Solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions. It represents the entire electromagnetic spectrum that reaches Earth, including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves. Solar energy technologies can be used to directly heat water or living spaces, or to generate electricity. While solar energy is abundant and renewable, it is also diffuse and intermittent, requiring technologies to concentrate and store it. As the technologies improve and costs decline, solar power shows promise as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.
In spite of the high cost of solar technologies and policy of government, investment in the solar power generation is the good pay off due to the noise free and pollution free solar energy.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
Overview of Solar Power Plant .
Explaining various components working & Use in Solar Power Plant that is used for Commercial Purpose be it industries or any Other commercial organisation .
In spite of the high cost of solar technologies and policy of government, investment in the solar power generation is the good pay off due to the noise free and pollution free solar energy.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
Overview of Solar Power Plant .
Explaining various components working & Use in Solar Power Plant that is used for Commercial Purpose be it industries or any Other commercial organisation .
What is Renewable energy , Why Do We Need Renewable Energy, various sources of renewable energy like Hydroelectric power or hydro-power, Wind energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Wave power, Tidal power, Biomass fuel & Hydrogen Energy and details about them
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
What is Renewable energy , Why Do We Need Renewable Energy, various sources of renewable energy like Hydroelectric power or hydro-power, Wind energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Wave power, Tidal power, Biomass fuel & Hydrogen Energy and details about them
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
Solar energy : The Ultimate Renewable ResourceRounak Kapoor
This is presentation on Solar Energy.
It contains->
> Whst is solar energy?
> Its advantages and disadvantages.
> Its Applications.
> Power Towers.
> Solar Panels.
This Presentation is very usefull for Engineering Students.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
ppt on the Solar Energy Renewable Resource
1. Solar Energy:Solar Energy:
The Ultimate RenewableThe Ultimate Renewable
ResourceResource
Mr. Yuvraj SinghMr. Yuvraj Singh
2. What is Solar Energy?What is Solar Energy?
Originates with theOriginates with the
thermonuclear fusionthermonuclear fusion
reactions occurring inreactions occurring in
the sun.the sun.
Represents the entireRepresents the entire
electromagneticelectromagnetic
radiation (visible light,radiation (visible light,
infrared, ultraviolet, x-infrared, ultraviolet, x-
rays, and radio waves).rays, and radio waves).
3. Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages
AdvantagesAdvantages
All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts ofAll chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of
the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on thethe thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the
sun, while only pure radiant energy reaches thesun, while only pure radiant energy reaches the
Earth.Earth.
Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By oneEnergy reaching the earth is incredible. By one
calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earthcalculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth
have the energy equivalent of the total of all thehave the energy equivalent of the total of all the
planet’s fossil fuels, both used and unused!planet’s fossil fuels, both used and unused!
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Sun does not shine consistently.Sun does not shine consistently.
Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, weSolar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we
must concentrate it into an amount and form that wemust concentrate it into an amount and form that we
can use, such as heat and electricity.can use, such as heat and electricity.
Addressed by approaching the problem through:Addressed by approaching the problem through:
1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.
4. How much solar energy?How much solar energy?
The surface receives about 47% of the total solar
energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is
usable.
5. Putting Solar Energy to Use: HeatingPutting Solar Energy to Use: Heating
WaterWater
Two methods of heating water:Two methods of heating water:
passive (no moving parts) andpassive (no moving parts) and
active (pumps).active (pumps).
In both, a flat-plate collector isIn both, a flat-plate collector is
used to absorb the sun’s energyused to absorb the sun’s energy
to heat the water.to heat the water.
The water circulates throughoutThe water circulates throughout
the closed system due tothe closed system due to
convection currents.convection currents.
Tanks of hot water are used asTanks of hot water are used as
storage.storage.
6. Heating Water: Active SystemHeating Water: Active System
Active System uses antifreeze so that the liquid does not
freeze if outside temp. drops below freezing.
7. Heating Water—Last ThoughtsHeating Water—Last Thoughts
Efficiency of solar heating system is always less than 100%Efficiency of solar heating system is always less than 100%
because:because:
% transmitted depends on angle of incidence,% transmitted depends on angle of incidence,
Number of glass sheets (single glass sheetNumber of glass sheets (single glass sheet
transmits 90-95%), andtransmits 90-95%), and
Composition of the glassComposition of the glass
Solar water heating saves approx. 1000 megawatts of energy a yr,Solar water heating saves approx. 1000 megawatts of energy a yr,
equivalent to eliminating the emissions from two medium sizedequivalent to eliminating the emissions from two medium sized
coal burning power plants.coal burning power plants.
