This document provides information on nursing management of patients with mood disorders. It begins with definitions of mood and mood disorders. It then covers the epidemiology, classification, etiology, psychopathology and clinical features of mood disorders like mania, hypomania, and depression. It also discusses the historical perspectives, treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatment. Finally, it outlines nursing assessments, diagnoses and interventions for patients experiencing mania.
Mania refers to a syndrome in which the central features are over-activity, mood changes, self-important ideas.
This disorder lasting usually 3-4 months, followed by complete recovery.
Dr. Rahul Sharma defines mania as a psychiatric condition characterized by extreme mood, energy, hyperactivity, unusual thought processes, and accelerated speech. There are several types of mania including hypomania, mixed state, acute mania, and delirium mania. Signs and symptoms include euphoria, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, flight of ideas, pressured speech, poor judgment, and suicidal tendencies. Potential causes include genetic factors, biochemical imbalances, brain lesions, certain medications, and neurological disorders. Diagnosis involves mental status examination, history collection, and physical examination. Treatment options include lithium, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, E
This document discusses mood disorders, specifically mania. It defines mania and provides classifications for manic episodes and bipolar affective disorder according to ICD-10. It describes the features, stages, and types of mania including hypomania, acute mania, and delirious mania. Etiology, clinical features, treatment including pharmacotherapy and ECT, and nursing management are outlined. Nursing diagnoses for patients experiencing mania include high risk for injury, violence, altered nutrition, impaired social interaction, and self-esteem disturbances.
Neurotic disorders are less severe psychiatric disorders where patients experience excessive or prolonged emotional reactions to stress. These disorders are not caused by organic brain diseases and do not involve hallucinations or delusions. Some examples include somatoform disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Phobic anxiety disorder is characterized by irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities. Treatment involves psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, medication, and addressing underlying negative thoughts contributing to anxiety.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
This document provides information about obsessive compulsive disorder and related disorders. It discusses OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder and their symptoms. It also covers the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of OCD, including psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, ECT and self-help strategies. Nursing management focuses on reducing anxiety and compulsive behaviors, improving role performance and sleep disturbances. Related disorders like body dysmorphic disorder, hair pulling disorder and skin picking disorder are also summarized.
Nursing management of patient with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorderRupaliwalke22
This document provides an overview of nursing management for patients with schizophrenia. It begins with definitions and epidemiology, then discusses causes including genetic, chemical, brain, psychological, and environmental factors. Signs and symptoms are explained, such as positive and negative symptoms. Diagnosis involves examinations and tests. Treatment includes antipsychotic medication, psychosocial therapies, and nursing management focused on safety, self-care, communication, and family support.
Mania is defined as a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week. It can be classified as mixed states with both manic and depressive features, hypomania with less sleep needs and increased goal-motivated behavior, or associated with bipolar disorder. Causes may include genetic, biochemical, seasonal, or stressful life influences. Signs include inflated self-esteem, decreased sleep needs, pressured speech, distractibility, and risky behaviors. Treatment involves psychological therapies and organic treatments like mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or benzodiazepines to control symptoms.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Mania refers to a syndrome in which the central features are over-activity, mood changes, self-important ideas.
This disorder lasting usually 3-4 months, followed by complete recovery.
Dr. Rahul Sharma defines mania as a psychiatric condition characterized by extreme mood, energy, hyperactivity, unusual thought processes, and accelerated speech. There are several types of mania including hypomania, mixed state, acute mania, and delirium mania. Signs and symptoms include euphoria, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, flight of ideas, pressured speech, poor judgment, and suicidal tendencies. Potential causes include genetic factors, biochemical imbalances, brain lesions, certain medications, and neurological disorders. Diagnosis involves mental status examination, history collection, and physical examination. Treatment options include lithium, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, E
This document discusses mood disorders, specifically mania. It defines mania and provides classifications for manic episodes and bipolar affective disorder according to ICD-10. It describes the features, stages, and types of mania including hypomania, acute mania, and delirious mania. Etiology, clinical features, treatment including pharmacotherapy and ECT, and nursing management are outlined. Nursing diagnoses for patients experiencing mania include high risk for injury, violence, altered nutrition, impaired social interaction, and self-esteem disturbances.
