Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and includes three branches: articulatory phonetics examines sound production, acoustic phonetics studies sound transmission, and auditory phonetics looks at sound perception. Phonology analyzes the system of phonemes, or abstract units of sound, that make meaningful distinctions in a language. Phonemes have allophones as different phonetic realizations. Allophones are in complementary distribution if they occur in different environments or show free variation if they occur in the same environment without meaning differences. Suprasegmental phonology examines stress, rhythm, and intonation across segments.
The phoneme can be defined as "the smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning" (Gimson, A.C. (2008), Cruttenden, A., ed., The Pronunciation of English (7 ed.)). This definition can be clarified by a practice called minimal pair which is listing pairs of words which are different in meaning and phonologically distinct only in one phonological element.
Minimal pair can be illustrated in the following examples:
The words "pin" /pɪn/ and "pan" /pæn/ are different only in their middle sounds i.e. /ɪ/ & /æ/. Therefore the sounds /ɪ/ & /æ/ are considered to be different phonemes.
The words "pill" /pɪl/ and "bill" /bɪl/ are different only in their initial sounds i.e. /p/ & /b/. Therefore the sounds /p/ & /b/ are considered to be different phonemes.
An allophone, on the other hand, is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. It can be considered to be variations of a phoneme and doesn't change the meaning of a word.
e.g. the phoneme /p/ in the word "pill" /pɪl/ can be aspirated [pʰɪl ]. So the aspirated [pʰ] is considered to be the allophone of the phoneme /p/
The phoneme can be defined as "the smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning" (Gimson, A.C. (2008), Cruttenden, A., ed., The Pronunciation of English (7 ed.)). This definition can be clarified by a practice called minimal pair which is listing pairs of words which are different in meaning and phonologically distinct only in one phonological element.
Minimal pair can be illustrated in the following examples:
The words "pin" /pɪn/ and "pan" /pæn/ are different only in their middle sounds i.e. /ɪ/ & /æ/. Therefore the sounds /ɪ/ & /æ/ are considered to be different phonemes.
The words "pill" /pɪl/ and "bill" /bɪl/ are different only in their initial sounds i.e. /p/ & /b/. Therefore the sounds /p/ & /b/ are considered to be different phonemes.
An allophone, on the other hand, is one of a set of multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used to pronounce a single phoneme. It can be considered to be variations of a phoneme and doesn't change the meaning of a word.
e.g. the phoneme /p/ in the word "pill" /pɪl/ can be aspirated [pʰɪl ]. So the aspirated [pʰ] is considered to be the allophone of the phoneme /p/
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning. These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
Morph: A morph is simply the phonetic representation of a morpheme, how the morpheme is said.
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit, cannot be further divided or analyzed
Allomorph: Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning. These can be different pronunciations or different spellings.
This file is created for English literature students in universities especially for BA students. It is adapted from The study of language by George Yule. I hope this will help you
Phonetics and phonology are both linguistic fields that are interested in the role of sound in language. The importance of learning phonetics and phonology for someone whose first language is not English is paramount.
Learning phonetics will help a foreign speaker sound more like a native speaker by making them aware of the different sounds that English makes use of.
A presentation prepared in this regards is being shared herewith for the records and general sharing. :)
It is a common question as to why do the new learners of English need to study Phonetics. The discussion to answer this question dates back to the late 19th century and sufficient evidence has been provided to prove that the need of studying Phonetics by the learners of English as Second Language is synonymous to acquiring communicative competence in the target language. This small presentation reviews the need and importance of Phonetics in Learning English as Second Language.
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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2. PHONETICS
Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή,
phone = sound/voice)
It is the study of speech sounds
(phones ) about its :
production
audition
perception
3. • Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of
speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by
the speaker.
• Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical
transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to
the listener.
• Auditory phonetics: the study of the reception and
perception of speech sounds by the listener.
BRANCHES OF LINGUSTICS
4.
5. PHONOLOGY
Phonology studies the systems of
phonemes, abstract cognitive units
of speech sound or sign which
distinguish the words of a
language.
