This document provides information on phonetics and phonology. It discusses the differences between the two fields, with phonetics focusing on the physical aspects of sounds and phonology examining how sounds are structured and patterned in a language. Key concepts in phonetics include articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, place and manner of articulation for consonants, vowel height, advancement and lip position. Phonology examines phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics and syllables. It provides examples to illustrate these linguistic concepts.
This is simply an introduction to some of the main concepts we are going to be using quite frequently throughout the course. Become acquainted with them and try to get the gist of each concept in its own context.
It is a common question as to why do the new learners of English need to study Phonetics. The discussion to answer this question dates back to the late 19th century and sufficient evidence has been provided to prove that the need of studying Phonetics by the learners of English as Second Language is synonymous to acquiring communicative competence in the target language. This small presentation reviews the need and importance of Phonetics in Learning English as Second Language.
This is simply an introduction to some of the main concepts we are going to be using quite frequently throughout the course. Become acquainted with them and try to get the gist of each concept in its own context.
It is a common question as to why do the new learners of English need to study Phonetics. The discussion to answer this question dates back to the late 19th century and sufficient evidence has been provided to prove that the need of studying Phonetics by the learners of English as Second Language is synonymous to acquiring communicative competence in the target language. This small presentation reviews the need and importance of Phonetics in Learning English as Second Language.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. PHONETİCS: is the study of sounds in human languages.On the other
hands,phonetics studies the physical aspects of the sounds in the
language.There are three major branches of
phonetics;articulatory,acoustic and auditory.
Articulatory phonetics deals with the study of the pruduction of speech
sounds.
Acoustic phonetics focuses on the properties of the sounds in the air.
Auditory phonetics is the study of the reception and perception of
speech sounds by the listenner.
3. 1-ARTICULARY PHONETICS
Among the subfields of phonetics ,linguistic is mostly interested in
articulary phonetics,in articulary phonetics ,the minimal physical
sounds units are are called phones or segments. Segments are
shown in square brackets ‘’[]’’. In showing the segments ,linguistics
use convention named International Phonetıc Alphabet(IPA).The IPA
was devised as a convention to annotate the sounds of the language
as they are produced.
2-VOCAL TRACT
Vocal tract refers to the are in which we produce the sounds and
consists of three major parts;oral nasal and pharyngeal activity.Vocal
is the part of our body which transforms airstream into
soundwaves.As a result of this transformation ,we either produce
consonants or vowels.
4. 3-VOICED AND VOICELESS SOUNDS
• voiceless sounds: Vocal folds are open dduring the production of
the sound, thus does not result in vibration.
• voiced sounds: Vocal sounds are closed in the production of the
sound ,thus results in vibration.
5. 4-PLACE OF ARTICULATION
Place of articulation defines where in mouth the sound is
produced.
Most consonant sounds are produced by using tongue and other
parts of the mouth to constrict.in some way the shape of oral tract
through which air passing.
6. 1-Bilabial consonants : sounds that are produced with the two lips
touching ,as in the first sounds in the words ‘’bin’’,’’mean’’
,’’what’’.[b],[m],[p],[w].
2-Labiodental consonants: sounds that are produced with the lower lip
touching the upper teeth ,as in the first sounds of the words’’fan’’,’’van’’
[f],[v].
3-Dental consonants : sounds that are produced by blocking the
airstream in the teeth. İn the beginning of the ‘’three’’ and ‘’this’’.
4-Alveolar consonants: sounds that are produced with the tip or blade of
the tongue touching the alveolar ridge like the first sounds of the words
‘’dent’’,’’rich’’, ‘’light’’, ‘’night’’,’’zen’’,’’team’’,’’size’’. [t],[n],[l],[r],[z],[s].
5-Palatal consonants: sounds that are produced with the body of the
tongue touchinh hard palate
6-Velar consonant: sounds that are produced with the body of the
tongue touching the velum.
7-Glottal consonants: sounds that are produced with the epiglottis .The
tongue is not active. The initial sound of [h] the word ‘’hot’’.
