This document discusses the evaluation, standardization, and quality control of crude drugs. It describes various methods of drug evaluation including morphological, microscopic, physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological evaluation. Morphological evaluation involves visual examination of characteristics like color, odor, and taste. Microscopic evaluation uses histological features viewed under a microscope. Physical evaluation measures properties such as moisture content, viscosity, and ash content. Chemical evaluation identifies constituents through qualitative and quantitative chemical tests. Biological evaluation determines functional properties. Toxicological evaluation checks for contaminants like heavy metals and microbes. The goal is to determine identity, purity, quality, and safety of crude drugs.
Process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments
Standardization of herbal drugs refers to “confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality, purity and detection of nature of adulterant by various parameters”.
Process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments
Standardization of herbal drugs refers to “confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality, purity and detection of nature of adulterant by various parameters”.
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
Quality assurance (QA) is a way of preventing mistakes and defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering products or services to customers.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
it is usefull for the students of diploma in pharmacy, II.B.PHARM FIRST SEMESTER AND DOCTOR OF PHARMACY SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND ALSO BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
The term “herbal drugs” denotes plants or plant parts that have been converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of simple processes involving harvesting, drying, and storage.
It can be used to identify the organized drugs by their known histological characters.
It is mostly used for qualitative evaluation of organized crude drugs in entire and powdered forms.
For the effective results, various reagents or stains can be used to distinguish cellular structure.
Water Content of Drug?
Impact Of Water Content Of Drug.
Methods Of Determining Water Content Of Drug.
Formula for Water Content Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Loss On Drying of Drug?
Impact Of LOD Of Drug.
Formula of LOD Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Basic Difference.
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
evaluation of drug by organoleptic, microscopical, physical, chemical and biological methods. spectroscopical methods, chromatography, leaf constants, linear measurements.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
Quality assurance (QA) is a way of preventing mistakes and defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering products or services to customers.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
it is usefull for the students of diploma in pharmacy, II.B.PHARM FIRST SEMESTER AND DOCTOR OF PHARMACY SECOND YEAR STUDENTS AND ALSO BASIC KNOWLEDGE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
The term “herbal drugs” denotes plants or plant parts that have been converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of simple processes involving harvesting, drying, and storage.
It can be used to identify the organized drugs by their known histological characters.
It is mostly used for qualitative evaluation of organized crude drugs in entire and powdered forms.
For the effective results, various reagents or stains can be used to distinguish cellular structure.
Water Content of Drug?
Impact Of Water Content Of Drug.
Methods Of Determining Water Content Of Drug.
Formula for Water Content Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Loss On Drying of Drug?
Impact Of LOD Of Drug.
Formula of LOD Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Basic Difference.
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
Quality control of herbal medicines aims to ensure their consistency, safety and efficacy.
Chemical fingerprinting has been demonstrated to be a powerful technique for the quality control of herbal medicines.
This topic is also covered under quality control of crude drugs.
5 methods of evaluation:
1. Morphological evaluation
2. Physical evaluation
3. Chemical evaluation
4. Pharmacological evaluation
5. Microscopic evaluation
important methods employed in quality control of ayurvedic drugsDhanya Renjith
the different methods employed these days to test the quality of ayurvedic drugs is summarised in the presentation. the presentation aims to give an awareness about basic procedures in quality control of ayurvedic drugs.
It's about the Standardization of herbal drugs.
It's includes
# Definition of herbs
# Herbal drugs definition
# Herbal technology
# Standardization definition
# Methods of Standardization of herbal drugs
Is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of client or customer. QC is similar to, but not identical with, quality assurance (QA)
Test for active pharmaceutical raw materials in herbal drugs, Pharmacognostic...Md. Mohabbot Hossen
Since ancient times humanity has depended on the diversity of plant resources for food, clothing, shelter, and traditional medicine to cure myriads of ailments. By using modern science now plant is greatly used in pharmaceutical industries and various test have involved here.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. • Introduction:
(1) Drug evaluation may be defined as the
determination of identity, purity and quality
of a drug.
(2) Identity – identification of biological source
of the drug.
(3) Quality – the quantity of the active
constituents present.
(4) Purity – the extent of foreign organic material
present in a crude drug.
(5) It was proposed by W.H.O
3. • Methods of Drug Evaluation:
The evaluation of a drug is done by studying
its various properties.
The various types of evaluation are :
(1) Morphological evaluation
(2) Microscopical evaluation
(3) Biological evaluation
(4) Chemical evaluation
(5) Physical evaluation
(6) Toxicological evaluation.
4. 1. MARPHOLOGICAL EVALUATION (organoleptic):
This refers to the drug evaluation by means of our
sense organs like odour, taste, smell.
Study of Gross Morphology:
• It includes the visual examination of drug.
• These drugs are classified into the following
groups.
Underground structures
Leaves
Flowers
Fruits
Seeds
Herbs
5. Underground Structures:
• Rhizomes, Roots, Bulbs, Corm and Tubers are
the underground structures of the plants.
• Examples: Ginger, Turmeric.
• Underground storage roots used as drugs are:
6. Leaves:
• The shape, margin, base, apex and venation of
leaves help in the identification of the drugs.
Senna leaves Tulasi
leaves
8. (b) Study of Sensory Characters:
• Colour, Texture, Odour and Taste are useful in
the evaluation of drugs.
