This document provides an overview of planning in sports. It discusses various topics related to planning tournaments including committees and their responsibilities, types of tournaments (knockout, league, combination), procedures for drawing fixtures, seeding methods, and determining winners. It also covers the meaning and significance of intramural and extramural sports programs and competitions.

1. Planning in
Sports

2. Lesson 1
Planning in
Sports

3. Planning in Sports
1. Meaning & Objectives of Planning
2. Various Committees & Its Responsibilities
3. Tournament – Knock-Out, League or Round
Robin & Combination
4. Procedure to Draw Fixtures – Knock-Out (Bye &
Seeding) & League (Staircase & Cyclic)
5. Intramural & Extramural – Meaning, Objectives
& Its Significance
6. Specific Sports Programme (Sports Day, Health
Run, Run For Fun, Run For Specific Cause &
Run For Unity)

4. 1.1 Meaning and Objectives of Planning
Meaning of Planning
Planning is a predetermined course of
action to achieve a goal
Planning is usually interpreted as a
process to develop a strategy to achieve
desired objectives, to solve problems and
to facilitate actions

5. Objectives of Planning
1. To reduce unnecessary pressure of
immediacy
2. To keep good control over all the
activities
3. To facilitate proper coordination
4. To reduce the chances of mistakes
5. To increase the efficiency
6. To increase the creativity
7. To enhance the performance

6. 1.2 Various Committees &
their Responsibilities
1. Committee for Publicity
2. Transport Committee
3. Boarding and Lodging Committee
4. Decoration and Ceremony Committee
5. Ground and Equipment Committee
6. Refreshment and Entertainment
Committee

7. 1.2 Various Committees &
their Responsibilities
7. Reception Committee
8. Committee on Entries and
Programmes
9. Committee for Officials
10.Announcement Committee
11.First aid Committee

8. 2.3 Tournaments- Knockout , League &
Combination
Tournament
Tournament is that series of sports in
which a team finally wins and rest of the
teams lose the matches.
Importance of Tournaments
1. Development of Sports Skills
2. Propaganda of Sports
3. Helpful in Selection of Players
4. Development of National and International
Integration
5. Development of Social Qualities
6. Source of Recreation

9. 2.3 Tournaments- Knockout, League &
Combination
• Four types of tournaments
1.Knock-out Tournament
2.League or Round Robin Tournament
3.Combination Tournament
4.Challenge Tournament

10. Knock-out Tournament
• Team once defeated is eliminated
• Winning teams continue
• Advantage
o Less expensive
o Enhances the standard of sports
o Requires less time to complete the tournament
o Minimum number of Officials are required
• Disadvantage
o Chances of elimination are more
o Long duration tournaments
o Spectators loose interest in the final match

11. League or Round Robin Tournament
Single league:
• Each team plays with every other team once.
• Number of matches = N(N-1)/2 where N is the
number of teams

12. League or Round Robin Tournament
Double league
• Each team plays with every other team twice.
• Number of matches = N(N-1) where N is the
number of teams
• Teams play irrespective of victory or defeat
• Provides maximum opportunity to show the best
performance

13. Advantage of League Tournament
• Only strong team gets the victory in the tournament
• Every team gets full opportunity to show their
performance
• Sport can be made more popular due to large
number of matches
• Sports official can easily judge the performance of
individuals or teams
• Appropriate opportunities are available to the
players to improve their performance
• Spectators also get enough opportunities to watch
their favourite players/ teams playing

14. Disadvantage of League Tournament
• It requires more time
• It costs more
• Difficult for organisers to make arrangements for
teams and officials
• Teams losing repeatedly gets psychologically
stressed

15. Combination Tournaments
1. Knock-out cum Knock-out
2. League cum League
3. Knock-out cum league
4. League cum Knock-out Tournament

16. 1.4 Procedure to Draw Fixtures
• Knock-out
1. Bye
2. Seeding
3. Special Seeding
• League
1. Cyclic
2. Staircase
3. Tabular

17. Essential points for knock-out Tournament
Points to be considered for Preparation of
Fixtures
1. Total Number of teams participating
2. Total number of Byes
3. Number of teams in each half or quarter
4. Number of Byes to be given in each half or
quarter
5. Total Number of rounds
6. Total number of matches

18. Method of Preparing Fixtures in
Knock-out Tournament
• Total Number of matches= N-1 ( N is the No. of
Teams)
• Divide the Number of teams into two halves
• If the number of teams is not exact power of 2
(4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on) and is an odd
number
o Upper half = (N+1)/2
o Lower half= (N-1)/2
o Byes are given in the first round
o Number of byes = 𝟐 𝒙
- N (where 𝟐 𝒙
> N)
o Number of rounds = 𝒙
• If N is an even number
o Upper half= Lower half= N/2
o Number of byes = 𝟐 𝒙
- N (where 𝟐 𝒙
> N)
o Number of rounds = 𝒙

