The document discusses the structure of words and their components. It explains that words are made up of smaller units called morphemes, which include root words and affixes. Root words are the core meaning of a word, and affixes like prefixes and suffixes can be added to root words to change the word's meaning or grammatical function. Morphemes can be either free morphemes that can stand alone as words, or bound morphemes that must be attached to other morphemes. The document also discusses the different lexical categories of words and how words are categorized based on their meaning and use.

1. Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
Facilitator

2. word structure
 Rootword - car, beauty, write, near
 Root + Affixes – cars, written, nearly,
beautifully
 parts: car + s; write + -en
near + ly; beauty + ful + ly
 each part has meaning : morpheme
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

3.  morphemes –parts of words that carry meaning
- smallest unit of meaning or
grammatical function
 rootword - one morpheme-word;
- word cannot be divided
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4. Polysyllabic Words Rootword Prefix Suffix Morphemes
1. careless care -less 2
2. misleading lead mis- -ing 3
3. disloyalty loyal dis- -ty 3
4. disrespectfully respect dis- -ful; -ly 4
5. untruthfulness
6. previewer
7. shortened
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

5.  morphemes that can stand alone
 content/lexical words
– nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
 function words – pronouns, prepositions,
determiners, conjunctions
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6.  affixes: prefixes, suffixes
 derivational - make new words or
change their categories
 inflectional – changes the form of the word
but not its meaning
-indicates grammatical function
singular/plural ; tense; comparatives;
possessive
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

7.  make new words or change their categories
 Noun > Adj
care care+ -ful > careful
care+ -less > careless
 Adj > Noun
good good + -ness > goodness
lovely lovely + -ness > loveliness
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

8. Base Suffix
Noun +-ful Adj beauty + -ful
Verb + -ment Noun establish + -ment
Verb + -er Noun do + -er; work + -er
Verb + -ive Adj prohibit + -ive
Noun + -en Verb light + -en
Adjective + -en Verb short + -en
Adjective + -ness Noun good +-ness
Adjective + -ly Adv beautiful + -ly
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

9. inflectional – changes the form of the word
but not its meaning
-indicates grammatical function
 number : plural or singular – boys, books
 possession : ownership –attached to nouns
 tense : past or present tense
– dances, danced
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

10.  bound to nouns [Noun +] -
–‘s / s’ (possessive) : Mary’s, the childrens’
- s (plural), books, boys
 bound to verbs [Verb +]
-s (3rd person, singular) – dances, watches
-ing (present participle) – dancing, watching
-ed (past tense) – danced, watched
-en/-ed (past participle) - they’ve done it
 bound to adjectives [Adj +]
–er : darker
-est : darkest
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

11.  /indefiniteness/ - a before a consonant - a boy
an before a vowel - an apple
▪ /plural/
▪ cat + /plural/ -[s] after voiceless segment: [kæts]
▪ dog + /plural/- [z] after voiced segment : [dɔgz]
[dɒgz]
▪ judge + /plural/-[әz] after voiced segment
 sheep + /plural/ - sheep + Ø : sheep
 man + /plural/ - æ > ε : men
(suppletion)
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

12. content/
lexical
free
function
morpheme
derivational
bound
inflectional
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

13.  storage of words in a language; dictionary
contents:
 phonological information/pronunciation
 meaning, related words, sentence use
 spelling
 etymology (historical development)
> not contain in the mental lexicon
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

14.  phonological information
sounds and phonotactics
 semantic information– meaning
 morphological information –formation of
relations in word: past tense (V), plural (N)
 syntactic information -category (noun or verb)
and usage
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

15. Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs
 lexical morphemes
 denote concepts like objects, actions,
attributes, ideas, etc.
 semantic content (meaning)
 open class words
– add new words: download, byte, email
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

16. Function words : determiners/ articles,
pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions
 grammatical function- connect words to
other words or phrases
 closed class
-articles a/an and the – marks
definiteness/indef of nouns
 preposition of -marks possession, etc.
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

17.  Nouns
 Adjectives
 Verbs-
 Adverbs – modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs –
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

18. pronouns
 Personal pronouns – person- first, second, third
 Demonstrative – this, these; that, those
 Interrogative pronouns – who, what, etc.
 Relative pronouns –who, that, which, whose,
whom –related to the preceding NP
 Indefinite pronouns – someone, anyone,
everyone, somebody, etc
 pronouns: used independently, not as modifiers
of other words
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

19. Determiners – precede nouns:
 def/indef articles– a, the
 demonstratives : this, that, these, those
 possessives : my, our, your, her, his, their
 interrogatives: which what, whose
Prepositions- typically precede nouns; give
information about time, place, etc.
Conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions –and,
but, or – conjoin words of the same category
- subordinating conjunctions – that, whenever,
while, because
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

20. Lexical/grammatical categories
1. words with parallel book –books ; dog - dogs nouns
forms belong to tall- taller-tallest adjectives
the same category small-smaller-smallest verbs
walk – walks, walked
play-plays-played
2. co-occurrence-
Nouns preceded by a determiner the cat, my car,
an egg
take plural forms
regular book-books
irregular tooth – teeth,
sheep-sheep
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

21. Lexicalcategories
Verbs preceded by modals will, can, may, might, etc
Adjectives take very, or too; more, the most
3. relying on the meaning or function
 nouns name persons, places, things, etc.
 adjectives name qualities or properties of nouns
 verbs - transitive – requires a Intransitive – does not
describe noun phrase after it require a noun after it
action (object)
 adverbs – modifying adjectives swiftly, sweetly, courageously,
usually, quickly; very/too tall
modifying verbs often; here, soon, now
modifying adverbs very soon, really incredible
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

22. grammatical categories
pronouns personal person- first, second, third
demonstrative this, these; that, those
interrogative who, what, etc.
relative- relates to the who, that, which, whose, whom–
preceding NP
indefinite someone, anyone, somebody
determiners: def/indef articles the, a, an
precede nouns
demonstratives this, that, these, those
possessives my, our, your, her
interrogatives which what, whose
prepositions -typically precede a noun
conjunctions
-conjunctions coordinating conjunctions and, but, or
-conjoin words of the same category
-subordinators subordinating conjunctions that, whenever, while,
because
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810

23. McGregor, William B. 2009. Linguistics: An
Introduction. London: Continuum International
Publishing Group.
O'Grady, William D., Archibald, John, [eds.] (2009).
Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction,
6th edition. Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
Yule G. 2006. The study of language. Cambridge:
CUP.
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico/260810