Neurotic disorders are less severe psychiatric disorders where patients experience excessive or prolonged emotional reactions to stress. These disorders are not caused by organic brain diseases and do not involve hallucinations or delusions. Some examples include somatoform disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Phobic anxiety disorder is characterized by irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities. Treatment involves psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, medication, and addressing underlying negative thoughts contributing to anxiety.
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
This document provides information about obsessive compulsive disorder and related disorders. It discusses OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder and their symptoms. It also covers the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of OCD, including psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, ECT and self-help strategies. Nursing management focuses on reducing anxiety and compulsive behaviors, improving role performance and sleep disturbances. Related disorders like body dysmorphic disorder, hair pulling disorder and skin picking disorder are also summarized.
Nursing management of patient with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorderRupaliwalke22
This document provides an overview of nursing management for patients with schizophrenia. It begins with definitions and epidemiology, then discusses causes including genetic, chemical, brain, psychological, and environmental factors. Signs and symptoms are explained, such as positive and negative symptoms. Diagnosis involves examinations and tests. Treatment includes antipsychotic medication, psychosocial therapies, and nursing management focused on safety, self-care, communication, and family support.
Mania is defined as a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood lasting at least one week. It can be classified as mixed states with both manic and depressive features, hypomania with less sleep needs and increased goal-motivated behavior, or associated with bipolar disorder. Causes may include genetic, biochemical, seasonal, or stressful life influences. Signs include inflated self-esteem, decreased sleep needs, pressured speech, distractibility, and risky behaviors. Treatment involves psychological therapies and organic treatments like mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or benzodiazepines to control symptoms.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
This document defines key concepts in mental health and psychiatry. It defines mental health as a state of well-being and ability to cope with stress, and mental illness as distress or disability. Mental health nursing aims to promote integrated functioning using explanatory theories and self-awareness. Psychopathology refers to the study of mental illness and its signs and symptoms. Disturbances include those of consciousness, motor behavior, thought, mood, perception and memory. Hallucinations and their types are also described.
1. Psychiatric–mental health nursing is a specialized area of nursing committed to promoting mental health through assessing, diagnosing, and treating behavioral problems, psychiatric disorders, and comorbid conditions using a combination of nursing skills, psychosocial interventions, and neurobiological research.
2. Psychiatric nurses work in a variety of clinical settings across the continuum of care providing services like health promotion, case management, providing therapeutic environments, administering treatment regimens, crisis intervention, and psychiatric rehabilitation.
3. Registered psychiatric nurses provide psychiatric care to individuals, families, and groups to help them function at an optimal level of psychological wellness through more effective behaviors and increased resilience to stress.
Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur, as well as auditory hallucinations. Symptoms include paranoia from beliefs that one is being harmed, hearing voices, and seeing things that do not exist. These symptoms are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and require lifelong treatment including antipsychotic drugs, though there is no cure.
Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood accompanied by full or partial manic or depressive syndromes. The document defines mood disorder and its classification, describes manic episodes including definition, classification, etiology, psychopathology, clinical features, course, diagnosis and treatment modalities. It also discusses nursing management and other mood disorders like hypomania, acute mania, delirious mania, dysthymia, and cyclothymia which involves intermittent psychological highs and lows.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
Mania is an abnormally elevated mood state characterized by inappropriate elation, irritability, insomnia, grandiose notions, increased speech and thoughts, and poor judgment. It is caused by biological and psychosocial factors and can be treated with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, ECT, and psychotherapy. Nurses assess severity, monitor for injury/violence risks, address nutrition issues, and support social interaction for patients experiencing mania.
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSINGVipin Chandran
1. The document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and somatoform disorders.
2. It provides classifications of these disorders based on the ICD-10 system and describes key features, symptoms, etiologies, and treatment approaches for each disorder type.
3. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach including psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, drug therapies like antidepressants, and in more severe cases of OCD, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery may be used.
Unit XII Organic Brain Disorder, Dementia, Delirium, Organic Amnestic SyndromeVipin Chandran
The document discusses organic brain disorders including their classification in ICD-10, definitions, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and nursing management. It covers various organic brain disorders like dementia, delirium, organic amnestic syndrome, mental disorders due to brain damage/dysfunction, and personality/behavioral disorders due to brain disease. Dementia is characterized by cognitive decline and memory problems, while delirium involves acute changes in consciousness and cognition. Nursing aims to meet patients' needs, maintain safety, and alleviate distressing symptoms of organic brain disorders.
Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. These debilitating symptoms blur the line between what is real and what isn't, making it difficult for the person to lead a typical life.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
This document discusses various types and disorders of thinking. It describes disorders of thought tempo including flight of ideas, circumstantiality, and inhibition or slowness of thinking. Disorders of continuity of thinking like perseveration and thought block are also examined. Different types of delusions such as delusions of grandeur, persecution, love, and guilt are outlined. Formal thought disorders involving tangentiality, word salad, neologisms, loosening of associations, and clang associations are defined.
Personality disorder ppt MENTAL HEALTH NURSINGvihang tayde
Most definition of normal personality includes some or all of the following features,
Present since adolescence.
Stable overtime despite fluctuations in mood.
Manifest in different environment.
Recognizable to friends and acquaintance.
This document discusses mood disorders, specifically manic episodes and depression. It begins by providing historical context on the study of mood disorders dating back to ancient Greece. It then defines mood disorders as being characterized by disturbances in mood accompanied by manic or depressive syndromes.
The document describes the clinical features of mania, including elevated mood, increased psychomotor activity, and decreased need for sleep. It also discusses the clinical features of depression, such as depressed mood, psychomotor retardation or agitation, and thoughts of worthlessness.
The document covers the classification, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and management of both manic episodes and depressive episodes. It notes that mood disorders often have genetic and biochemical factors and
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
1) Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, and affect. It was first described in 1896 and the term was coined in 1911.
2) Schizophrenia is classified by symptoms in the DSM-IV and ICD-10 and includes delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, and negative symptoms.
3) Etiology may include biological, genetic, developmental, and environmental factors. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication which can cause side effects.
This document defines and describes various psychiatric emergencies including suicide, violence, excitement, stupor, panic attacks, and acute stress reactions. It provides details on causes, risk factors, symptoms, management strategies, and treatment approaches for each emergency. Key goals in management include ensuring patient and staff safety, de-escalating stressful situations through communication and medication, addressing immediate medical needs, and facilitating appropriate longer-term treatment.
The document discusses schizophrenia, including its characteristic symptoms, subtypes, treatments, and theories about its causes. Some key points include:
- The main symptoms of schizophrenia are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
- There are several subtypes of schizophrenia including paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated.
- Both older "conventional" and newer "atypical" antipsychotic medications are used to treat schizophrenia by reducing positive symptoms.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests psychotic symptoms are related to excess dopamine activity in the brain, which newer theories have expanded on to include other neurotransmitters.
1. Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood that are not caused by other medical conditions. They include conditions like manic episodes, bipolar disorder, depressive episodes, and persistent mood disorders.
2. The document discusses the clinical features, classification, etiology, and nursing management of mood disorders with a focus on manic episodes and depressive episodes. Core features of mania include elevated mood, increased speech and activity, and decreased sleep while features of depression include depressed mood, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep.
3. Nursing care for patients with mood disorders focuses on safety, meeting nutritional and social needs, administering prescribed treatments, and setting limits on manipulative behaviors.
A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects your emotional state. They can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. Mood disorders are treatable — usually with a combination of medication and psychotherapy.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
This document defines key concepts in mental health and psychiatry. It defines mental health as a state of well-being and ability to cope with stress, and mental illness as distress or disability. Mental health nursing aims to promote integrated functioning using explanatory theories and self-awareness. Psychopathology refers to the study of mental illness and its signs and symptoms. Disturbances include those of consciousness, motor behavior, thought, mood, perception and memory. Hallucinations and their types are also described.