19. Method of Fixing Byes
1. First bye is given to the last team of lower half
2. Second bye is given to the first team of upper
half
3. Third bye is given to the first team of lower half
4. Fourth bye is given to the last team of upper
half
5. And so on

20. Example 1
• No. of Teams= 12
• No. of Matches = 12-1 =11
• Upper half = Lower half = 6
• Number of Byes = 𝟐 𝟒
− 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒
• Number of rounds = 4
•
Teams I R II R III R IV R
1 2nd Bye
2
3
4
5
6 4th Bye
7 3rd Bye
8
9
10
11
12 Ist Bye
Upper
Half
Lower
Half
7
8
9
10
11

21. Example 2
• No. of Teams= 13
• No. of Matches = 13-1 =12
• Upper half = 13+1/2=7
• Lower Half= 13-1/2=6
• Number of Byes = 𝟐 𝟒
− 𝟏𝟑 =3
• Number of rounds = 4
Teams I R II R III R IV R
1 2nd Bye
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 3rd Bye
9
10
11
12
13 Ist Bye
Upper
Half
Lower
Half
7
8
9
10
11
12

22. Number of Teams in Each Quarter
• If the number of teams are more, teams are divided
into quarters
• Procedure is explained as under
Number of
Teams
Ist Quarter IInd Quarter IIIrd
Quarter
IV Quarter
28 7 7 7 7
29 7+1 7 7 7
30 7+1 7 7+1 7
31 7+1 7+1 7+1 7
32 8 8 8 8
33 8+1 8 8 8
34 8+1 8 8+1 8

23. Consolation Tournament
• One additional chance is given to defeated
teams
• Winner is declared from the defeated teams
• Type I
o The teams defeated in round I are allowed to
participate
o New fixture is prepared
o The teams who did not get Bye earlier are given
Bye now
• Type II
o The teams defeated in all the rounds are given
additional chance

24. Consolation Tournament- Type I
• No. of Teams= 9
• Upper half = 9+1/2=5
• Lower Half= 9-1/2=4
• Number of Byes = 𝟐 𝟒 − 𝟗 = 𝟕
Teams I R II R III R IV R
1 2nd Bye
2 6th Bye
3
4
5 4th Bye
6 3rd Bye
7 7th Bye
8 5th Bye
9 Ist Bye
Upper
Half
Lower
Half 8
8
8
9
Teams I R II R III R
3 Bye
2
7
9 Bye
4 Bye

25. Consolation Tournament- Type II
• No. of Teams= 9
• Upper half = 9+1/2=5
• Lower Half= 9-1/2=4
• Number of Byes = 𝟐 𝟒 − 𝟗 = 𝟕
Teams I R II R III R IV R
1 2nd Bye
2 6th Bye
3
4
5 4th Bye
6 3rd Bye
7 7th Bye
8 5th Bye
9 Ist Bye
Upper
Half
Lower
Half 8
8
8
9
Teams I R II R III R IV R
3 and 1
2
7 Vs
9
4
3

26. Seeding Method
• To avoid strong team competing with each other in
the initial rounds
• Strong teams based on their previous performance
are selected to keep at appropriate places in the
fixture.
• Generally the seeded teams are in the power of 2 ie
4, 8, 16 etc
• First seed is kept on the top of Upper half
• Second seed is kept on the bottom of Lower half
• Third seed is kept on the bottom of Upper half
• Fourth seed is kept on top of Lower Half and so on
• Remaining teams are kept in the fixture by lots

27. Example : Placing the Seeded Teams
• No. of Teams= 13
• No. of Matches = 13-1 =12
• Upper half = 13+1/2=7
• Lower Half= 13-1/2=6
• Number of Byes = 𝟐 𝟒
− 𝟏𝟑 =3
• Number of rounds = 4
• Seeded Teams = 4
Teams I R II R III R IV R
1 1st Seed- Bye
2
3
4
5
6
7 4th Seed
8 3rd Seed- Bye
9
10
11
12
13 2nd Seed -Bye
Upper
Half
Lower
Half
7
8
9
10
11
12

28. Example : Special seeding
No. of Teams= 20 Upper half = Lower half=10 Special Seeded Teams = 4
Teams I R II R III R IV R V R
1 Seeded Quarter Final
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Seeded Quarter Final
11 Seeded Quarter Final
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 Seeded Quarter Final
Upper
Half
Lower
Half

29. Procedure of Fixture in League
Tournament
1. Cyclic Method
2. Staircase Method
3. Tabular Method

30. Cyclic Method
• Number of teams is even
o Team 1 is fixed on the top of the right hand side
o Teams are rotated in clockwise direction
o Number of rounds= N-1
o Number of matches = N(N-1)/2
• Number of teams is odd
o Bye is fixed on the top on the right hand side
o Teams are rotated in clockwise direction
o Number of round = N
o Number of matches = N(N-1)/2

