This document discusses sports medicine, including the concept, aims, scope, common injuries, and injury management. It defines sports medicine as dealing with prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sports injuries. The document outlines the various types of sports surfaces and environments and their impact on athletes. It also classifies and describes common soft tissue, bone, and joint injuries in sports. Finally, it provides guidance on injury prevention strategies and first aid treatments for different types of common sports injuries.

1. CHAPTER 9

2. CHAPTER 9

3. 3
9.1 Concept and definition of Sports
Medicine
9.2 Aims and Scope of Sports Medicine
9.3 Impact of Surfaces and
Environment on Athletes
9.4 Sports Injuries: Classification,
Causes and Prevention
9.5 Management of Injuries
SPORTS MEDICINE

4. 4
9.1 Concept and Definition of Sports
Medicine

5. 5
Sports medicine is a branch of
medical science that deals with the
treatment of injuries related to sports
and games.
It helps in preventing, diagnosing and
treating the sports injuries.
It lays stress on improving sports
performance of sports person.
CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF SPORTS MEDICINE

6. 6
9.2 Aims and Scope of Sports
Medicine

7. 7
To provide information to sports person
about sports injuries.
To provide knowledge about causes of
injuries due to improper conditioning, faulty
techniques, improper warming up,
environmental factors and improper fitness.
To provide treatment and rehabilitation for
sports injuries. Medical treatments such as
hydro therapy, electro therapy, IR rays
therapy etc. are informed to sportpersons.
To provide knowledge about the preventive
measures of sports injuries.
AIMS OF SPORTS MEDICINE

8. 8
1. Human Anatomy and physiology
2. Sports and First Aid
3. Prevention of accidents in sports
4. Sports Injury Rehabilitation
5. Female and Sports
6. Study of Optimal Load for different age
group
7. Scientific promotion of sports
SCOPE OF SPORTS MEDICINE

9. 9
8. Fitness for Sports
9. Illness caused by environmental,
physiological and psychological
disturbances
10. Specific Nutrition for sports persons
11. New method of detecting the
Doping as well as use and abuse of
drugs
12. Preventive and curative exercises
13. Sports and traumatology
14. Physiotherapy
SCOPE OF SPORTS MEDICINE

10. 10
9.3 Impact of Surfaces and
Environment on Sportspersons

11. 11
 grass
 wooden
 cemented
 artificial turf
 rubber
 synthetic
 clay
 cinder
 sponge
 Broadly categorized in Hard, Soft and
Special Surfaces
 Have different impact on performance of
sportpersons.
TYPES OF SURFACES
Wooden court

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1.Hard surfaces: Provide instant rebound
which leads to better performance as
compared to soft surfaces. Chances of injuries
are maximum.
2.Soft surfaces : The bounce is not instant as
the contact period is more. The chances of
injuries are less.
3.Special surfaces: Surfaces that are
prepared specifically for certain games.
Wooden surface is used in most of the indoor
games. Special turf is used in Hockey and
synthetic tracks for athletics. Such surfaces
provide good grip & prevent injury and
enhance the sports performance.
IMPACT OF SURFACES ON SPORTS PERSONS

13. 13
1. High Temperature : Most common and
adverse environmental factor. Adversely
impact the performance of sports person.
Heat stroke and heat cramps are common
which can be fatal.
2. Extreme Cold Climate : Causes
hypothermia, frost bite, frost nip. Performance
is adversely affected.
3. High Altitude : As the availability of oxygen
is less, body is forced to produce a greater
number of RBCs to meet the oxygen
requirement. Sun burn, Snow Blindness,
Mountain sickness is common.
IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON SPORTS PERSON

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4. High Humidity : Adversely affect the sports
performance specially for long distance runner.
5. Air pollution : Adversely affects the
performance and has negative effect on the
health.
6. High Speed Winds : A head wind ( wind in
opposite direction) can slow the runners where
as tail wind provide assistance.
7. Jet Lag : Significant time change upsets the
biological clock of the sports person and can
adversely affects the performance
IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON SPORTS PERSON

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9.4 Sports Injuries: Classification,
Causes and Prevention

16. 16
Injuries which are common in the field of games and
sports
Happen during practice, training or competition
If appropriate steps are taken by the sports person
the chance of getting injuries can be reduced.
SPORTS INJURIES

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Sports injuries can be classified as under:
1. Soft Tissue Injuries
2.Bone Injuries
3. Joint Injuries
CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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1. Contusion
2. Strain
3. Sprain
4. Abrasion
5. Bruises
Soft Tissue Injuries

