor: faint characteristic
Taste: bitter.

12. large basal
collapsed hair
lignified
seed coat

13. anisocytic
stomata
Crystal layer Clavate
hair

14. Active Constituents:
1- About 0.2-0.7% alkaloids mostly of
hyoscyamine and atropine.
2- Flavonoids and tannins.
Atropine (dl-hyoscymaine) is formed
as a result of l-hyoscymaine
racemization.
Chemical test
Vitali-Morin’s test: for tropane
alkaloids (Solanaceous alkaloids)

17.  Atropine, Hyoscyamine and Scoplamine (Hyoscine) are anticholinergic
agents.
 1- increase heart rate (by depression of the vagus nerve),
 2- They stimulate the respiratory center.
 3- antispasmodic smooth muscles (uterus, bladder and biliary tract).
 4- decrease gastric and saliva secretion,
 5- Externally Atropine dilates the pupil of the eye (Mydriatic effect).
 Atropine and Hyoscyamine CNS stimulant.
 6- Scopolamine (Hyoscine) narcotic or sedative effect

18. Uses 1- antispasmodic especially in
bronchial asthma.
2- It suppress tremors in Parkinson’s
disease(anticholinergic).
3- Narcotic.

21. ‫يقصد‬ ‫كان‬ ‫الرسام‬ ‫تفتكر‬
‫ايه‬
‫مسئوليته‬ ‫احد‬ ‫اليتحمل‬
‫اعمال‬ ‫بتبعات‬ ‫يلقي‬ ‫فكل‬
‫ه‬
‫على‬
‫غيره‬
‫يؤذون‬ ‫جيران‬
‫بعضهم‬
‫وخالص‬ ‫معفنه‬ ‫ناس‬ ‫شوية‬
‫الواحد‬ ‫الموضوع‬ ‫يختلف‬ ‫قد‬
‫النظر‬ ‫وجهات‬ ‫باختالف‬

22. Origin: dried leaves with or without
the flowering or fruiting tops of
Hyoscyamus muticus (Linn.), Family
Solanaceae.

23. perennial herb, indigenous and cultivated
in Egypt.
- Odour: slightly foetid ‫نتن‬ & narcotic.
- Taste: bitter acrid ‫الذع‬ .
Shape: cylindrical, slightly compressed –
hollow.
Kind: succulent.
Colour: greyish yellow.
Surface: slightly hairy.

24. Color: pale green to yellowish, hairy.
Base: petiolate or nearly sessile.
Shape and size: vary.
 Lamina: oval, rhomboidal to broadly elliptical, up to
15 cm long.
Apex: tapering to an equal base and accuminate,
Margin: entire or with 2-5 triangular acute teeth on
each side,
Surface: both surfaces densely hairy,
Mid-rib: broad, prominent on the lower surface, -
Venation: pinnate.

25.  Cymose infloresence,
 each shortly pedicillate, Usually have 5 petals,
5 sepals, 5 stamens, 2 carpels, 2 locules,
 -hairy, leaf, bract.
Corolla: dried yellowish, sometimes with deep
colored patches, zygomorphic funnel shaped. .
Androecium: 5-epipetalous, unequal in length,
with purplish filaments and brownish and
sometimes purplish anthers.
Gynaecium: superior bilocular, bicarpellary.

26. Pyxis ‫علبة‬ enclosed in the calyx.
yellowish-grey to brown in color.

29. Color: light greenish yellow
Odor: slightly foetid and narcotic
Taste: bitter acrid .

31. Active Constituents:
1- About 0.7-1.5% of total alkaloids mostly as hyoscyamine.
2- Flavonoids and tannins.
Uses
1- As a source for preparing the alkaloid hyoscyamine.
2- As antispasmodic to relieve the griping caused by drastic
purgative.
3- As a cerebral and spinal sedative therefore used in insomnia.

32. Origin: dried leaves with or without
flowering and fruiting tops of Hyoscyamus
niger (Linn.), Family Solanaceae.
Indigenous to Europe,
two varieties annual and biennial Henbane
Active constituents:
About 0.14% alkaloids mainly hyoscyamine
and hyoscine.
Flavonoids and tannins.