1. Psychiatric–mental health nursing is a specialized area of nursing committed to promoting mental health through assessing, diagnosing, and treating behavioral problems, psychiatric disorders, and comorbid conditions using a combination of nursing skills, psychosocial interventions, and neurobiological research.
2. Psychiatric nurses work in a variety of clinical settings across the continuum of care providing services like health promotion, case management, providing therapeutic environments, administering treatment regimens, crisis intervention, and psychiatric rehabilitation.
3. Registered psychiatric nurses provide psychiatric care to individuals, families, and groups to help them function at an optimal level of psychological wellness through more effective behaviors and increased resilience to stress.
Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur, as well as auditory hallucinations. Symptoms include paranoia from beliefs that one is being harmed, hearing voices, and seeing things that do not exist. These symptoms are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors and require lifelong treatment including antipsychotic drugs, though there is no cure.
Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood accompanied by full or partial manic or depressive syndromes. The document defines mood disorder and its classification, describes manic episodes including definition, classification, etiology, psychopathology, clinical features, course, diagnosis and treatment modalities. It also discusses nursing management and other mood disorders like hypomania, acute mania, delirious mania, dysthymia, and cyclothymia which involves intermittent psychological highs and lows.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
Mania is an abnormally elevated mood state characterized by inappropriate elation, irritability, insomnia, grandiose notions, increased speech and thoughts, and poor judgment. It is caused by biological and psychosocial factors and can be treated with mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, ECT, and psychotherapy. Nurses assess severity, monitor for injury/violence risks, address nutrition issues, and support social interaction for patients experiencing mania.
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSINGVipin Chandran
1. The document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and somatoform disorders.
2. It provides classifications of these disorders based on the ICD-10 system and describes key features, symptoms, etiologies, and treatment approaches for each disorder type.
3. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach including psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, drug therapies like antidepressants, and in more severe cases of OCD, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery may be used.
Unit XII Organic Brain Disorder, Dementia, Delirium, Organic Amnestic SyndromeVipin Chandran
The document discusses organic brain disorders including their classification in ICD-10, definitions, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and nursing management. It covers various organic brain disorders like dementia, delirium, organic amnestic syndrome, mental disorders due to brain damage/dysfunction, and personality/behavioral disorders due to brain disease. Dementia is characterized by cognitive decline and memory problems, while delirium involves acute changes in consciousness and cognition. Nursing aims to meet patients' needs, maintain safety, and alleviate distressing symptoms of organic brain disorders.
Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by predominantly positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. These debilitating symptoms blur the line between what is real and what isn't, making it difficult for the person to lead a typical life.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
This document discusses various types and disorders of thinking. It describes disorders of thought tempo including flight of ideas, circumstantiality, and inhibition or slowness of thinking. Disorders of continuity of thinking like perseveration and thought block are also examined. Different types of delusions such as delusions of grandeur, persecution, love, and guilt are outlined. Formal thought disorders involving tangentiality, word salad, neologisms, loosening of associations, and clang associations are defined.
Personality disorder ppt MENTAL HEALTH NURSINGvihang tayde
Most definition of normal personality includes some or all of the following features,
Present since adolescence.
Stable overtime despite fluctuations in mood.
Manifest in different environment.
Recognizable to friends and acquaintance.
This document discusses mood disorders, specifically manic episodes and depression. It begins by providing historical context on the study of mood disorders dating back to ancient Greece. It then defines mood disorders as being characterized by disturbances in mood accompanied by manic or depressive syndromes.
The document describes the clinical features of mania, including elevated mood, increased psychomotor activity, and decreased need for sleep. It also discusses the clinical features of depression, such as depressed mood, psychomotor retardation or agitation, and thoughts of worthlessness.
The document covers the classification, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and management of both manic episodes and depressive episodes. It notes that mood disorders often have genetic and biochemical factors and
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
1) Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, and affect. It was first described in 1896 and the term was coined in 1911.
