These slides represent a comprehensive view of history of using natural products caused to appearance of pharmacognosy as a science and show several aspects of pharmacognosy and natural products use and final their importance in discovering new drugs.
These slides represent a comprehensive view of history of using natural products caused to appearance of pharmacognosy as a science and show several aspects of pharmacognosy and natural products use and final their importance in discovering new drugs.
Herb drug and herb food interaction ppt by nitesh kumarNITESH KUMAR
HERB DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTION IS AN IMPORTANT CHAPTER IN HERBLA DRUG TECHNOLOGY IN THE SYLLABUS OF B.PHARMACY 6TH SEM. IT GIVES A BETTER UNDERTANDING OF HERB FOOD INTERACTION AND RELATED DRUGS.
Introduction of Pharmacognosy, Scope and Traditional system of MedicineSHIVANEE VYAS
The term Pharmacognosy comes from two Greek words: “Pharmakon" meaning drug or medicine, and "gnosis" meaning knowledge or study. Pharmacognosy also defined as the systemic study of crude drugs obtained from natural origin like plants, animals, minerals, and microbes. Pharmacognosy defined as the branch of science which involves details study of drug obtained from natural origin including name, collection, cultivation, macroscopy, microscopy, physical property, chemical constituents, therapeutic action and uses.
https://youtu.be/gxOVfntCCB8
The concept of beauty and cosmetics is as ancient as mankind and civilization. Women are obsessed with looking beautiful. So, they use various beauty products that have herbs to look charming and young. Indian herbs and its significance are popular worldwide. An herbal cosmetic have growing demand in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. Herbal formulations always have attracted considerable attention because of their good activity and comparatively lesser or nil side effects with synthetic drugs. Herbs and spices have been used in maintaining and enhancing human beauty.
According to Ayurveda
Churna is defined as “ a fine powder of one or more drugs”. Chruna formulation is Similar to powder
formulation in allopathic System of medicine.
Now-a-days churna is formulated into tablets in order to fix the dose easily and for convenience.
These forms of medicaments are prescribed generally because of their particle size.
Smaller the particle size of churna, better is the effect on the body.
Churna should be given with other vehicle like honey, milk or churna.
This make administration of churna easy and increased palatability also enhances therapeutic effect, such vehicles are called as Anupan in Ayurveda.
These forms of medicaments are prescribed generally because of their particle size.
Smaller the particle size of churna, better is the effect on the body.
Churna should be given with other vehicle like honey, milk or churna.
This make administration of churna easy and increased palatability also enhances therapeutic effect, such vehicles are called as Anupan in Ayurveda.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
Herb drug and herb food interaction ppt by nitesh kumarNITESH KUMAR
HERB DRUG AND HERB FOOD INTERACTION IS AN IMPORTANT CHAPTER IN HERBLA DRUG TECHNOLOGY IN THE SYLLABUS OF B.PHARMACY 6TH SEM. IT GIVES A BETTER UNDERTANDING OF HERB FOOD INTERACTION AND RELATED DRUGS.
Introduction of Pharmacognosy, Scope and Traditional system of MedicineSHIVANEE VYAS
The term Pharmacognosy comes from two Greek words: “Pharmakon" meaning drug or medicine, and "gnosis" meaning knowledge or study. Pharmacognosy also defined as the systemic study of crude drugs obtained from natural origin like plants, animals, minerals, and microbes. Pharmacognosy defined as the branch of science which involves details study of drug obtained from natural origin including name, collection, cultivation, macroscopy, microscopy, physical property, chemical constituents, therapeutic action and uses.
https://youtu.be/gxOVfntCCB8
The concept of beauty and cosmetics is as ancient as mankind and civilization. Women are obsessed with looking beautiful. So, they use various beauty products that have herbs to look charming and young. Indian herbs and its significance are popular worldwide. An herbal cosmetic have growing demand in the world market and is an invaluable gift of nature. Herbal formulations always have attracted considerable attention because of their good activity and comparatively lesser or nil side effects with synthetic drugs. Herbs and spices have been used in maintaining and enhancing human beauty.
According to Ayurveda
Churna is defined as “ a fine powder of one or more drugs”. Chruna formulation is Similar to powder
formulation in allopathic System of medicine.
Now-a-days churna is formulated into tablets in order to fix the dose easily and for convenience.
These forms of medicaments are prescribed generally because of their particle size.
Smaller the particle size of churna, better is the effect on the body.
Churna should be given with other vehicle like honey, milk or churna.
This make administration of churna easy and increased palatability also enhances therapeutic effect, such vehicles are called as Anupan in Ayurveda.
These forms of medicaments are prescribed generally because of their particle size.