9. Phoneme Mental unit Meaningful Not realized
Phone
Physical/environm
ental unit
Meaningless Realized
Allophone Phonetic unit
Variation of
phoneme
variations
12. The study of sound patterns in language
Phonemes and allophones
13. The study of the mental organization of a language’s
sound system.
Units of organization:
Biggest: syllables, words
Middle: segments (phonemes and allophones)
Smallest: features
14. There are hundreds of possible speech sounds
Each language only uses a few of these.
What is of interest to phonologists is which sounds
contrast.
Sounds contrast when their presence alone
distinguishes forms with different meanings
15. Two sounds contrast (or are distinctive) if you can find
a pair of words that differ in only that sound, that
mean different things.
[pæd] [bæd] minimal pair
Mean different things: /p/ and /b/ contrast
[pæt] [pæth] not minimal pair
Mean the same thing: [t] and [th] do not contrast
16. Contrastive distribution is the situation in which
two sounds occur in the same environment and
result in semantic (meaning) contrast.
Lap [l{p] Rap [r{p]
Minimal Pairs
17. When two sounds contrast they are part of different
phonemes.
/p/ and /b/ are different phonemes
Phonemes are abstract mental units that represent
sounds.
Be careful! Phonemes are not sounds themselves, they
are mental units representing sounds!!!
18. Phonetic forms that don’t contrast (make a difference
in meaning) are called allophones
[t] and [th] are allophones of the phoneme /t/
Allophones are the various pronunciations of a
phoneme.
19. Phonemes are written between / / slashes
Phonemic Transcription (broad)
tap / t { p /
Allophones are written between [ ] brackets
Phonetic Transcription (narrow)
tap [ th { p ]
20. / t / phonemic (abstract/mental)
category
[t] [th] allophonic (phonetic)
realizations
in your mind
what you actually say
21. The pronunciation of a phoneme is often determined
by the other sounds around it.
The nearby sounds around a phoneme are called the
environment of that phoneme.
E.g. in the word [pæt], [p__t] is the environment for
the [æ].
22. When two phones are mutually exclusive, i.e., they
appear in different environments
[phO:t] > [ta:p]
[ph] and [p] are in complementary distribution
(which means they are allophones of the same phoneme).
When sounds are in complementary distribution, you
can predict where you get each sound.
23. When two sounds appear in the same environment, but
don’t make a difference in meaning.
Perceived as the same sound: another kind of allophony.
This is called free variation.
[p{stE] [pA:stE]
British American
24. Phonemes, abstract mental unit of sound
Distinctive/contrastive: minimal pairs
Allophones: variant forms of a phoneme
Complementary distribution: different environments
Free variation: same environment but no diff in
meaning
Forms in complementary distribution are predictable by
rules.
25.
26. Suprasegmental phonology studies intonation and other
aspects of speech that extend over more than one segment:
stress is associated with syllables
rhythm, tempo and intonation are associated with
phrases and sentences
They are sometimes called referred to collectively as
prosody.
The teacher of English is tall.
27. Intonation refers to the contrastive use of pitch or
melody in speech.
Different levels of pitch (tones) express a wide range of
meanings.
For example:
- They’re waiting. (information)
- They’re waiting? (question)
- They’re waiting??! (surprise)
28. Speech is a continuous stream of sounds without a definite
borderline between each word.
When we communicate we change to the ‘shape’ of words.
As a result, certain words are lost, and some phonemes are linked
together while speaking.
These changes are described as features of connected speech.
29. phonological processes that affect connected speech are:
• Assimilation: This process alters sounds so that they become similar (partial
assimilation) or identical (total assimilation) to a
neighboring or nearby sound.
• regressive/ anticipatory: articulation of the following sound will be
anticipated. In most cases assimilation is regressive
one beer [wVn bIEr] [wVm bIEr]
• progressive: articulation of a sound continues in the next sound, which
means it will be maintained.
reads [ri:dz]
• reciprocal: two sounds that produces a third one.
don’t you /dA:nt ju:/
/dA:ntSu:/
30.
