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MicroGrids, Electric Vehicles and Wireless Charging 
Team Cloud Nine 
Eugene HengYi JianA0117099X 
Marvin YipA0033694B 
Lee Seng ChiewA0034358E 
StannyYanuarA0098463R
Contents 
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV 
•Electric Vehicles (EV) 
•Feasibility of Charging stations 
•Future for charging stations 
•Conclusion
Concept of Microgrid 
Source: http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/mil-log/fort-bliss-microgrid-enters-demonstration- phase/
Concept of Microgrid 
•Integration platform for power supply, storage units and demand resources in local distribution grid 
–Distributed Generation Systems 
–Demand management systems and energy storage units 
–Grid Applications 
Source: Microgrids: Architectures and Control(N. Hatziagyriou, 2013)
Benefits of Microgrid 
•Energy savings –Direct DC charging 
•Renewable-energy integration 
•Improved control and monitoring 
•Improved system reliability 
•Facilitation of Entrepreneurial Opportunities 
–Energy Storage Systems 
–Electric vehicle integration 
–Wireless Charging 
Source: http://www.facilitiesnet.com/powercommunication/article/Converting-Power-from-AC-to-DC- Offers-Many-Benefits--13920
Drivers of Growth for Microgrids 
•Power Supply 
–Growth in Renewable energy sources => Lower electricity prices 
•Power Demand 
–Growth in usage of localisedGrid applications 
•e.g. Electric Vehicles 
–Growth in storage and discharging capacities and rates of energy storage units
Contents 
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV 
•Electric Vehicles (EV) 
•Feasibility of Charging stations 
•Future for charging stations 
•Conclusion
Electric Vehicle 
•A Vehicle that uses one or moreelectric motorsor traction motorsfor propulsion. 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle 
Main focus on RESS 
(Rechargeable Electricity Storage System) for consumer products
Gasoline vs Electric Vehicle 
In comparison to gasoline vehicle, electric vehicle has 6x lower cost for 1 mile drive. However, its driving range is only 1/3of gasoline vehicle per full charge. main drawback 
http://www.snappygreen.com/plug-in-hybrid-electric-cars-the-future-is-here/
How can we increase driving range? 
We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity. 
But at what expense ? 
-bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher 
-more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed
How can we increase driving range? 
We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity. 
But at what expense ? 
-bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher 
-more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed
Battery Energy Density Trend 
Double every 10 years 
8% increase annually 
Today’s Tesla Model S has 800 Wh/L energy density 
http://electronicdesign.com/power/here-comes-electric-propulsion 
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/panasonic-20091225.html
http://www.energyresourcefulness.org/Fuels/plug_ins.html 
With Battery’s 8% annual rate of improvement, 
Only in in 2047battery’s energy density can match Gasoline’s
How can we increase driving range? 
We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity. 
But at what expense ? 
-bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher 
-more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed
Energy density by various technology 
http://liquidair.org.uk/full-report/report-chapter-four 
Hi-tech
Cost of battery storage (per kWh) 
From 2015 onwards, rate of improvement is more subtle at 5% (even on the case of high technology battery) 
In order for electric vehicle to match the price and driving range of gasoline vehicle, cost of battery ($/kWh) needs to fall by 4 times unachievable even in 2035 
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=6930
Future of battery 
•Only in 2047, battery is able to catch up with gasoline in terms of energy density 
•Even up to 2035, price of EV may not be able to match price of gasoline vehicle. Primarily due to cost of battery only drop by 5% annually 
Other alternatives are needed to drive the penetration of EV to the consumer market
Contents 
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV 
•Electric Vehicles (EV) 
•Feasibility of Charging stations 
–Do we need more charging stations? 
•Future for charging stations 
•Conclusion
Charging standards & cost 
http://www.driveclean.ca.gov/pev/Charging.php 
$500-$3000 
$12000-$15000 
Cost of one DC Fast charge (level 2) is the same as the price of one 24 kWh battery (used by Nissan LEAF) Building more charging stations will open up opportunity to have smaller battery capacity, thus offering a cheaper Electric Vehicle
Wireless compared to wired charging 
•Advantages : 
–Protected connections (away from water/oxygen) 
–Durability (less wear and tear) 
•Disadvantages : 
–Lower efficiency/slower charging 
–More expensive 
•Can the disadvantages be resolved in future?
