This document discusses key concepts in phonology: - Phonology is the scientific study of the sound system and patterns of a language. It examines phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, clusters, co-articulation, assimilation, and elision. - Phonemes are the minimal meaningful units of sound that distinguish one word from another. Phones are phonetic units that can vary allophonically. Phonotactics govern permissible sound combinations. - Other concepts covered include minimal pairs, which differ in one phoneme; minimal sets, which vary a single phoneme; assimilation, where sounds influence each other; and elision, the non-pronunciation

1. “In The Name Of Allah Who Is Most
Bonteous And Merciful”

3. • Phonology is the scientific study of the
sound system and patterns of a language.
• It is based on a theory of what every
speaker of a language unconsciously
knows about sound patterns of that
language.
• Provide examples..

4. cont.,
• We think of the [t] sound in the following words to
be the same:
- tar
- star
- writer
- eighth

5.  Phonemes:
 The minimal meaningful speech sound
of unit.
A phoneme is the minimal distinctive
Phonemes are written between slashes
e.g. /t/
 Phonemes function contrastively
e.g. /f/ and /v/
fat vat
fine vine

6.  Phones are: phonetic units and appear
in square brackets.
 We can have several versions of one
phoneme. These are allophones of one
phoneme.
e.g. /t/ 1 phone [tʰ] tar
phoneme
1 phone [ ] writer
1phone [ ] eighth
Allophones

7.  How do we test phonemes?
We test phonemes by pairs and sets of words.
 Minimal pair:
When two words are identical in form except for a
contrast in one phoneme occurring in the same
position, then the two words are described a
minimal pair.
e.g. bat vs. fat
bat vs. bet

8.  Minimal sets:
When a group of words can be
differentiated by changing one
phoneme in the same position in the
word, then we have a minimal set.
e.g. feat
fit
fat
fate
foot

9.  The Scientific study of Speech sound of a
language in general is phonatics.
 Phonotactics are the permitted
arrangements of sounds in a a language
are part of the every speaker’s
phonological knowledge.
 Accidental gaps in the vocabulary of
english……

10.  When describing syllables:
C = consonant
V = vowel
Syllable: is a unit of pronunciation typically larger
than a single sound and smaller than a word.
CVC/ka:d/card
CV/ka:/car
VC/Iz/Is
V/a:/Are
Consider the following example:

11. syllables
open syllables closed syllables
Syllables which end syllables which
in a vowel and end in a coda
no coda ‘consonants’

12.  Consonant clusters:
 both the onset and the coda can
consist of more than one consonant
e.g. green (CCVC)
street (CCCVC)
post (CVCC)

13.  The process of making one sound almost
at the same time as the next is called co-
articulation.
 We have been describing the
production of speech in slow motion.
 On the contrary, our speech is fast and
spontaneous.
 Our articulators move very quickly from
one sound to another without stopping.

14.  Assimilation occurs when two sounds
occur in sequence and some aspect of
one segment is taken or ‘copied’ by the
other.
 Examples of Assimilation:
1. Vowel nasalization: as in pin or pan.
2. Velarization: as in I can go.
3. Vowel reduction: you and me.

15. If the phoneme changes to match the preceding phoneme, it
is progressive assimilation.
If the phoneme changes to match the following phoneme, it is
regressive assimilation.
If there is a mutual influence between the two
phonemes, it is reciprocal assimilation.
In the case the two phonemes can fuse completely and give a
birth to a different one. This is called a coalescence. The
result of consonant assimilation is usually a geminate
consonant.

16.  Elision is the process of not pronouncing
a sound segment that might be present
in the deliberately careful
pronunciation.
 Examples of elision:
1. You and me
2. Friendship
3. aspects

17. We have studied about the
Phonology
Phonemes
Phones & Allophones
Minimal pairs & Sets
Phonotectics
Syllables & Clusters
Co-articulations
Assimilation & Elision