By using solar water heating over gas water heater, a family willBy using solar water heating over gas water heater, a family will
save 1200 pounds of pollution each year.save 1200 pounds of pollution each year.
Market for flat plate collectors grew in 1980s because ofMarket for flat plate collectors grew in 1980s because of
increasing fossil fuels prices and federal tax credits. But by 1985,increasing fossil fuels prices and federal tax credits. But by 1985,
when these credits were removed and fossil fuel prices were low,when these credits were removed and fossil fuel prices were low,
the demand for flat plate collectors shrunk quickly.the demand for flat plate collectors shrunk quickly.
While solar water heating is relatively low in the US, in otherWhile solar water heating is relatively low in the US, in other
parts of the world such as Cyprus (90%) and Israel (65%), itparts of the world such as Cyprus (90%) and Israel (65%), it
proves to be the predominate form of water heating.proves to be the predominate form of water heating.
8. Heating Living SpacesHeating Living Spaces
Best design of a building is for it to act as a solarBest design of a building is for it to act as a solar
collector and storage unit. This is achieved throughcollector and storage unit. This is achieved through
three elements: insulation, collection, and storage.three elements: insulation, collection, and storage.
Efficient heating starts with proper insulation on externalEfficient heating starts with proper insulation on external
walls, roof, and the floors. The doors, windows, andwalls, roof, and the floors. The doors, windows, and
vents must be designed to minimize heat loss.vents must be designed to minimize heat loss.
Collection: south-facing windows and appropriateCollection: south-facing windows and appropriate
landscaping.landscaping.
Storage: Thermal mass—holds heat.Storage: Thermal mass—holds heat.
Water= 62 BTU per cubic foot per degree F.Water= 62 BTU per cubic foot per degree F.
Iron=54, Wood (oak) =29, Brick=25, concrete=22,Iron=54, Wood (oak) =29, Brick=25, concrete=22,
and loose stone=20and loose stone=20
10. Heating Living SpacesHeating Living Spaces
A passively heated home uses about 60-75% of theA passively heated home uses about 60-75% of the
solar energy that hits its walls and windows.solar energy that hits its walls and windows.
The Center for Renewable Resources estimatesThe Center for Renewable Resources estimates
that in almost any climate, a well-designed passivethat in almost any climate, a well-designed passive
solar home can reduce energy bills by 75% with ansolar home can reduce energy bills by 75% with an
added construction cost of only 5-10%.added construction cost of only 5-10%.
About 25% of energy is used for water and spaceAbout 25% of energy is used for water and space
heating.heating.
Major factor discouraging solar heating is lowMajor factor discouraging solar heating is low
energy prices.energy prices.
11. Solar-Thermal Electricity:Solar-Thermal Electricity:
Power TowersPower Towers
General idea is to collect the light from many reflectorsGeneral idea is to collect the light from many reflectors
spread over a large area at one central point to achieve highspread over a large area at one central point to achieve high
temperature.temperature.
Example is the 10-MW solar power plant in Barstow, CA.Example is the 10-MW solar power plant in Barstow, CA.
1900 heliostats, each 20 ft by 20 ft1900 heliostats, each 20 ft by 20 ft
a central 295 ft towera central 295 ft tower
An energy storage system allows it to generate 7 MW ofAn energy storage system allows it to generate 7 MW of
electric power without sunlight.electric power without sunlight.
Capital cost is greater than coal fired power plant, despiteCapital cost is greater than coal fired power plant, despite
the no cost for fuel, ash disposal, and stack emissions.the no cost for fuel, ash disposal, and stack emissions.
Capital costs are expected to decline as more and moreCapital costs are expected to decline as more and more
power towers are built with greater technological advances.power towers are built with greater technological advances.
One way to reduce cost is to use the waste steam from theOne way to reduce cost is to use the waste steam from the
turbine for space heating or other industrial processes.turbine for space heating or other industrial processes.
13. Solar-Thermal Electricity:Solar-Thermal Electricity:
Parabolic Dishes and TroughsParabolic Dishes and Troughs
Focus sunlight on a smaller receiver for each device; theFocus sunlight on a smaller receiver for each device; the
heated liquid drives a steam engine to generate electricity.heated liquid drives a steam engine to generate electricity.
The first of these Solar Electric Generating Stations (SEGS)The first of these Solar Electric Generating Stations (SEGS)
was installed in CA by an Israeli company, Luzwas installed in CA by an Israeli company, Luz
International.International.
Output was 13.8 MW; cost was $6,000/peak kW and overallOutput was 13.8 MW; cost was $6,000/peak kW and overall
efficiency was 25%.efficiency was 25%.