Smaller the particle size of churna, better is the effect on the body.
Churna should be given with other vehicle like honey, milk or churna.
This make administration of churna easy and increased palatability also enhances therapeutic effect, such vehicles are called as Anupan in Ayurveda.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
Herbal medicine is the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).
Phytonutrient or nutraceutical or functional food
Natural substances that aid the body to maintaining health and combating disease such as anthocyanidins, isoflavones and carotenoids.
Natural product : is biosynthetic substances produced by living cells.
Crude Drug: It’s a medically useful drug of plant or animal origin without any further processing or modification.
In Process Quality Control System (IPQC) for Solid Dosages Form (Tablets)Gaurav kumar
This presentation pertains to the in-process tests performed during the manufacturing process of the solid dosages form (tablets).
The presentation covers the methods and the permissible limits for the tests performed.
These tests are of great importance as these not only ensure quality product but also upholds the cGMP.
Antibacterial activity of naturally obtained plant that gives a antibacterial activity and some anti malarial activity functions also.This plant majorly seen in hills areas.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Herbal Drug Technology (B.Pharm. 6th Semester)
Definition of herbs, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product, herbal drug preparation
Source of herbs, Selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials,
Processing of herbal raw material
Formulation And Evaluation of Anti-Microbial Polyherbal GelQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The majority of the population in developing countries uses plants or plant preparations in their basic health care.Many plant species have been proved to have antimicrobial activity. Lots of the antibiotics had been at the beginningderived from micro-organisms even as the chemotherapeutic agents are from vegetation. Together with other dosagevarieties, natural drugs are additionally formulated within the type of gel. A gel is a viscous semisolidpreparation used topically on a variety of body surfaces. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to formulateand evaluate a polyherbal gel with antimicrobial activity. Gel were formulated usinghydroalcoholic extracts(by continuous hot percolation-soxhlation) ofAnacardium occidentale, Achyranthes aspera and Aegle marmelosand wereevaluated for its physicochemical properties. The hydroalcoholic extracts of the chosen plants were taken in specific ratio randomly and the antimicrobialtests of the combinations had been applied. Gel were all set making use of special concentrations of the extracts Formulations had been then tested for itsphysicochemical properties like Clogging,texture,, pH, spreadability, extrudability and gave satisfactory results. Probablythe most powerful mixture used to be then determined via evaluating the results of the zone of inhibition given throughdistinct extract ratios on S. Mutant, Proteus mirabilis,and Candida A,The entire formulations confirmed predominant recreationagainst selected species. Theformulations are found to be very efficacious in all the parameters which has conducted and alsofound enhanceantimicrobial property. Overall result of this study reveals that this is an effective polyherbal antimicrobial gel.
There is a great demand for herbs, hence there is a need to adopt systematic scientific methods for their selection, cultivation, collection, processing and to ensure the quality, purity, safety, potency and develop modern methods for their quality control so that maximum benefit is obtained from these herbal medicines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. INRODUCTION
Approaches to Herbal Formulation
Development
Standardization of Herbs
Marketing of Herbal Formulations
Guidelines for Using Herbs
List of References
Questions
www.PharmInfopedia.com
4. Results of Patient Survey
Questionnaire
3106 patients were surveyed……..
22% of presurgical patients reported the use of
herbal remedies
51% used vitamins
Women and patients 40-60 more likely to use
herbal medicines
www.PharmInfopedia.com
5. Why Herbal Products In
Demand
Placebo effect - Mind over Matter
Placebos do what you think they will do
Placebos work about one-third of the time
www.PharmInfopedia.com
6. Two Sides to Herbs
Assumed herbs have only benefits
Two sides to herbs
Most herbs have mostly placebo effects
with minimal good and bad effects
Some herbs are more beneficial than
harmful, while others are more harmful than
beneficial
www.PharmInfopedia.com
7. Herbs Are Safe
Herbs are the source of some potent
pharmaceutical medications
extremely useful, and potentially fatal
herbal products are safe because they
are natural
can be harmful if consumed improperly or
in excessive amounts
www.PharmInfopedia.com
8. Not Well-Tested
Because herbs are classified as a “dietary
supplements” not “food” or “drugs” they
do not have to have go through the pre-
market testing that drugs and food
additives do
www.PharmInfopedia.com
9. Lack Quality Control
Because herbs are classified as “dietary
supplements” they do not have the
quality control standards “drugs” do
There have been problems with
Identification
Quality
Contamination
www.PharmInfopedia.com
10. Potency Imprecise
Potency of an herbal products can vary
Plant variety
Part of plant used
Environmental conditions grown
How processed
Some standardized herbal products with
known concentrations of active
ingredients
www.PharmInfopedia.com
11. Interact With Medications
Herbs contain active ingredients that act
like drugs
Interact with other herbs or
pharmaceutical medications
www.PharmInfopedia.com
12. Approches to Herbal Formulation
Development
As a formulator one has two major options
The conventional or traditional dosage form,
Modern concept
www.PharmInfopedia.com
13. Conventional or traditional dosage form
Ark - Obtained by distillation of water soaked
drugs in ark-yantra
Asva/Arista - Drug is soaked in solution of
jaggery and allowed to ferment.