7. 5-MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Manner of artriculation provides us with information about the
behaviour of the airstream in the restriction point.
1-stop/plosive:the airstream is blocked in the oral cavity then we
let it go abruptly.
2-fricative: sounds accour almost blocking in the airstream and
having the air push through the constriction-friction.
3-affricate: these sounds are something like a combination of
stops and fricatives .we apply abrief stopping of the airstream and
then let it go in a restricted way.
4-nasal: if the airstream goes out of the nasal cavity as a result of
lowered velum ,nasal sounds occur.
5- approximant: there are two types of approximant sounds.luquid
and glide.in luqid,the airstream is restricted but it does not cause
any real constriction or fiction; the air goes out of a wide opening
in the mouth.in the glide sounds,the tongue is in a motion from
one place to another without any obstruction.
8.
9. 6-DESCRİPTİON OF THE VOWELS
1-Height of the tongue: when we produce a vowel,we move our tongue
at different heights from low to high.when we raise our tongue in the
production of a vowel,that vowel is called high ,when we lower the
tongue ,we produce low vowel.
2-advancement of the tongue: it also called the position of the tongue.it
refers to the partof tongue that play a role in the production if the front
part of the tongue approaches to the alveolar ridge ,these sounds are
called front vowel.However,when the part of the tongue gets closer to
the velum,we produce a back vowel.
3-position of the lips: it refers to the form of the lips as either round or
unround.
10.
11. 6-DIPHTONGS AND TRIPHONGS
Diphtongs: a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a
single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves
towards another (as in coin, loud, and side ).
Triphongs: a union of three vowels (letters or sounds) pronounced in
one syllable (as in fire ).
three written vowel characters representing the sound of a single
vowel (as in b eau ).
12. PHONOLOGY : -The study of the structure and systematic patterns
of sounds in human language.
-A very brief explanation is that phonology is the study of sound structure
in language, which is different from the study of sentence structure
(syntax) or word structure (morphology), or how languages change over
time (historical linguistics).
Phonetic and Phonology
Phonetic= What are the sounds? How are they made in the vocal tract?
Phonology= How do sounds combine? How do they affect each other?
13. What is a phoneme?
- A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.
- A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from
another word in a language.,
Differences between phone and phoneme
Phone
. One of many possible sounds in the languages of the world
. The smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech.
. Represented between brackets by convention.
. Pronounced in a defined way
Phoneme
. One of many possible sounds in the languages of the world.
. A minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings words
.Represented between slashes by convention
.Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones.
14. Allophones
- An allophone is an imperceptibly slight variation on a given vocal sound of a
language.
- Each phoneme may have different realisations depending on the context in which
it is found
For example, the letter k in kill and skill may sound the same to most people, but are
very different sounds under critical phonetic analysis
Minimal Pairs
A minimal pair is a pair of words that have different meanings and which siffer in
onlt one sound.
For example:
Sip [sıp]
Zip [zıp]
Minimal Sets
Minimal sets are groups of words that are all the same except for one sound.
For example:
Hit, hid & his
15. Phonotactics
Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a
language on the permissible combinations of phonemes.
Consttaints on the sequence or position of phonemes
Permitted arrangements of sounds
Syllables
Syllable, a segment of speech that consists of a vowel, with or without one or
more accompanying consonant sounds immediately preceding or following
For example, a, I, out, too, cap, snap, check.
A syllabic consonant, such as the final n sound in button and widen, also
constitutes a syllable
Closed (checked) syllables are those that end in a consonant; open (free)
syllables end in a vowel.
16. Consonants
A consonant is a speech sound that is not a vowel. It also refers to letters of the
alphabet that represent those sounds: Z, B, T, G, and H are all consonants.
Assimilation
When a sound affects the other in terms of quaility and thus changes its qualities
(place and manner of articulation ,and voicing state),the term assimilation is used.
Elision
sometimes ,when two sounds occur side by side ,one of the sounds
diseppears as a result of the co-articulation(not pronounced).this
phenemenon is called elision