The document discusses phobic anxiety disorder and specific phobias. It defines phobias as unreasonable fears of specific objects, activities, or situations. Various types of specific phobias are described, along with their signs and symptoms. Treatment options for phobias include psychotherapy such as desensitization therapy and medications like benzodiazepines and antidepressants. Nursing care involves assessing the phobic triggers and avoidance behaviors, reassuring the patient, and encouraging exposure to the feared stimuli in a gradual manner.
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
Personality disorder ppt MENTAL HEALTH NURSINGvihang tayde
Most definition of normal personality includes some or all of the following features,
Present since adolescence.
Stable overtime despite fluctuations in mood.
Manifest in different environment.
Recognizable to friends and acquaintance.
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
Personality disorder ppt MENTAL HEALTH NURSINGvihang tayde
Most definition of normal personality includes some or all of the following features,
Present since adolescence.
Stable overtime despite fluctuations in mood.
Manifest in different environment.
Recognizable to friends and acquaintance.
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. These debilitating symptoms blur the line between what is real and what isn't, making it difficult for the person to lead a typical life.
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. These debilitating symptoms blur the line between what is real and what isn't, making it difficult for the person to lead a typical life.
Generalized and phobic anxiety disordernabina paneru
This slide contains information regarding Generalized and phobic anxiety disorder. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
3. FEAR
It is a state of apprehension or unease
arising out in response to an external
danger
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 3
4. ANXIETY
It is a state of apprehension or unease arising
out of anticipation of danger
(Here the danger is unknown)
• Normal anxiety becomes pathological when it
causes significant subject distress and
impairment of functioning of the individual.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 4
6. DEFINITION
• A phobia is an unreasonable fear of a
specific object, Activity or situation.
-SREEVANI
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 6
7. FEATURES OF IRRATIONAL FEAR
• Fear is out of proportion to the
demands of the situation.
• Cannot be explained or reasoned
away.
• Beyond voluntary control.
• Fear leads to an avoidance of the
feared situations- marks.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 7
10. SIMPLE PHOBIA
( Specific phobia)
• It is an irrational fear of a specific
object or stimulus.
• It is common in childhood.
• Exposure to the phobic object often
results in panic attacks.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 10
11. EXAMPLES OF SOME SPECIFIC
PHOBIAS
ACROPHOBIA
- Fear of height.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 11
37. SOCIAL PHOBIA
•It is an irrational fear of performing
activities in the presence of others.
•The patient is afraid of his own
actions being viewed by others,
critically resulting in embarrassment
or humiliation.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 37
50. AGORAPHOBIA
Irrational fear of being in
a place away from the
familiar setting of home,
in crowds, or in
situations that the patient
cannot leave easily.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 50
51. CONTI….
• As the agoraphobia increases in
severity, there is a gradual restriction
in normal day to day activities.
• The activity may become so severely
restricted that the person becomes
self-imprisoned at home.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 51
52. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
AGORAPHOBIA
•Overriding fear of open or public spaced.
Deep concerned that help might not be
available in such places.
Avoidance of public places and
confinement to home
• When accompanied by panic disorder,
fear that having panic attack in public will
lead to embarrassment or inability to
escape. MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 52
53. ETIOLOGY
•PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY repression fails
-In phobia, secondary defense
mechanism is displacement.
-The other secondary defense
mechanism is ego come into action.
-The neutral object chosen
unconsciously is the one that can be easily
avoided in day to day activities, in contrast to
frightening object.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 53
54. LEARNING THEORY
•A stressful stimulus to produce an
unconditioned response fear.
•When stressful stimulus is repeatedly
paired with a harmless object, eventually,
the harmful objects alone produce fear.
•If the person avoids the harmless object
to avoid fear, the fear becomes a phobia.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 54
55. COGNITIVE THEORY
• The individual begins to seek out
avoidance behaviors to prevent the
anxiety reactions and phobias
result.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 55
56. COURSE
•The phobias are common in women
with an onset in late second decade or
early third decade.
•Onset is sudden without any cause
and sometimes phobias are remitting.
•Severe fears are present in 10 – 15 %
of children.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 56
59. PSYCHO THERAPY
BEHAVIOUR THERAPY
Desensitization therapy
- To gradually re introduce the feared situation
while coaching the patient on relaxation techniques.
(progressive muscle Relaxation, deep breathing
exercise, listening to music)
Flooding
ROLE – PLAYING
- In guided imaginary to allow the patient to
rehearse ways to relax while confronting a feared
object or situation MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 59
60. •ASSERTIVE TRAINING
-To help the patient become assertive in
her interpersonal interactions.
•MODELLING BEHAVIOUR
-Patient observes someone modeling, or
demonstrating, appropriate behavior when
confronted with the feared situation.
•SUPPORTIVE PSYCHO THERAPY
-It is helpful adjunct to behavior therapy
and drug treatment.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 60
61. NURSING MANAGEMENT
NURSING ASSESSMENT
•Assessment parameters focus on physical
symptoms
•Precipitating factors
•Avoidance behavior associated with phobia
•Normal coping ability
•Asses the patient somatic symptoms such as
fatigue, muscle aches ,etc.
•Asses for communicating pattern
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 61
62. •Fear related to a specific stimulus (simple
phobia), or causing embarrassment to self
infront of others, evidenced by behvaiour
directed towards avoidance of the feared
object/ situation.
OBJECTIVE
-Patient will be able to function in the
presence of a phobic object or situation
without experiencing panic anxiety.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 62
63. Nursing interventions Rationale
- Reassure the patient
that he is safe
- Explore patients perception of the threat to
physical integrity or threat to self concept
- Include patient in making decisions related to
selection of alternative strategies.
- If the patient elects to work on eliminating the
fear, techniques to desensitization or implosion
therapy may be employed.
- Encourage patient to explore underlying
feelings that may be contributing to irrational
fears.
- At the panic level of anxiety patient may
fear for his own life.
- It is important to understand patients
perception of the phobic object.
.- Allowing the patient to choose provides a
measure of control and serves to increase
feelings of self worth.
- Fear decreases as the physical and
psychological sensations diminish in response to
repeated exposure to the phobic stimulus under
non threatening conditions.
- Facing these feelings rather than suppressing
them may result in more adaptive coping
abilities.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 63
64. •Social isolation related to fear of being in
a place from which one is unable to escape,
evidenced by staying alone, refusing to
leave the room/home.
OBJECTIVE
-Patient will voluntarily participate in group
activities with peers.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 64
65. NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
- Convey an accepting attitude and
unconditional positive regard .make brief,
frequent contacts.
- Attend group activities with the patients
that may be frightening for him.
- Discuss with the patients sign and
symptoms of increasing anxiety and
techniques to interrupt the response.
- Administer medication as ordered by the
physician.
- Give recognition and positive
reinforcement for voluntary interactions
with others.
- These interventions increase feelings of
self-worth and facilitate a trusting
relationship.
- These presence of a trusted individual
provides emotional security.
- Mal adaptive behavior such as withdrawal
and suspiciousness are manifested during
times of increased anxiety.
- Medication helps to reduce the level of
anxiety in most individuals, there by
facilitating inter actions with others.
- To enhance self-esteem encourage
repetition of acceptable behavior.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 65
66. You can refer following link also
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCOg2G7
97ek&t=247s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVTvcxE
WClg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IV13gJ8
11c
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 66