33. Origin: The dried leaves and flowering
tops of Atropa belladonna Linne, Fam.
Solanaceae.
The main difference in
1- the percentage of the tropane alkaloids
2- the characteristic idioblasts with the
microsphenoids crystals of calcium
oxalates.

34. Color: dark green
Odor: faint characteristic
Taste: bitter .

36. 3- upper and lower epidermal cells
of the leaf with sinuous walls,
covered with striated cuticle
showing anisocytic stomata,
glandular and non-glandular hairs.
1- Lignified
xylem vessels
and Spherical
pollen grains.
2- Fragments of palisade
tissue and parenchyma
containing microsphenoidal
crystals of calcium oxalate.

37. Fragments from…….. Fragments from……..

38. Active Constituents:
About 0.3-0.6% alkaloids (hyoscyamine,
hyoscine).
Volatile bases such as pyridine and N-
methylpyrolidine.
A fluorescent substance scopoletin.
Flavonoids and tannins.

39. Uses
treat the rigidity, tremor, excessive salivation, and
sweating caused by Parkinson's disease.
As a sedative to respiratory nerves to relief spasmodic
cough.
 treat motion sickness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal
cramping and to reduce nighttime urination.

40.  Origin: The dried whole plant of Catharanthus
roseus, formerly Vinca rosea L., Fam.
Apocynaceae.

41. Active Constituents:
 Alkaloids of indole type, the most important of them are:
vinblastine, vincristine, vincrosidine and vincamine.
 Other alkaloids as alstonine, ajmalicine and serpentine.
 The leaf contains volatile oil which contains sulfurous
compounds in addition to organic acids.
 Flavonoids and tannins.

Uses:
 Vinblastine for neoplasma and Hodgkin’s disease.
 Vincristine for leukemia in children.
 Vincamine has a vasoregulatory action on cerebral
circulation.

42. Source: It’s derived from Ephedra sinica Stapf., E.
equisetina Bung., bothe indigenous to China; E.
gerardiana Wall, indigenous
to India, Family Gnetaceae.

43.  The young branches are green, cylindrical,
branched from the base and so giving a low
tufted appearance.
 The leaves are reduced to a sheath completely
surrounding the stem, and bearing minute
opposite and decussate, reddish-brown lamina.
Each terminating in a sharp, recurved point.
 Older parts of the stem are covered with brown
cork with occasional silvery patches. It has an
aromatic odour when fresh and very slightly
bitter taste.

44. Active constituents:
The chief constituents are alkaloids l-ephedrine, d-
pseudoephedrine (which is easily converted to ephedrine).
Other alkaloids in small amounts as l-N-methylephedrine.
The drug is richest in ephedrine in the autumn.
Uses:
The action of ephedrine is similar to that of adrenaline but
is more prolonged.
It raises the blood pressure and relieves asthma and hay
fever.
It’s administered by mouth or hypodermally.

45. Origin: the young green tops of Cytisus scoparius
Fam. Leguminosae. Indigenous in Britain.
Active constituents:
•Volatile liquid alkaloid sparteine.
•Yellow crystalline flavone scoparin.
•Trace of liquid alkaloid gensiteine.
•Non volatile alkaloid sarothamnine.
Uses:
Heart tonic, diuretic in dropsy ‫االستسقاء‬.

46. funny comic and story
‫فتره‬ ‫من‬ ‫انتشرت‬ ‫صوره‬ ‫دي‬
‫بوك‬ ‫الفيس‬ ‫علي‬
‫ل‬
t.s.
‫دماغ‬ ‫وعامل‬ ‫بيضحك‬
‫حشيش‬ ‫انه‬ ‫فقالوا‬
‫حشيش‬ ‫مفيش‬
...
‫؟؟‬ ‫ليه‬
‫كله‬ ‫شربته‬ ‫دي‬ ‫الصوره‬ ‫عشان‬
‫للمادة‬ ‫مصدر‬ ‫مش‬ ‫بوك‬ ‫الفيس‬
‫العلمية‬