Avaleha/Pak - Decoctions(kasayas) or
infusions (kalkas) of drug is repeatedly boiled
and condensed with jaggery
Bhasma - Prepared by heating (oxidation) of
drug
www.PharmInfopedia.com
14. Conventional or traditional dosage form…
Churna - A form of powder
Ghrita - Ghee is boiled with
decoctions(kasayas) or infusions (kalkas) of
drug.
Gutika/Bati/Pill - Pulverized drug admixed with
honey and made up into Gutika or Bati or Pill.
Kwatha - Coarse powder of drugs or in
combination for kasayas.
www.PharmInfopedia.com
15. Conventional or traditional dosage form…
Lepa - Paste for external applications
Satva/Dravya - Drug is cut into small pieces and
macerated in water overnight, strained through
cloth. process is repeated and the supernatant
liquid (Satva) is dried and powdered.
Taila - Taila is boiled with decoctions (kasayas)
or infusions (kalkas) of drug.
www.PharmInfopedia.com
16. Low calorie high intensity natural sweeteners
Sweet protein plants native to West Africa
Thaumatin (T. danielli) – 3000 X sweeter than sugar
Brazzein (P. brazzeana) - heat stable protein; j’oublie
Miraculin (R. dulcifica)
- alter sour taste to sweet
Sweet Proteins
www.PharmInfopedia.com
17. Modern concept of dosage form
Tablet (Plain or sugar coated or film
coated)
Lozenges,
Capsule (hard or soft),
Liquid orals (suspension or emulsion or
syrup),
External application (cream or
ointment) or
Sterile preparations (injectables or eye
or ear drops), etc.
www.PharmInfopedia.com
18. Choice of Herbal Ingredients
After finalizing the dosage form one
intend to prepare, the herb or herb
part is selected
Based on traditional literature
available
By phytochemical investigations of the
herb or herb part
Clinical trials/bioactivity studies of herb
or herb part
www.PharmInfopedia.com
19. Choice of Herbal Ingredients
Powders of the herb or herb part so
selected may be used as such, if they
are potent enough.
Usually, processing of herb or herb part
is desired to obtain a herbal drug of
suitable/sufficient potency. like
Extraction,
Distillation,
Fermentation, etc. : www.PharmInfopedia.com
20. Factors affecting the choice of processing
method
Shodhan
Proper choice of solvent
Choice of process
How to admix Herb Extract into the
Formulation
Number of Herbal Ingredients
www.PharmInfopedia.com
21. Shodhan - which involves the
detoxifying/purifying the herb or herb part
with cow urine, to make the herb safe.
Proper choice of solvent - keeping in view
the solubility, cost, toxicity, taxes and Law
(Drug Law and others).
www.PharmInfopedia.com
22. Choice of process - manufacturing
process/equipments should keep in view
the thermostability of the active
constituent(s) present in the herb or herb
part since the activity of the herb is
generally attributed to the complete
extract of the herb or herb part.
www.PharmInfopedia.com
23. Number of Herbal Ingredients :
This must be kept to the minimum subject to
the therapeutic efficacy in minimum
dosage, toxicity and safety of the
formulation.
www.PharmInfopedia.com
24. Herbal Tablet
The dried herb extract is admixed with
starch, tragacanth, gums, to act as
binders/ disintegrators and lubricants, as
in the case of allopathic formulations.
The tablet may then be sugar coated or
film coated or marketed plain, as such.
www.PharmInfopedia.com
25. Herbal liquid orals
Herb or herb part, coarsely or finely powdered is
extracted with water (by hot or cold process),
consistent agitation and filtration.
Extract has to be treated carefully with respect
to its pH, which must allow chemical and
physical stability of the product uniformly.
.
www.PharmInfopedia.com
26. Procurement of proper herb
Names of the herbs mentioned in the scriptures
and ancient literature does not match the local
or vernacular names at places, which at times
does not allow proper identification.
The nomenclature may change from region to
region of the same drug.