Comparable to wired charging 
http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/blog/80/is-wired-charging-more-efficient
Wireless Charging 
•Component Breakdown 
–MOSFETs 
–MEMS 
–ICs 
–Thin Film Coils 
•Analyzing the future of wireless charging
Wireless charger components
http://www.appliedmaterials.com/nanochip/nanochip-fab-solutions/december- 2013/power-struggle
Building blocks for charging system 
•Diodes and transistors are two of the key building blocks 
•To increase circuit efficiency, designers are replacing silicon components with those made from SiC.Switching to the wide band gap alternatives slashes recovery times, which means that the devices cannot only turn on and off more efficiently–they can be deployed in circuits operating at far higher frequencies
Building blocks for charging system 
•Going up in frequency allows a trimming of the sizeof the capacitors and inductors 
•SiCdevices have a far higher maximum operating temperaturethan their silicon equivalents, so cooling demands are lower
Rates of improvements of MOSFETs 
•New technologies in Power MOSFET will affect sales in the coming years. 
•Manufacturers are finding it more difficult to enhance performance of silicon-based MOSFETs 
•Turning to wide band-gap (WBG) semiconductors to boost performance. 
–gallium nitride (GaN) 
–silicon carbide (SiC) 
•Reduction in power consumption 
•Higher frequencies 
•Lower on-resistance 
•Faster switching speeds
Experiment on MOSFET 
•New improvements maximize efficiency by achieving: 
–Low RDS(ON)(on-resistance) 
–Low Qg(gate charge) 
–Low RG(gate resistance) 
–Lowest p.c. board losses
•Upgrade the MOSFET package 
–accomplished by a simple redesign by reducing the package profile from 0.7mm to 0.6mm. 
–improved thermal performance with better heat transfer from the MOSFET die to the PCB 
S. Davies, 2013 
Low PCB losses
Low RG(gate resistance) 
A) compares the efficiency vs. output current for a MOSFET operating at 300 kHz with R G of either 0.3Ω or 2.0Ω 
B) compares the efficiency vs. output current for a MOSFET operating at 800 kHz with R G of either 0.3Ω or 2.0Ω 
http://powerelectronics.com/discrete-power-semis/next-gen-mosfets-efficiency-synchronous-buck-converters
www.semi.org/node/36781
WBG materials and Cost Reduction for EVs 
•Lux Research: Wide bandgap(WBG) materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) to address emerging power electronics performance needs in electric vehicles (EVs), with SiCdisplacing silicon as early as 2020 
•Highly efficient power electronics => smaller battery size, which in turn has a positive cascading impact on wiring, thermal management, packaging, and weight of electric vehicles 
•20% power savings can lead to USD$6000 price reduction in larger size EVs 
Sources: 
•http://www.luxresearchinc.com/news-and- events/press-releases/read/silicon-carbide- power-electronics-can-slash-6000-cost-tesla 
•https://portal.luxresearchinc.com/research/report_excerpt/17422#analysis
WBG materials and Smaller Feature sizes 
Source: http://www.semicon.sankenele.co.jp/en/guide/GaNSiC.html/ 
•Smaller feature sizes when compared to traditional Si devices (Materials and breakdown voltage)
WBG materials and Rates of Improvements 
•High rates of improvements in WBG Semiconductor developments: 
–Efficiency increases 
–Feature size reductions 
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272514
http://m.eet.com/media/1051133/C0357-Figure4.gif
Improvements for IGBTs and MOSFETs 
MOSFETS: Metal Oxide Semiconductor 
Field Effect Transistors 
IGBTs 
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors)
Thin Film Coils 
•Improvements in cost per area 
•Fewer layers 
•Less materials 
•Lower temperature and simpler processes 
–Organic materials, CIGS, and Perovskitecan be roll printed onto a substrate
Thin Film Coils for Power Transmission 
•Prospects in using Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) for power transmission 
•Challenges in overcoming low thermal conductivity => integration of (Ga2O3) with higher thermal conductivity substrates 
•Roll printing as mass production method to lower costs of production of Ga2O3thin films for use in wireless charging? 
http://www.nict.go.jp/en/press/2012/01/13-01-1.html
TO FOCUS ON BATTERIES OR CHARGING SYSTEM?
Expensive battery 
•One of the big reasons why electric cars have been slow to catch on is that batteries are still hugely expensive —usually around one-third the price of the vehicle —and can provide only limited range. 