19. 19
 Muscle injury occurs due to direct hit, with or without any
sports equipment.
 Blood vessels in the muscles are broken, bleeding may
occur in the muscles .
 Stiffness & swelling common sign.
 Muscle may not respond or may become totally inactive.
 Common in :
Boxing,
Wrestling,
Kabaddi.
CONTUSION

20. 20
 Mild or severe muscle injury.
 In severe case, muscle may rupture.
 In case of complete rupture movement of limb
is not possible due to severe pain.
 May happen during practice or clash.
STRAIN

21. 21
 Ligament injury.
 May occur due to over stretching or tearing of
ligament.
 Occurs at wrist joint and ankle joint.
 Some time fracture is possible along with
sprain.
 Swelling, inflammation,
severe pain & tenderness
are common symptoms.
SPRAIN

22. 22
 Skin Injury.
 Occurs due to friction with any
equipment or a fall over the area where
the bone is close to skin.
 Occurs at upper layer of skin.
ABRASION

23. 23
1.An injury appearing as an area of discoloured
skin ( red to blue or dark purple )on the body
2.Caused by a blow or impact rupturing
underlying blood vessels.
BRUISES

24. 24
BONE INJURIES
1.Simple Fracture
2.Compound Fracture
3.Complicated Fracture
4. Green Stick Fracture
5. Comminuted Fracture
6. Impacted Fracture
7. Depressed Fracture

25. 25
1. Simple Fracture :
A fracture without
any wound .
2. Compound Fracture :
Along with fracture, skin
and muscles are also
damaged. Generally,
the broken bones comes
outside tearing the skin.
BONE INJURIES

26. 26
3. Complicated Fracture :
Along with fracture, internal organs like
tissues, nerves or arteries are damaged.
Such fractures are dangerous and
common in high jump and pole vault.
4. Green Stick Fracture:
Common in children because their
bones are delicate and can bend on
any stress.
BONE INJURIES

27. 27
5. Comminuted Fracture :
When bone is broken into two or
more pieces. Common in cycle
and motorcycle races.
6. Impacted Fracture :
Fractured bone enters into another
bone.
7. Depressed Fracture :
Bones are broken and go down
below there normal level. Usually
found in the skull.
BONE INJURIES

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JOINT INJURIES
1. Dislocation of Lower Jaw
2. Dislocation of Shoulder Joint
3. Dislocation of Hip Joint

29. 29
1. Dislocation of Lower Jaw:
Occurs when chin strikes to another
object. May also occur when mouth is
opened excessively.
2. Dislocation of Shoulder Joint :
Occurs due to sudden jerk or a fall on
hard surface. The end of humerus comes
out from the socket
3. Dislocation of Hip Joint :
Occurs by putting maximum strength
spontaneously. End of the femur is
displaced from the socket.
JOINT INJURIES

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 Injuries are somewhat mandatory in sports.
 Effect of the injuries to the athlete is of extreme nature
as it may bring an halt to their sports carrier.
 Taking prevention is always better.
 Time taken in recovery is the loss of time for training.
 A sudden injury may be the reason for withdrawal from
the competition which gives a negative impact on the
future performance of the athlete.
 According to the researches, injury rate can be
reduced upto 25% if appropriate steps are taken during
training and competition.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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1. Proper Warm-Up :
 Essential before training and competition.
 Tones up muscles for training and competitions.
 Reduces chances of injuries.
 Routine should be of minimum of 10 minutes.
 Start with gentle exercises to brisk exercises.
 Put more emphasis on muscles which will be
used in the training or competition.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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2. Proper Conditioning :
 Injuries are caused by weak muscles not
ready to meet the demand of the sport.
 Use weight and circuit training methods to
improve muscular strength.
 Conditioning improves the Neuro - muscular
co-ordination.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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3. Balanced Diet:
 Lack of essential minerals and vitamins such as
calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D etc. make
bones weak.
 Weak bones lead to sports injuries.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

34. 34
4. Proper Knowledge of Sports Skills:
 Proper knowledge of sports skills is very beneficial
and essential for injury prevention.
 Sportsperson should be efficient in performing the
related sports skills.
 One should have deep knowledge of sports skills
and is efficient completely in performing them can
prevent from injuries to great extent.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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5. Use of Protective Equipments :
 Using protective equipments is very basic
requirement for the safety of players.
 Stress should be laid down on good quality
of protective equipments.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

36. 36
6. Proper Sports Facilities :
 With proper warm-up and skills etc., proper
facilities for the training and competitions is
also very important for prevention from injuries.
 Outdoor Grounds or indoor halls should be
maintained properly for the training.
 Specially surface, for the particular sport
should be maintained(eg.landing pit for high
jumpers).
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