Through federal and state tax credits, Luz was able to buildThrough federal and state tax credits, Luz was able to build
more SEGS, and improved reduced costs to $3,000/peakmore SEGS, and improved reduced costs to $3,000/peak
kW and the cost of electricity from 25 cents to 8 cents perkW and the cost of electricity from 25 cents to 8 cents per
kWh, barely more than the cost of nuclear or coal-firedkWh, barely more than the cost of nuclear or coal-fired
facilities.facilities.
The more recent facilities converted a remarkable 22% ofThe more recent facilities converted a remarkable 22% of
sunlight into electricity.sunlight into electricity.
14. Parabolic Dishes and TroughsParabolic Dishes and Troughs
Because they work best under direct sunlight, parabolic
dishes and troughs must be steered throughout the day in
the direction of the sun.
Collectors in southern CA.
15. Direct Conversion into ElectricityDirect Conversion into Electricity
Photovoltaic cells are capable ofPhotovoltaic cells are capable of
directly converting sunlight intodirectly converting sunlight into
electricity.electricity.
A simple wafer of silicon withA simple wafer of silicon with
wires attached to the layers.wires attached to the layers.
Current is produced based onCurrent is produced based on
types of silicon (n- and p-types)types of silicon (n- and p-types)
used for the layers. Eachused for the layers. Each
cell=0.5 volts.cell=0.5 volts.
Battery needed as storageBattery needed as storage
No moving partsNo moving partsdo no weardo no wear
out, but because they areout, but because they are
exposed to the weather, theirexposed to the weather, their
lifespan is about 20 years.lifespan is about 20 years.
16. Solar Panels in UseSolar Panels in Use
Because of their current costs, onlyBecause of their current costs, only
rural and other customers far awayrural and other customers far away
from power lines use solar panelsfrom power lines use solar panels
because it is more cost effectivebecause it is more cost effective
than extending power lines.than extending power lines.
Note that utility companies areNote that utility companies are
already purchasing, installing, andalready purchasing, installing, and
maintaining PV-home systemsmaintaining PV-home systems
(Idaho Power Co.).(Idaho Power Co.).
Largest solar plant in US,Largest solar plant in US,
sponsored by the DOE, served thesponsored by the DOE, served the
Sacramento area, producing 2195Sacramento area, producing 2195
MWh of electric energy, making itMWh of electric energy, making it
cost competitive with fossil fuelcost competitive with fossil fuel
plants.plants.
17. Efficiency and DisadvantagesEfficiency and Disadvantages
Efficiency is far lass than theEfficiency is far lass than the
77% of solar spectrum with77% of solar spectrum with
usable wavelengths.usable wavelengths.
43% of photon energy is used43% of photon energy is used
to warm the crystal.to warm the crystal.
Efficiency drops asEfficiency drops as
temperature increases (fromtemperature increases (from
24% at 0°C to 14% at 100°C.)24% at 0°C to 14% at 100°C.)
Light is reflected off the frontLight is reflected off the front
face and internal electricalface and internal electrical
resistance are other factors.resistance are other factors.
Overall, the efficiency isOverall, the efficiency is
about 10-14%.about 10-14%.
Cost of electricity from coal-Cost of electricity from coal-
burning plants is anywhere b/wburning plants is anywhere b/w
8-20 cents/kWh, while8-20 cents/kWh, while
photovoltaic power generation isphotovoltaic power generation is
anywhere b/w $0.50-1/kWh.anywhere b/w $0.50-1/kWh.
Does not reflect the true costs ofDoes not reflect the true costs of
burning coal and its emissionsburning coal and its emissions
to the nonpolluting method ofto the nonpolluting method of
the latter.the latter.
Underlying problem is weighingUnderlying problem is weighing
efficiency against cost.efficiency against cost.
Crystalline silicon-moreCrystalline silicon-more
efficient, more expensive toefficient, more expensive to
manufacturemanufacture
Amorphous silicon-half asAmorphous silicon-half as
efficient, less expensive toefficient, less expensive to
produce.produce.
18. Final ThoughtFinal Thought
Argument that sun provides power only during the dayArgument that sun provides power only during the day
is countered by the fact that 70% of energy demand isis countered by the fact that 70% of energy demand is
during daytime hours. At night, traditional methodsduring daytime hours. At night, traditional methods
can be used to generate the electricity.can be used to generate the electricity.
Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels.Goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels.
Currently, 75% of our electrical power is generated byCurrently, 75% of our electrical power is generated by
coal-burning and nuclear power plants.coal-burning and nuclear power plants.
Mitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide, andMitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide, and
other impacts of burning coal and counters risksother impacts of burning coal and counters risks
associated with nuclear energy.associated with nuclear energy.
pollution free, indefinitely sustainable.pollution free, indefinitely sustainable.