•There is no Moore's Law for batteries 
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/02/expensive-batteries-are- holding-back-electric-cars-what-would-it-take-for-that-to-change/
http://www.technologyreview.com/view/424996/why-your-battery-life-is-terrible-in-one- handy-chart/
Our propose design 
•Based on driving patterns is there a need to increase battery capacity to increase driving range? 
•Some technologies directly experience improvements while others indirectly experience them through improvements in “components” 
•With a faster rate of improvement in MOSFETs and ICs, it is more worthwhile to concentrate on tackling the issue of wireless charging
Wireless charging and EV 
•To have more facilities for wireless charging made easily available to EV users 
www.therealpowerofwireless.blogspot.com
Contents 
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV 
•Electric Vehicles (EV) 
•Feasibility of Charging stations 
•Future for charging stations 
•Conclusion
Future for charging stations 
•EVs have already been brought to Singapore since 2011, but take up rate has been low 
–A grand total of 3 publicly registered cars on the road in 2013 (http://transport.asiaone.com/news/general/story/only-3-electric- cars-road) 
–Low mile range and lack of charging stations –Facts or consumer perceptions? 
•High cost of EV in Singapore? 
http://www.mitsubishicars.com.sg/cars/brochures/iMiEV.pdf
Future for charging stations 
•Chicken-and-Egg problem 
–Infrastructure availability for EV charging (lowering power supply costs) 
vs 
–Directly lowering EV costs (increasing EV demand) 
•Building a strong infrastructure for EV charging can overcome the problem of low mile range 
–With EVs able to easily locate charging facilities / perform charging on the move when required 
–Requires complementary improvements in smart powering and metering systems for calculation and payment of charging fees
Future for charging stations 
•Private companies already developing Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging (WEVC) solutions 
–https://www.qualcomm.com/products/halo 
–WEVC for buses in Korea -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ginb51DqBYA 
•What type of efforts needed to make WEVC mainstream? 
Source: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141028- the-bus-that-recharges-on-the-go
Energy Market Authority 
•Statutory board under the Ministry of Trade and Industry 
–Awards research grants, licenses for energy related industries 
•Key Related Sponsored Research Initiatives (http://www.ema.gov.sg): 
–SemakauLandfill Integrated Hybrid MicroGridTest-Bed -2014 
–PulauUbinMicroGridTest-Bed –2013 
–Electric Vehicle Test Bed (with LTA) -2011 
–Smart Grid research grants –2013 
–Electric Vehicle research grants –2010 
•Should the government distribute its resources to favourresearch in EV demand, or to favourresearch in R&D for cheaper EV power supply? 
–Low cost and availability of power supply to drive EV demand, or vice versa
Building the Future for EVs 
•Investments into EV infrastructure 
–Wireless charging stations and integration with renewables 
–Wireless charging lanes on major expressways (PIE, CTE) 
–Building smart metering and secure payment systems for wired and wireless EV charging 
Building more publicly available EV charging stations / Licensing of public EV charging stations in commercial and industrial properties 
Building dedicated wireless charging lanes on expressways => few other underground utilities, less competition for space and minimal interference issues
Building the Future for EVs 
•Licensing of third party activities 
–Microgridsfor localisedpower generation –peak shaving and commercial opportunities for sale of excess energy back into grid 
–EV Battery charging, rental, replacement services 
–Advertisement on charging stations 
–Software and mobile applications to find the nearest charging station 
Source : http://www.neuralenergy.info/2009/06/v2g.html 
Replaceable battery chassis for electric vehicles
Contents 
•Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV 
•Electric Vehicles (EV) 
•Feasibility of Charging stations 
•Future for charging stations 
•Conclusion
Rates of Improvements 
•Rates of improvements facilitating growth in usage of MicroGrid, EV and Wireless Power transfer technologies: 
–ICs 
–MOSFETs 
–Roll printing for thin film substrates 
•Rates of improvements in above technologies exceeding rate of improvement in (car) battery technologies 
•Therefore, the challenge in low mile range of EVs to be overcome more quickly by facilitating the growth of cheaper wireless charging facilities, powered through MicroGrids 
–Building the case for WEVC
Beyond the EV -Extension of Wireless Transmission Applications 
•Wireless powering of other applications: 
–Military, medical, consumer devices 
–Developments in ICs, MOSFETs, Roll to roll printing for other materials also applicable (e.g. mid-field wireless power transfer for medical equipment) 
Military applications –wireless charging of unmanned equipment and electronics systems carried by soldiers 
(http://witricity.com/applications/military/) 
Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants(A. Poon, 2014) –used in LVADs in heart disease treatment
Q & A

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Microgrids, Electric Vehicles and Wireless Charging

  • 1. MicroGrids, Electric Vehicles and Wireless Charging Team Cloud Nine Eugene HengYi JianA0117099X Marvin YipA0033694B Lee Seng ChiewA0034358E StannyYanuarA0098463R
  • 2. Contents •Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV •Electric Vehicles (EV) •Feasibility of Charging stations •Future for charging stations •Conclusion
  • 3. Concept of Microgrid Source: http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/mil-log/fort-bliss-microgrid-enters-demonstration- phase/
  • 4. Concept of Microgrid •Integration platform for power supply, storage units and demand resources in local distribution grid –Distributed Generation Systems –Demand management systems and energy storage units –Grid Applications Source: Microgrids: Architectures and Control(N. Hatziagyriou, 2013)
  • 5. Benefits of Microgrid •Energy savings –Direct DC charging •Renewable-energy integration •Improved control and monitoring •Improved system reliability •Facilitation of Entrepreneurial Opportunities –Energy Storage Systems –Electric vehicle integration –Wireless Charging Source: http://www.facilitiesnet.com/powercommunication/article/Converting-Power-from-AC-to-DC- Offers-Many-Benefits--13920
  • 6. Drivers of Growth for Microgrids •Power Supply –Growth in Renewable energy sources => Lower electricity prices •Power Demand –Growth in usage of localisedGrid applications •e.g. Electric Vehicles –Growth in storage and discharging capacities and rates of energy storage units
  • 7. Contents •Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV •Electric Vehicles (EV) •Feasibility of Charging stations •Future for charging stations •Conclusion
  • 8. Electric Vehicle •A Vehicle that uses one or moreelectric motorsor traction motorsfor propulsion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle Main focus on RESS (Rechargeable Electricity Storage System) for consumer products
  • 9. Gasoline vs Electric Vehicle In comparison to gasoline vehicle, electric vehicle has 6x lower cost for 1 mile drive. However, its driving range is only 1/3of gasoline vehicle per full charge. main drawback http://www.snappygreen.com/plug-in-hybrid-electric-cars-the-future-is-here/
  • 10. How can we increase driving range? We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity. But at what expense ? -bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher -more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed
  • 11. How can we increase driving range? We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity. But at what expense ? -bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher -more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed
  • 12. Battery Energy Density Trend Double every 10 years 8% increase annually Today’s Tesla Model S has 800 Wh/L energy density http://electronicdesign.com/power/here-comes-electric-propulsion http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/panasonic-20091225.html
  • 13. http://www.energyresourcefulness.org/Fuels/plug_ins.html With Battery’s 8% annual rate of improvement, Only in in 2047battery’s energy density can match Gasoline’s
  • 14. How can we increase driving range? We can increase driving range by increasing battery capacity. But at what expense ? -bigger and heavier battery battery energy density needs to be higher -more costly battery/car lower cost of battery storage is needed
  • 15. Energy density by various technology http://liquidair.org.uk/full-report/report-chapter-four Hi-tech
  • 16. Cost of battery storage (per kWh) From 2015 onwards, rate of improvement is more subtle at 5% (even on the case of high technology battery) In order for electric vehicle to match the price and driving range of gasoline vehicle, cost of battery ($/kWh) needs to fall by 4 times unachievable even in 2035 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=6930
  • 17. Future of battery •Only in 2047, battery is able to catch up with gasoline in terms of energy density •Even up to 2035, price of EV may not be able to match price of gasoline vehicle. Primarily due to cost of battery only drop by 5% annually Other alternatives are needed to drive the penetration of EV to the consumer market
  • 18. Contents •Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV •Electric Vehicles (EV) •Feasibility of Charging stations –Do we need more charging stations? •Future for charging stations •Conclusion
  • 19. Charging standards & cost http://www.driveclean.ca.gov/pev/Charging.php $500-$3000 $12000-$15000 Cost of one DC Fast charge (level 2) is the same as the price of one 24 kWh battery (used by Nissan LEAF) Building more charging stations will open up opportunity to have smaller battery capacity, thus offering a cheaper Electric Vehicle
  • 20. Wireless compared to wired charging •Advantages : –Protected connections (away from water/oxygen) –Durability (less wear and tear) •Disadvantages : –Lower efficiency/slower charging –More expensive •Can the disadvantages be resolved in future?