2) Schizophrenia is classified by symptoms in the DSM-IV and ICD-10 and includes delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, and negative symptoms.
3) Etiology may include biological, genetic, developmental, and environmental factors. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication which can cause side effects.
This document defines and describes various psychiatric emergencies including suicide, violence, excitement, stupor, panic attacks, and acute stress reactions. It provides details on causes, risk factors, symptoms, management strategies, and treatment approaches for each emergency. Key goals in management include ensuring patient and staff safety, de-escalating stressful situations through communication and medication, addressing immediate medical needs, and facilitating appropriate longer-term treatment.
The document discusses schizophrenia, including its characteristic symptoms, subtypes, treatments, and theories about its causes. Some key points include:
- The main symptoms of schizophrenia are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
- There are several subtypes of schizophrenia including paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated.
- Both older "conventional" and newer "atypical" antipsychotic medications are used to treat schizophrenia by reducing positive symptoms.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests psychotic symptoms are related to excess dopamine activity in the brain, which newer theories have expanded on to include other neurotransmitters.
1. Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood that are not caused by other medical conditions. They include conditions like manic episodes, bipolar disorder, depressive episodes, and persistent mood disorders.
2. The document discusses the clinical features, classification, etiology, and nursing management of mood disorders with a focus on manic episodes and depressive episodes. Core features of mania include elevated mood, increased speech and activity, and decreased sleep while features of depression include depressed mood, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep.
3. Nursing care for patients with mood disorders focuses on safety, meeting nutritional and social needs, administering prescribed treatments, and setting limits on manipulative behaviors.
A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects your emotional state. They can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. Mood disorders are treatable — usually with a combination of medication and psychotherapy.
Effective treatment for Bipolar disorder at Mindheal homeopathyShewta shetty
"Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."
This document discusses mood disorders and their treatment. It defines mood as a sustained emotional state, versus affect which is the external display of emotions. Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood that impair functioning, and include magnified states of mania and depression. There are several types of mood disorders including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and dysthymic disorder. Treatment involves risk assessment, psychosocial therapies like CBT and IPT, pharmacotherapy with antidepressants, and other options like ECT for severe cases.
This document provides information about mood disorders including definitions, classifications, symptoms, theories, and treatment. It discusses that mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood accompanied by depressive or manic syndromes. Several types of mood disorders are defined including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and others. Biological, psychological, and social theories of mood disorders are also summarized.
This document summarizes mood disorders including mania. It defines mania as a syndrome characterized by overactivity, mood change, and feelings of self-importance. Mood disorders are classified and specific types like bipolar disorder and depressive episodes are described. Factors that may contribute to mood disorders like genetics and biochemistry are discussed. The characteristics of different types of manic episodes such as hypomania, acute mania, and delusional mania are outlined. Nursing diagnoses and treatment options including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions are also summarized.
This document summarizes mood disorders including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. It discusses the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, prevalence, etiology, treatment goals, and pharmacotherapy options for these conditions. Key points include that major depressive disorder is more prevalent in women while bipolar disorder is equal between men and women; biological and psychosocial factors can contribute to the development of mood disorders; and treatment may involve hospitalization, psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and medications like SSRIs, SNRIs, lithium, and antipsychotics depending on the specific diagnosis.
Mood disorders are characterized by a sense of loss of control over one's mood and subjective distress. They include conditions like bipolar disorder and recurrent depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder involves alternating periods of mania and depression, while recurrent depressive disorder involves two or more episodes of major depression. Core features of mania include elevated or irritable mood, increased speech, decreased need for sleep, and increased psychomotor activity, while depression is marked by depressed mood, anhedonia, and loss of energy. Treatment involves mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, or electroconvulsive therapy. Prognosis depends on factors like age of onset, duration of episodes, and presence of psych
Provide psychoeducation and support
Monitor response and side effects closely
Consider adding psychotherapy or other adjunctive treatments if needed
Assess and address risk of relapse or recurrence
The goal is full remission of symptoms and optimal functioning
This document provides information on mood disorders including depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. It defines key terms like major depressive episode and manic episode. It describes the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder. It also provides case studies and discusses epidemiology, subtypes, course, and comorbidities of various mood disorders.