31. • Intrusion and Linking adding or joining sounds between words
CONSONANT + VOWEL : A lot of times we drag final consonants to initial
vowels or vice versa, therefore consonants and vowels can be linked also.
Examples: - Get on. (geton ) Not at all. (notatall ) Come on. (comon)
CONSONANT + CONSONANT : When the same consonant sound is found at the end of
the first word and the beginning of the next word: pronounce them as one long sound.
This is also called gemination.
Examples: team mate= teamate that time= thatime
32. VOWEL + VOWEL : We often put an extra sound ( / j / , / w / , / r / ) between two
vowel sounds, because it marks the transition sound between the two vowels. This
is regarded as intrusion.
Examples:
/aI/ / j / /EI/ / w /
- I / j / agree, They / j /are here! - I want to/ w/eat, Do/ w/it!
/ r /
- The media / r /are to blame. Law(r)and order.
four /fO:/ four eggs /fO:regz/
33. Examples of words which have weak forms are:
- AND: fish and chips. (fish´n chips)
/fIS {nd tSIps/ /fiS n tSIps/
- CAN: She can dance better than I can. ( “can”= /E / weak “can” = /{ /
full)
- HAVE: Have you eaten? (weak)/ Yes, I have. (full)
/E/ /{/
- SHOULD: Well, you should have told me.
• Weak Forms Some English words can occur in a full and a
weak form. Conjunctions, pronouns and articles (i.e. function
words) are often reduced or even lost.
34. Elision: Sounds disappear completely in this process. Usually the
vowels from unstressed syllables are elided first.
Examples:
Common sound deletions
- int(e)rest, sim(i)lar, libr(a)ry, diff(e)rent, t(o)night.
/ t / and / d / = consonants often elided
- chris(t)mas, san(d)wich
/ h /= this sound is often left out
- you shouldn´t (h)ave
35. Stress is a means of emphasizing syllables (or, in
some cases, words) in spoken language.
English does not have a fixed word stress, as these
examples show:
'asymmetrical ab'duction emplo'yee
36. Stress also serves an important grammatical
function in English, as it is capable of indicating
word class.
For example, the word survey can be either a verb
or a noun:
(1) We want to surVEY all viewers of Channel 5 in
order to learn more about their tastes.
(2) This SURvey indicates that the students are
extremely bored.
37. Have a look at the following sentence and think about how
shifting word stress affects the meaning.
(3) JOHN doesn't like pie. = John doesn't like pie, Mary does
(4) John DOESN'T like pie. = Someone assumed that he likes pie,
but he actually doesn’t
(5) John doesn't LIKE pie. = He doesn't just like it, he loves it!
(6) John doesn't like PIE. = He doesn't like pie, but he's crazy
about donuts.
38. Syllable: group of speech sounds (group
of segments)
A syllable composed:
a central peak of sonority (usually a vowel)
the consonants that cluster around this central
peak
39. PARTS DESCRIPTION OPTIONALITY
Onset Initial segment of a
syllable
Optional
Rhyme Core of a syllable,
consisting of a nucleus
and coda
Obligatory
Nucleus Central segment of a
syllable
Obligatory
Coda Closing segment of a
syllable
Optional
40. /l/, /m/, /n/, and /r/ can become the nucleus
when there’s no nucleus in some word such as
bottle, bottom, & butter.
For example: bottle, it has 2 syllables
BOTTLE / b A: t l /
/ l / nucleus
41. Phonotactic Constraint
Phonotactic:the sequential arrangement of phonological
units that are possible in a language.
Consonant Cluster: it is a term applied to a blend or a gr
oup of consonants with no intervening vowel.
The maximun number of consonants at the beginning is 3 and
at the end is 4.
English may have the pattern of CCC onset with C1 always /s/.
Eg.
Scream / s k r iː m /
C C C V C
42. Here are a few more examples for better illustration:
• Splice CCCVC monosyllabic (one syllable), closed
• Easy VCV disyllabic (two syllables), open
• Axe VCC monosyllabic (one syllable), closed
• ex-pla-na-tion VCC CCV CV CVC polysyllabic (four syllables)
syllables are closed-open-open-closed