  • 21. Comparable to wired charging http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/blog/80/is-wired-charging-more-efficient
  • 22. Wireless Charging •Component Breakdown –MOSFETs –MEMS –ICs –Thin Film Coils •Analyzing the future of wireless charging
  • 25. Building blocks for charging system •Diodes and transistors are two of the key building blocks •To increase circuit efficiency, designers are replacing silicon components with those made from SiC.Switching to the wide band gap alternatives slashes recovery times, which means that the devices cannot only turn on and off more efficiently–they can be deployed in circuits operating at far higher frequencies
  • 26. Building blocks for charging system •Going up in frequency allows a trimming of the sizeof the capacitors and inductors •SiCdevices have a far higher maximum operating temperaturethan their silicon equivalents, so cooling demands are lower
  • 27. Rates of improvements of MOSFETs •New technologies in Power MOSFET will affect sales in the coming years. •Manufacturers are finding it more difficult to enhance performance of silicon-based MOSFETs •Turning to wide band-gap (WBG) semiconductors to boost performance. –gallium nitride (GaN) –silicon carbide (SiC) •Reduction in power consumption •Higher frequencies •Lower on-resistance •Faster switching speeds
  • 28. Experiment on MOSFET •New improvements maximize efficiency by achieving: –Low RDS(ON)(on-resistance) –Low Qg(gate charge) –Low RG(gate resistance) –Lowest p.c. board losses
  • 29. •Upgrade the MOSFET package –accomplished by a simple redesign by reducing the package profile from 0.7mm to 0.6mm. –improved thermal performance with better heat transfer from the MOSFET die to the PCB S. Davies, 2013 Low PCB losses
  • 30. Low RG(gate resistance) A) compares the efficiency vs. output current for a MOSFET operating at 300 kHz with R G of either 0.3Ω or 2.0Ω B) compares the efficiency vs. output current for a MOSFET operating at 800 kHz with R G of either 0.3Ω or 2.0Ω http://powerelectronics.com/discrete-power-semis/next-gen-mosfets-efficiency-synchronous-buck-converters
  • 32. WBG materials and Cost Reduction for EVs •Lux Research: Wide bandgap(WBG) materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) to address emerging power electronics performance needs in electric vehicles (EVs), with SiCdisplacing silicon as early as 2020 •Highly efficient power electronics => smaller battery size, which in turn has a positive cascading impact on wiring, thermal management, packaging, and weight of electric vehicles •20% power savings can lead to USD$6000 price reduction in larger size EVs Sources: •http://www.luxresearchinc.com/news-and- events/press-releases/read/silicon-carbide- power-electronics-can-slash-6000-cost-tesla •https://portal.luxresearchinc.com/research/report_excerpt/17422#analysis
  • 33. WBG materials and Smaller Feature sizes Source: http://www.semicon.sankenele.co.jp/en/guide/GaNSiC.html/ •Smaller feature sizes when compared to traditional Si devices (Materials and breakdown voltage)
  • 34. WBG materials and Rates of Improvements •High rates of improvements in WBG Semiconductor developments: –Efficiency increases –Feature size reductions http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1272514
  • 36. Improvements for IGBTs and MOSFETs MOSFETS: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors)
  • 37. Thin Film Coils •Improvements in cost per area •Fewer layers •Less materials •Lower temperature and simpler processes –Organic materials, CIGS, and Perovskitecan be roll printed onto a substrate
  • 38. Thin Film Coils for Power Transmission •Prospects in using Gallium Oxide (Ga2O3) for power transmission •Challenges in overcoming low thermal conductivity => integration of (Ga2O3) with higher thermal conductivity substrates •Roll printing as mass production method to lower costs of production of Ga2O3thin films for use in wireless charging? http://www.nict.go.jp/en/press/2012/01/13-01-1.html
  • 39. TO FOCUS ON BATTERIES OR CHARGING SYSTEM?