31. Cyclic method: Examples
No. of teams = 6 No. of rounds =5 No. of matches= 15
I R II R III R IV R V R
𝟔 𝟏
𝟓 𝟐
𝟒 𝟑
𝟓 𝟏
𝟒 𝟔
𝟑 𝟐
𝟒 𝟏
𝟑 𝟓
𝟐 𝟔
𝟑 𝟏
𝟐 𝟒
𝟔 𝟓
𝟐 𝟏
𝟔 𝟑
𝟓 𝟒
No. of teams = 5 No. of rounds =5 No. of matches= 10
I R II R III R IV R V R
𝟓 𝑩𝒚𝒆
𝟒 𝟏
𝟑 𝟐
𝟒 𝑩𝒚𝒆
𝟑 𝟓
𝟐 𝟏
𝟑 𝑩𝒚𝒆
𝟐 𝟒
𝟏 𝟓
𝟐 𝑩𝒚𝒆
𝟏 𝟑
𝟓 𝟒
𝟏 𝑩𝒚𝒆
𝟓 𝟐
𝟒 𝟑

32. Staircase Method
1—2
1—3 2—3
1—4 2—4 3—4
1—5 2—5 3—5 4—5
1—6 2—6 3—6 4—6 5—6
1—7 2—7 3—7 4—7 5—7 6—7

33. Tabular Method: Even Teams
A B C D E F
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 3 4 5 2
C 5 1 4
D 2 1
E 3
F
No. of teams = 6 No. of rounds =5 No. of matches= 15
I R II R III R IV R V R
𝑨 𝑩
𝑪 𝑬
𝑫 𝑭
𝑨 𝑪
𝑫 𝑬
𝑩 𝑭
𝑩 𝑪
𝑨 𝑫
𝑬 𝑭
𝑩 𝑫
𝑨 𝑬
𝑪 𝑭
𝑪 𝑫
𝑩 𝑬
𝑨 𝑭

34. Tabular Method: Odd Teams
A B C D E Bye
A 1 2 3 4 5
B 3 4 5 2
C 5 1 4
D 2 1
E 3
Bye
No. of teams = 6 No. of rounds =5 No. of matches= 10
I R II R III R IV R V R
𝑨 𝑩
𝑪 𝑬
𝑫 𝑩𝒚𝒆
𝑨 𝑪
𝑫 𝑬
𝑩 𝑩𝒚𝒆
𝑩 𝑪
𝑨 𝑫
𝑬 𝑩𝒚𝒆
𝑩 𝑫
𝑨 𝑬
𝑪 𝑩𝒚𝒆
𝑪 𝑫
𝑩 𝑬
𝑨 𝑩𝒚𝒆

35. Method of Deciding the Winner in
League Tournament
• Point system
o Winner of the match= 2 points
o Loser of the match= 0 points
o Draw = 1 point
• Team having the maximum point is declared
winner
• If there is a tie between two teams, their
match is held again

36. Method of Deciding the Winner in
League Tournament
a) British Method
• Divide the total points obtained by the total
possible points
• % of points =
b) American Method
• Divide the number of games won by the total
number of games played
• Percentage =

37. 1.5 Intramurals and Extramurals
Meaning of Intramurals
• The activities which are performed within the
campus of an Institution are called
Intramurals
• Students of other school can not participate
in these activities
• Motto: A game for all and each for a game

38. Significance of Intramurals Tournaments
1. Important for physical , mental emotional
and social development of students
2. Stress is laid on moral and ethical values
3. Necessary for the development of health of
children
4. Manages aggression
5. Provides recreation
6. Provides opportunities to students to
participate in games and sports
7. Help to develop leadership qualities among
the students

39. Objectives of Intramurals Tournaments
1. To provide opportunity to every student to
participate in games and sports
2. To develop the leadership qualities
3. To develop the feeling of cooperation
4. To provide recreation
5. To develop the feeling of sportsmanship
6. To provide the opportunity to learn a variety
of games and skills
7. To find out the talented sportspersons
8. To provide the experience of organisation of
competitions

40. Activities for Intramurals Competitions
1. Major games: Volleyball, Hockey, Tennis,
Badminton, Football etc.
2. Minor Games: Kho-Kho, Tag game, Roller
skating, Sack race etc.
3. Creative Activities: Painting, Drawing,
Sculpturing, Making Models etc.
4. Combating Activities: Boxing, Judo,
Taekwondo, Karate etc.

41. Meaning of Extramurals
• The activities which are performed outside
the wall of an Institution or school are called
Extramurals
• Students of two or more schools participate
in these activities
• Also called Inter-School Competitions

42. Significance of Extramurals Tournaments
1. Provide opportunities to school to show
their sports capabilities
2. For enhancing the standard of sports
performance
3. Provide appropriate knowledge of sports
techniques
4. Improve the opportunities to participate in
sports
5. For making and implementing the
programmes of physical education more
effectively

43. Objectives of Extramurals competitions
1. To improve the standards of sports
2. To provide experience to students
3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity
4. To broaden the base of sports
5. To provide the knowledge of new rules and
advanced techniques

44. 1.6 Specific Sports Programme
1. Sports day
2. Health runs
3. Run for Fun
4. Run for specific cause
5. Run for Unity