37. 37
7. Unbiased Officiating :
 Officiating specially in teams can play an
important role for prevention of injuries.
 Unbiased officiating maintains a discipline
among the players and reduces the chances of
injuries.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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8. Do Not Over train :
 Over training in the beginning for the beginners
causes sports injury.
 Beginners should avoid doing too much too soon.
 If one is training after a long gap of time, it should
be increased wisely otherwise there are more
chances of injuries.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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9. Use of Proper technique :
 Using right technique in training and playing of
particular sport, prevent from injuries .
 Wrong techniques may cause tendonitis or
fractures.
 One should always train under expert guidance
and supervision.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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10. Obeying the Rules :
 Obeying the rules of particular game during
training and competition prevents from injuries .
 On the other hand if player is not obeying the
rules of the game, he is more likely to get injured .
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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11. Proper Cooling Down :
 After every practice session or competition,
cooling down is as important as warming up in
the beginning .
 It should be of light aerobic activity such as
jogging etc. (5-10 min.) followed by stretching
exercises.
 Cooling down helps in removing waste products
such as lactic acid & acid phosphate etc. from the
muscles
 It also helps in alleviating the muscle stiffness
and soreness.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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Tips for Preventing Sports Injuries
1. Avoid training when you are tired.
2. Have more carbohydrates when under going
rigorous training.
3. Increase resting time if training time is increased.
4. Increase in training should be preceded by
increase in conditioning (strengthening).
5. Don’t ignore minor injuries as they tend to become
major injuries .
6. If pain is felt during training, stop training session
immediately.
7. Never train hard if stiffness from the previous
session still exists.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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Tips for Preventing Sports Injuries
8. Pay attention to hydration and nutrition.
9. Use appropriate training surface.
10. Training and competition area should be free of
hazards.
11. Use safe and appropriate equipments.
12. Introduce new activities gradually.
13. Allow lot of time for warming up and cooling down.
14. Check training and competition schedules
beforehand.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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Tips for Preventing Sports Injuries
15. When training on different surfaces , use the proper
footwear.
16. Change to dry clothes after cooling down.
17. Aim for maximum comfort when travelling.
18. Stay away from infectious area when training.
19. Be more vigilant about hygiene in hot weather.
20. If any sign of fatigue before training session, ease
off.
21. Have regular sports massage.
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

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9.5 Management of Injuries

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Basic knowledge of First – Aid is essential.
Immediate First – Aid is required .
In absence of First – Aid, consequence may
be serious for the sports person.
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

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Contusion :
 Cold Compression should be used immediately for
around half an hour.
 Cold Compression should be performed five to six
times daily.
 In case of more swelling at the injured part Anti –
Inflammatory medicine should be given.
 If the swelling still persist, consult the doctor.
 For Rehabilitation, flexibility
exercises should be done carefully.
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

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Strain :
 Strained organ should be kept in comfortable
position.
 Pour cold water for 20 to 30 minutes.
 Ice should not be applied directly (wrap ice in cotton
cloth).
 Light massage should be given after 2 – 3 days.
 Pain killer may be given in case
of severe pain.
 Complete rest for one week.
 Warm water therapy should
be given.
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

49. 49
Sprain :
 Injured part should be kept in comfortable
position.
 Cold Compression should be used immediately for 10-
20 minutes and performed 6 to 8 times per day.
 The injured limb should be elevated.
 If pain still persist, painkiller should be given.
 Warm water therapy after 2-3 days.
 Light massage should be given.
 In case of ankle sprain, 8-Type
bandage should be wrapped.
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

50. 50
Abrasion :
 Injured part should be washed with clean
water/antiseptic liquid.
 Dressing should be done lightly if Abrasion is serious.
 Anti-Tetanus injection should be taken.
 Painkiller should be given in case of severe pain.
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

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Fracture :
 Try to locate the fracture by touching gently .
 Don’t move fractured limb.
 Use splints and bandages to keep the fractured limb
stable.
 In case of compound fracture don’t wash the wound.
 Use dry and disinfectant bandages.
 For vertebrae fracture, athlete should be lifted
carefully(avoiding bending ,twisting etc.) to the
hospital.
 For ribs fracture, immobilizing bandage should be
applied as it reduces further damage.
 For femur fracture, anesthetics should be given and
affected leg should be immobilized.
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES

52. 52
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES
Fracture :

53. 53
Dislocation of Joints :
 Immobilize the affected limb by bandage.
 Don’t try to adjust the dislocated limb without a doctor.
 Athlete should be taken to hospital on stretcher.
MANAGEMENT OF INJURIES