  • 40. Expensive battery •One of the big reasons why electric cars have been slow to catch on is that batteries are still hugely expensive —usually around one-third the price of the vehicle —and can provide only limited range. •There is no Moore's Law for batteries http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/04/02/expensive-batteries-are- holding-back-electric-cars-what-would-it-take-for-that-to-change/
  • 42. Our propose design •Based on driving patterns is there a need to increase battery capacity to increase driving range? •Some technologies directly experience improvements while others indirectly experience them through improvements in “components” •With a faster rate of improvement in MOSFETs and ICs, it is more worthwhile to concentrate on tackling the issue of wireless charging
  • 43. Wireless charging and EV •To have more facilities for wireless charging made easily available to EV users www.therealpowerofwireless.blogspot.com
  • 44. Contents •Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV •Electric Vehicles (EV) •Feasibility of Charging stations •Future for charging stations •Conclusion
  • 45. Future for charging stations •EVs have already been brought to Singapore since 2011, but take up rate has been low –A grand total of 3 publicly registered cars on the road in 2013 (http://transport.asiaone.com/news/general/story/only-3-electric- cars-road) –Low mile range and lack of charging stations –Facts or consumer perceptions? •High cost of EV in Singapore? http://www.mitsubishicars.com.sg/cars/brochures/iMiEV.pdf
  • 46. Future for charging stations •Chicken-and-Egg problem –Infrastructure availability for EV charging (lowering power supply costs) vs –Directly lowering EV costs (increasing EV demand) •Building a strong infrastructure for EV charging can overcome the problem of low mile range –With EVs able to easily locate charging facilities / perform charging on the move when required –Requires complementary improvements in smart powering and metering systems for calculation and payment of charging fees
  • 47. Future for charging stations •Private companies already developing Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging (WEVC) solutions –https://www.qualcomm.com/products/halo –WEVC for buses in Korea -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ginb51DqBYA •What type of efforts needed to make WEVC mainstream? Source: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141028- the-bus-that-recharges-on-the-go
  • 48. Energy Market Authority •Statutory board under the Ministry of Trade and Industry –Awards research grants, licenses for energy related industries •Key Related Sponsored Research Initiatives (http://www.ema.gov.sg): –SemakauLandfill Integrated Hybrid MicroGridTest-Bed -2014 –PulauUbinMicroGridTest-Bed –2013 –Electric Vehicle Test Bed (with LTA) -2011 –Smart Grid research grants –2013 –Electric Vehicle research grants –2010 •Should the government distribute its resources to favourresearch in EV demand, or to favourresearch in R&D for cheaper EV power supply? –Low cost and availability of power supply to drive EV demand, or vice versa
  • 49. Building the Future for EVs •Investments into EV infrastructure –Wireless charging stations and integration with renewables –Wireless charging lanes on major expressways (PIE, CTE) –Building smart metering and secure payment systems for wired and wireless EV charging Building more publicly available EV charging stations / Licensing of public EV charging stations in commercial and industrial properties Building dedicated wireless charging lanes on expressways => few other underground utilities, less competition for space and minimal interference issues
  • 50. Building the Future for EVs •Licensing of third party activities –Microgridsfor localisedpower generation –peak shaving and commercial opportunities for sale of excess energy back into grid –EV Battery charging, rental, replacement services –Advertisement on charging stations –Software and mobile applications to find the nearest charging station Source : http://www.neuralenergy.info/2009/06/v2g.html Replaceable battery chassis for electric vehicles
  • 51. Contents •Introduction to MicroGrid+ Link to EV •Electric Vehicles (EV) •Feasibility of Charging stations •Future for charging stations •Conclusion
  • 52. Rates of Improvements •Rates of improvements facilitating growth in usage of MicroGrid, EV and Wireless Power transfer technologies: –ICs –MOSFETs –Roll printing for thin film substrates •Rates of improvements in above technologies exceeding rate of improvement in (car) battery technologies •Therefore, the challenge in low mile range of EVs to be overcome more quickly by facilitating the growth of cheaper wireless charging facilities, powered through MicroGrids –Building the case for WEVC
  • 53. Beyond the EV -Extension of Wireless Transmission Applications •Wireless powering of other applications: –Military, medical, consumer devices –Developments in ICs, MOSFETs, Roll to roll printing for other materials also applicable (e.g. mid-field wireless power transfer for medical equipment) Military applications –wireless charging of unmanned equipment and electronics systems carried by soldiers (http://witricity.com/applications/military/) Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants(A. Poon, 2014) –used in LVADs in heart disease treatment
  • 54. Q & A