Colour
Odour
Taste
9. Colour:
• Some drugs are green in colour when dried in
shade.
• But they become pale and bleached when
dried in sunlight.
Terminalia chebula - Fresh and Dried
10. Odour:
• Mentha, clove are some of the examples for
the drugs which have a distinct odour.
Taste:
• The drugs may be evaluated by taste also
Ex: Ginger, capsicum
11. II. Microscopic or Anatomical Evaluation:
• This method allows a more detailed
examination of a drug and it can be used to
identify organised drugs by their known
histological characters.
12. • Microscope can also be used for a quantitative
evaluation of drugs and adulterated powders.
• This is done by counting a specific histological
feature such as,
Stomatal Number
Stomatal Index
Vein-islet Number
Palisade Ratio
Quantitative Microscopy
Refractive Index
13. Stomatal Number:
• The average number of stomata present per
square millimeter of the epidermis is known
as stomatal number.
• Example: Datura – 141 (upper epidermis)
14. Stomatal Index:
• It is the percentage proportion of the number
of stomata to the total number of epidermal
cells.
• Stomatal number varies considerably with the
age of the leaf but stomatal index is relatively
constant for a given species.
• Example: Atropa – 20.0-23.0 (lower epidermis)
15. Vein-islet Number:
• Vein-islet number is defined as the number of
vein-islets per sq.mm. of leaf surface.
• It is constant for a given species of the plant. It
is irrespective with the age factor.
• Example: Cassia senna (26).
16. Palisade ratio:
• It represents the average number of palisade
cells beneath one epidermal cell, using four
continuous epidermal cells for the count.
• It is determined from powdered drugs with
the help of camera lucida.
• Example: Atropa belladona – 06-10
17. 3. PHYSICIAL EVALUATION:
• All the physical properties are useful in detection
of constituents present in a plant or herbal drug.
• A few of them are:-
Moisture Content
Viscosity
Melting point
Optical Rotation
Refractive Index
Ash Content
Extractive values
Volatile oil Content
Foreign organic matter
18. Moisture Content:
• Loss on drying
• Azeotropic method
• Titrimetric karl fischer method .
Loss on drying: To determine LOD , place 2-5g of
the prepared air dried crude drug. The
substance is to be dried to constant mass by
heating in an oven at 100 .
19. Viscosity:
• Viscosity of a liquid is constant at a given
temperature and is an index of its
composition.
• Hence, it is used as a means of standardising
liquid drugs.
• Example:
Liquid paraffin – less than 64 centistokes.
20. Melting Point:
• It is one of the parameters to judge the purity
of crude drugs containing lipids as
constituents.
• They may of animal or plant origin and contain
fixed oils, fats and waxes.
• The purity of the following crude drugs can be
ascertained by determining their melting
points in the range shown against each of
them
• Example: Coca butter (30⁰ - 33⁰C)
21. Ash Content:
Determination of total ash
Determination of acid-insoluble ash
Determination of water soluble ash
1. place about 2-4g of air dried material . Heat it at
500 .cool in a desicator and weigh. To it add 2ml
of water and heat it on the water bath allow the
residue to cool in a desicator for 30 mins
calculate the content of total ash in mg per g of
air –dried material.
Ex : amla –not more than 5%
opium – not more than 6%
22. Extractive values:
• In crude drugs, sometimes the active chemical
constitutes cannot be determined by normal
procedures.
• In such cases, water, alcohol or ether soluble
extractive values are determined for
evaluation of such drugs.
• Example: Water soluble extracts like Aloe vera
Alcohol soluble like Ginger
23. IV. Chemical Evaluation :
chemical tests are carried out using various
chemical reagents to identify the nature and
quality of chemical constituents of crude drugs.
chemical tests may be qualitative or quantitative .
Various qualitative chemical tests :
i. Carbohydrates – molisch test
ii. Proteins – biuret test
iii. Alkaloids – mayers test
iv. Tannins – gelatin test
24. Instrumental methods:
• They make use of various instruments for
evaluation like colorimetry, flourimetry
spectrophotometry etc.
Chemical constants tests:
• These are like acid value, iodine value and
ester value etc are used for the identification
of fixed oils and fats.
25. Individual chemical tests:
• These are the tests which are used for
identifying particular drugs.
• Examples: Halpher’s test for cotton seed oil.
Microchemical tests:
• These are the tests which are carried on
slides.
• Example: Euginol in clove oil is precipitated as
potassium euginate crystals.
26. V. Biological Evaluation( pre clinical studies) : It
is employed when the drug cannot be
evaluated satisfactorily by chemical and
physical methods.
a) Determination of bitterness value
b) Determination of haemolytic activity
c) Determination of swelling index
d) Determination of foaming index
27. Determination of swelling index:
Take 1g of isapgol seeds in a measuring
cylinder and add 25 ml of water and allow it
to stand for 24 hrs and measure the
difference of intial height and the height
after 24hrs . The difference in the heigt gives
the swelling factor of isapgol seeds .
28. 6.Toxicological evaluation:
a) Determination of arsenic and heavy metals
b) Determination of pesticide residues
c) Determination of micobial contaminants
d) Radioactive contamination
Few examples and limits are
Arsenic: max 1.0 ppm
Lead : max 10.0 ppm
Cadmium : max 0.3 ppm