Example ‘Haritaki’ (fruit of Terminalia chebula)
of which seven varieties originating from
different parts of the country, are attributed
with different therapeutic properties.www.PharmInfopedia.com
27. Anamolies in nomenclature of herbs
Local
Name
Botanical origin
Brahmi Bacopa monnieri or Centella asiatica
Babuna Matricaria chamomilla or Corchorus
depressus
Rasna Vanda roxburghii or Pluchea lanceolata
Vadarikhand Pueraria tuberosa or Ipomea digitata
Varahikand Dioscora bulbifera or Tacca aspera
www.PharmInfopedia.com
29. Identification of the herb
Fluorescence studies :
The fluorescence is unique under UV light
for certain herbs.
Qualitative test using UV, TLC, HPTLC :
www.PharmInfopedia.com
30. Checking the quality of the herb
The herb is subjected to the following
various parameters singly or in
combination to ensure the quality of
the herb
Extractive values
Alcohol and water soluble extractives
do give an idea of the quality of the
herb.
Ash value
The Total ash, acid insoluble ash and
water soluble ash are helpful tools in
www.PharmInfopedia.com
31. Checking the quality of the herb
Foreign matter
Any non-specified part of the plant or
matter should not exceed the
prescribed limit set to ensure quality
herb.
Chemical Assay
Specific assays for active principles viz.
total alkaloids, glycosides, resins,
tannins, saponins, volatile oil contents,
etc. are carried out by chemical
means. .
www.PharmInfopedia.com
32. Checking the quality of the herb
Instrumental Analysis :
Microbial Contamination
www.PharmInfopedia.com
33. Toxicity studies
The herbs mentioned in the scriptures and
ancient literature should be first tested for
toxicity, if any, and not just be taken,
since scientific data may not be available
for them
www.PharmInfopedia.com
35. Points to ensure quality of herbs
Herbs procured are collected only when their
active principles are maximum
Unwanted foreign material free herb is made
available
Herbs procured should be graded according to
quality
Drying of herb should be under controlled
conditions, with moisture usually below 9-10%
(excess would encourage fungal growth)www.PharmInfopedia.com
36. Parameters of the Finished
Product
The finished product should be
standardized in terms of
shelf life,
colour,
taste,
toxicity studies and
biological assay
www.PharmInfopedia.com
37. WHO Guidelines – Assessment for
modern herbal medicines
Pharmaceutical assessment
Crude plant material
Plant preparations
Finished product
Stability
Activity
Evidence required to support
indication
Combination products
www.PharmInfopedia.com
38. PACKAGING AND STORAGE
It provides an image of the final product and
serves as an identity of certain medicines.
Packaging and storage is dictated by GPP
guidelines for modern medicines.
Material used for the packaging of medicines
differ for both disciplines.
Storage practices for both discipline differ, with
modern medicine being more controlled with
the methods used.
www.PharmInfopedia.com
39. MARKETING
The industry is largely informal and
undeveloped despite it size, economic
value and cultural importance.
There is no law regulating the market
due to lack of corporation between
traditional healers and health
professionals.
Healers market themselves mainly
through their patients. www.PharmInfopedia.com
40. MARKETING
Phytomedicines are marketed, but there is strict
control exercised. The information given must
be reliable, accurate, truthful, informative and
capable of substantiation.
Promotional material shall not be designed to
disguise the general public of the true nature of
the medication.
Marketing strategies must contain information
such as the active ingredients, indications,
dosing, warnings and precautions. www.PharmInfopedia.com
41. Patients Use Herbs but Doctors
are Reluctant to Prescribe
Them. Why?
Knowledge deficit
Tradition
Real concerns about product safety, drug-
herb interactions
Unnecessarily high concerns about liability
www.PharmInfopedia.com
42. Guidelines For Using Herbs
Purchase standardized herbal products
specified amount of active ingredient
reputable company
provide the herb’s botanical scientific
name
provide warnings about potential side
effects
provide possible interactions with
pharmaceutical medications
www.PharmInfopedia.com
43. Guidelines For Using Herbs
Stop taking an herb if any side effect
develops such as allergy, stomach upset,
skin rash or headache
Herbal products are not recommended
for:
pregnant or lactating women
infants or children under six years of age
www.PharmInfopedia.com
44. Echinacea St. John’s Wort Valerian Ephedra
Garlic Ginkgo Kava
Some Very Popular Herbs
www.PharmInfopedia.com
45. List of Reference
UTMB— http://atc.utmb.edu/altmed —
Resources: HealthNotes Online
NIH--- www.nccam.nih.gov
American Botanical Council —
www.herbalgram.org
Herb Research Foundation— www.herbs.org
Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical
Database http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke
www.PharmInfopedia.com
Why Are Herbal Products In Demand
Why then are herbal products used so much and in such demand? The answer lies to some extent in the “placebo effect.” The placebo effect is a physiological improvement brought about by a psychological mechanism or “Mind over Matter.” Basically, a placebo does what you think it will do. Many scientific studies have shown that placebos work about one-third of the time. Placebos seem to work even better when the goal is a change in behavior, a sensation, or a response controlled by the endocrine gland or by the autonomic nervous system.