The document discusses bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive disorder. It is characterized by periods of elevated mood and periods of depression. During manic episodes, symptoms may include distractibility, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, increased activity or psychomotor agitation, risky behavior, and talkativeness. The causes of bipolar disorder are thought to include genetic, physiological, environmental, neurological, and neuroendocrine factors. Treatment involves hospitalization during severe episodes, as well as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, ECT, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and substance abuse treatment.
Bipolar disorders are characterized by marked variations in mood, from manic episodes to major depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder involves at least one manic episode in addition to major depressive episodes. The document provides diagnostic criteria for manic episodes, hypomanic episodes, and major depressive episodes based on the DSM-5 and ICD-11. It also discusses differential diagnoses between bipolar disorders and other conditions like major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, substance-induced disorders, and ADHD.
Effective treatment for bipolar disorder in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chemb...Shewta shetty
"Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."
Effective treatment forbipolar disorder in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembu...Shewta shetty
"Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."/>
."/>
Effective treatment forbipolar disorder in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembu...Shewta shetty
"Bipolar Disorder- it is characterized by abnormal mood shifts. Along with the mood shits there are fluctuations in the energy, activity levels. It is a serious mental illness that can damage relationships, career prospects, and academic performance, can even lead to suicidal tendencies. A person with bipolar tendencies has severe fluctuations of mood. Bipolar disorder can be effectively controlled by mindheal homeopathy."/>
The document discusses mood disorders including unipolar depressive disorders, symptomatology of depressive disorders, DSM-IV categories of unipolar depressive disorders, subtypes of depression, bipolar disorder, gender and age differences in depression, the course of depression, and biological theories of mood disorders.
Effective treatment forbipolar disorder in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembu...Shewta shetty
"Bipolar Disorder- it is characterized by abnormal mood shifts. Along with the mood shits there are fluctuations in the energy, activity levels. It is a serious mental illness that can damage relationships, career prospects, and academic performance, can even lead to suicidal tendencies. A person with bipolar tendencies has severe fluctuations of mood. Bipolar disorder can be effectively controlled by mindheal homeopathy."/>
Effective treatment forbipolar disorder in Mindheal Homeopathy clinic ,Chembu...Shewta shetty
"Bipolar Disorder- it is characterized by abnormal mood shifts. Along with the mood shits there are fluctuations in the energy, activity levels. It is a serious mental illness that can damage relationships, career prospects, and academic performance, can even lead to suicidal tendencies. A person with bipolar tendencies has severe fluctuations of mood. Bipolar disorder can be effectively controlled by mindheal homeopathy."/>
Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders, are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant changes in mood that affect a person's daily functioning, emotions, and overall quality of life. There are several types of mood disorders, with the most common being depression and bipolar disorder. this ppt contains mood disorders which is useful for the students of Basic B.Sc. Nursing.
The document discusses phobic anxiety disorder and specific phobias. It defines phobias as unreasonable fears of specific objects, activities, or situations. Various types of specific phobias are described, along with their signs and symptoms. Treatment options for phobias include psychotherapy such as desensitization therapy and medications like benzodiazepines and antidepressants. Nursing care involves assessing the phobic triggers and avoidance behaviors, reassuring the patient, and encouraging exposure to the feared stimuli in a gradual manner.
Somatization disorders are characterized by physical symptoms that have no medical cause and persistent requests for treatment. Potential causes include genetics, low serotonin levels, psychodynamic factors like expressing unacceptable emotions through physical symptoms, family dynamics where illness reduces conflict, and learning that illness gains attention and avoids responsibilities. Types include somatization disorder with many vague symptoms, hypochondriasis with a preoccupation of having a serious disease, somatoform autonomic dysfunction with autonomically-controlled symptoms, and persistent somatoform pain disorder with severe pain. Treatment involves antidepressants, psychotherapy, and helping patients address psychological rather than physical factors and develop coping skills.
