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1. Effects of aerobic exercise on
different systems of body
Presented by- Pranjali Dwivedi
Guided by – Dr. Lakshman Iyer

2. Objectives of this session
 By the end of this session you will be able to have a basic idea
about effects of aerobic exercise on different systems of body.
 You would be able to elaborate acute and chronic changes
occurring in response to aerobic exercise

3. Aerobic system of ATP production

4. Musculoskeletal system
 ACUTE EFFECTS
1. Increased blood supply to the muscles- oxygen supply to the muscles
increases during exercise causing rich blood supply to the entire muscle.
2. Increase in temperature – as the energy generated gets liberated in the
form of heat.
3. Increased co2 production- when energy is released, co2 is liberated
along with water as a by product aerobically.
4. Increased demand for energy for muscles to work- as during exercise
more ATP is produced to fulfil the higher demand of the body
5. Muscle fatigue- aerobically, type 1 muscles are recruited that are easily
fatigued .

5.  Chronic effects
1. Hypertrophy- increase in the muscle bulk and size caused by increase in the
volume of the contractile proteins.
2. Hyperplasia- increase in the muscle fibres caused by the recruitment of more
muscles over a long period.
3. Increased number of mitochondria and myoglobin stores- oxygen stores
increase as to supply muscle during vigorous exercise.
4. Increased muscle and tendon strength due to over loading of muscles by
resistance exercises.
5. Increased resistance to fatigue due to muscle adaptation to training and muscle
tolerance to lactic acid.

6. SKELETAL SYSTEM
1. Increase in bone mass- regular exercise and strength training increase
deposition of calcium and increases osteoblastic activity leading to greater
bone mass.
2. Increase in calcium and collagen- body metabolism increases with increase
in collagen synthesis and calcium which adds to bone strength and
decreases the risk of osteoporosis.
3. Increased production of synovial fluid- regular exercises and weight
bearing exercises helps synovial fluid to move easily allowing greater ROM
to achieve.
4. Increased stretch of ligaments- as stability and flexibility of ligaments
increases ability to stretch and more according to the movement increases.
5. Increased thickness of hyaline cartilage- as more nutrition to the cartilage
is supplied cartilage become strongest and helps protecting joints from
wear and tear.

7. Cardiovascular system
 Acute effects
1. On blood- mild hypoxia due to exercise
stimulates juxtaglomerular apparatus
secretes erythropoietin
stimulate the bone marrow
releases rbc

8. 2. On blood volume-
heat production during exercise
thermal system activation
fluid loss due to sweat secretion
decrease in blood volume

9. 3. Venous return- it increases due to muscle pump, respiratory pump
and splanchaic vasoconstriction.

10. 4. On heart rate- it increases with exercise. Due to impulses
from cerebral cortex to medullary center which decreases
vagal tone.
Moderate exercise- 180beats/min
Severe exercise- 240-260beats/min

11. 5. Cardiac output- cardiac output increases with increase in heart rate(
upto 20l/min to 35l/min) and stroke volume. Increased stroke volume
due to increased force of contraction.

12. 6. Blood pressure- isotonic exercise causes increase in systolic blood pressure due to heart
rate and stroke volume.
Diastolic blood pressure decreases due to peripheral resistance(vasodilation)
Whereas in isometric exercise systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure increases due to
increase in peripheral resistance.
7. Blood flow to skeletal muscles also increases.
Resting- 3-4ml /100mg
Exercise- 60-80ml /100mg

13.  Chronic
1. Reduced rate of heart disease
2. Decreased resting heart rate- with regular training HR falls as it
returns to normal quicker after exercise.
3. Capillarisation- capillary networks increase to your cardiac and
skeletal muscle improving muscle efficiency.
4. Increase in blood volume is seen as adaptation to regular exercise.
5. Increased aerobic fitness- aerobic exercise training helps consume
more oxygen increasing fitness.
6. Cardiac hypertrophy- regular exercise stimulates more myocytes
and thus volume of contraction increases leading to increase in
muscle size and bulk.

14. Respiratory system
Acute effects
1. Pulmonary ventilation- during exercise the rate and force of respiration
increases due to higher centres, chemoreceptors and proprioceptors, body
temperature and acidosis.
2. Diffusing capacity of O2- due to increased blood flow through pulmonary
capillaries.
Rest – 21ml /min
Moderate – 45-50ml/min

15. 3. Consumption of O2- it increases due to increase in vasodilation
which increases blood flow and therefore more amount of O2
diffuses.
Oxygen utilization by the muscle is directly proportional to amount
of oxygen available.

16. 4. O2 debt- it is the extra amount of oxygen required by the muscle during
recovery from severe muscle exercise.
It increases six times than normal resting conditions.
Extra oxygen is required for-a) reformation of glucose from lactic acid,
accumulated during exercise.
b) Resynthesis of ATP and creatinine phosphate
c) Restoration of amount of oxygen dissociated from hemoglobin and
myoglobin

18. 5. Effect on vo2 max
It is the amount of oxygen consumed under maximum
aerobic metabolism
At rest, males have a vo2 max of 35-40ml/kg body wt/min
And females have 30-35ml/kg body wt/ min
During exercise it increases by 50percent.

20.  Chronic effects
1. Increased strength of respiratory muscles- diaphragm and
intercostals strength increases allowing greater expansion of
thoracic activity.
2. Increased vital capacity- increases as pulmonary function improves.
3. Increased alveoli functioning- increase in the number and size of
capillaries leads to more efficient diffusion and passage of O2 and
CO2.
4. Increased minute ventilation- as endurance of respiratory muscles
increases minute ventilation increases.
5. Ventilatory efficiency is also increased.

21. Neuromuscular effects
 Acute effects
1. Increased firing of neurons- the neural activity increases during
exercises to produce movement of muscle
2. Increased recruitment of motor neurons- caused by vigorous
exercise that demands firing of large number of motor unit to
produce appropriate force in large muscle groups

22. Chronic effects
1. Increases central or neural drive which activates large number of
motor unit
2. Increases nerve excitability
3. Improves neural plasticity
4. Decrease in the force threshold
5. Increase motor unit synchronization that helps firing of similar
muscle groups at the same time increasing conductivity.

23. 6. Increased neuromuscular functional activity- there is an increase in
dimension of presynaptic and postsynaptic component of
neuromuscular junction leading to its increased activity.
7. Decreased in the level of coactivation of antagonist muscle after
training
8. Decreases neuromuscular fatigue- as neuromuscular junction
activity increases neurotransmitter release increases to produce firing
thus causing decrease in fatigue.
9. The timing of neural stimulus becomes well coordinated with daily
training

24. Endocrine system
 Acute effects
1. Release of hormones throughout the body- growth hormone, cortisol especially
increases.
Thyroid hormone,epinephrine, insulin also increases
Chronic effects
1. Increased insulin sensitivity- during exercise insulin decreases to produce glucose
to the cell via glucagon this increases insulin sensitivity and prevent diabetes
mellitus
2. Maintains and balances the release of hormone keeping a person physically fit
and free from disorder
3. Psycological effects- builds up confidence and the concentration
4. Endorphins are released that reduce anxiety and promote a better mental
health.

26. Psychological effects

27. REFERENCES-
 Therapeutic exercise Carolyn kisner and Colby
 Exercise physiology mcardle ; katch and katch
 Essential of medical physiology
 Essentials of exercise physiology

28. Thank you!