Two Sides to Herbs
Consumers often assume that herbs and herbal remedies have only benefits and no side effects. However, there are two sides to herbal products. For centuries herbs have been used to treat or cure or a variety of health problems. In fact some herbs are the original source of important pharmaceutical medicines. The majority of herbs have mostly placebo effects, with minimal good and bad effects. Some herbs are more beneficial than harmful, while others are more harmful than beneficial.
In this century, pharmaceutical medications have largely replaced herbs. However, the use of herbal products has reappeared in recent years. While some herbal products seem to be safe and effective, the use of herbals has created several problems.
Belief That Herbal Products Are Safe
Some of the most potent pharmaceutical medications are from herbs, digitalis from foxglove, morphine and strong painkillers from poppy seed. Although both morphine and digitalis are extremely useful, they are also both potentially fatal. The fact that a compound is found in a plant says nothing about its potential for being safe. Deaths from eating wild mushrooms are an example.
Unfortunately, some promotional literature recommends harmful or even deadly poisonous herbs. Some claims are often based on outdated or misunderstood literature, hearsay, folklore or tradition. There seems to be a false sense of security that herbal products are safe because they are natural. In fact almost the opposite is true. Most compounds have the potential to be harmful, if consumed improperly or in excessive amounts.
Herbal Products Are Not Well-Tested
Herbal products do not undergo the safety and efficacy testing required of pharmaceutical products. Unlike pharmaceutical products, information is lacking about the safety or effectiveness of most herbal remedies. It is not unrealistic to expect that of the 13,000 plants that have been used for medicinal purposes throughout the world, that may have not been tested. While herbs are diluted drugs, the effect of the active agents is often a matter of observation and tradition, rather than from extensive clinical testing.
Herbal Products Lack Quality Control
Unlike pharmaceutical medications, FDA does not enforce any standards of quality for herbal products. Since it is almost impossible for the lay person to determine the quality or even to identify an herb by visual inspection, this means that the consumer is totally dependent upon the reputation of the seller for product quality.
Many herbal products are susceptible to fraud or adulteration. One study of 54 ginseng products showed that 60 % were worthless and 25 % contained no ginseng at all. Another study of 10 St John's Wort products found that three brands had approximately half the potency listed on the label and four brands had less than 90 percent of the potency listed.
Potency of Herbal Products Is Imprecise
The potency of an herb can vary considerably depending on several factors. Herbs can contain many related active ingredients that have different speeds of action, or duration of effect. Different plant varieties vary in the amount of active ingredients they contain. What part of the plant is used can effect the potency. In addition, the environmental conditions under which an herb is grown (soil, growing season, temperature, moisture, and the maturity at harvest) can effect the potency. How an herb is processed can also effect the potency. Some active ingredients are heat sensitive and are destroyed if they are dried a high temperatures, others are destroyed by enzymatic action if they are dried at too low of a temperature.
This can lead to a dangerous situation when the consumer uses an herbal product that may have a low potency and feels all right, but the next time they use the product the potency is different. Consumers are not warned that herbs contain active ingredients that have powerful or even toxic effects if consumed in large amounts. In response to this issue some manufactures are now introducing standardized herbal products with known concentrations of active ingredients.
Herbal Products Can Interact With Pharmaceutical Medications
Because herbs contain active ingredients that act like drugs, they can interact with other herbs or pharmaceutical medications an individual in taking causing dangerous results. Information on how pharmaceutical medications interact with foods or other medications is available, but this type of information is not available for most herbs.
General Guidelines In The Use of Herbal Products
For safety, consumers are recommended to purchase standardized herbal products that contain a specified amount of an active ingredient marketed by a reputable company. Another indicator of quality is the label should contain the botanical scientific name of the herb, the name and address of the actual manufacture, and the expiration date. The label should also contain warnings about any potential side effects of the herb, and possible interactions between the herb and prescription medications.
General Guidelines In The Use of Herbal Products
Another safety recommendation is that consumers should stop taking an herb immediately if any adverse effects develop such as allergy, stomach upset, skin rash, headache
In general, herbal products are not recommended for pregnant women, lactating mothers, infants, or children under the age of six. In addition, the elderly should also be particularly cautious in using herbal products.