The document defines conversion disorder and dissociative disorders. Conversion disorder involves neurological symptoms that cannot be explained medically and are thought to be related to psychological factors like stress. Dissociative disorders involve disturbances in identity, memory or consciousness, often developing as a way to cope with trauma. The types of conversion disorder include motor disorders, convulsions, and sensory losses. Dissociative disorders include amnesia, fugue, stupor, Ganser's syndrome, and identity disorder. Treatment involves psychotherapy and addressing underlying psychological conflicts.
REACTION TO STRESS DISORDER AND ADJUSTMENT DISORDERSdivya2709
This document discusses acute stress reaction disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It defines acute stress reaction as being characterized by anxiety, despair and anger related to a clearly identifiable stressor. PTSD is defined as anxiety symptoms, trauma reexperiencing, and stimulus avoidance lasting over 4 weeks after a traumatic event. Adjustment disorders are also covered, including types like with anxiety or depressed mood. Treatment involves relieving symptoms associated with the stressor and enhancing coping skills.
The document defines obsessive-compulsive disorder as an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) like cleaning. Genetics and abnormal serotonin levels may contribute to its development. Symptoms include intrusive thoughts, images, doubts, or impulses that cause distress. Compulsions like cleaning rituals provide temporary relief. Treatment involves medication like antidepressants and exposure therapy to help patients resist compulsions. Nurses should provide support and help patients develop coping skills to manage their symptoms.
The document discusses generalized anxiety disorder, defining it as excessive and persistent anxiety that lasts for over 6 months. It affects around 2.5-8% of the population and is more common in women. Causes may include genetic factors as it often runs in families, biochemical imbalances of neurotransmitters like serotonin and GABA, and psychological factors related to difficulties with ego development. Symptoms include motor symptoms like tremors, psychological symptoms like worrying thoughts, and physiological symptoms like increased heart rate. Treatment involves anxiolytic medications like SSRIs, SNRIs, benzodiazepines and buspirone as well as cognitive behavioral therapy and relaxation techniques.
Panic disorder is characterized by sudden panic attacks that involve physical symptoms and a fear of consequences like a heart attack. It has a lifetime prevalence of 1.5-2% and is more common in females. Treatment includes SSRIs, benzodiazepines, CBT to change negative thoughts, and behavioral therapies like relaxation. With appropriate treatment, around 65% of patients achieve remission within 6 months.
The document discusses bipolar mood disorder (BMD), which is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression in the same patient at different times. It can begin between ages 20-30 and sometimes in childhood. BMD involves extreme highs and lows, and is classified based on current mood episode. Causes are unknown but genetic and environmental factors may play roles. Symptoms include expansive mood and decreased need for sleep during manic phases, and low mood and lack of interest during depressive phases. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and criteria from the DSM-5. Treatment involves lithium, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. Episodes typically last 3-4 months for man
Depression is an alteration in mood characterized by sadness, despair, and loss of interest in usual activities. It commonly affects sleep and appetite. The incidence is higher in women and those who are divorced or separated. It can be mild, moderate, severe, or with psychotic features. Potential causes include biological factors like neurotransmitter levels, genetics, hormones, and brain changes as well as psychological and social stressors. Symptoms include depressed mood, low self-esteem, guilt, impaired thinking, and suicidal thoughts. Treatment involves antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and addressing needs like nutrition, sleep, and social support. Nurses monitor for safety and suicide risk, help patients meet basic needs, and provide
Organic brain disorders are behavioral or psychological disorders associated with transient or permanent brain dysfunction. This document discusses organic mental disorders including various types of dementia like Alzheimer's disease. It describes the classification, symptoms, stages, diagnosis and management of dementia. Dementia is characterized by global cognitive impairment without impaired consciousness. The incidence increases with age from 0.1% below 60 years to 15-20% for those over 80 years. Management involves both medical treatment to relieve symptoms as well as psychological and nursing care to support daily living.
Delirium is an acute organic mental disorder characterized by impaired consciousness, disorientation, and disturbances in perception and restlessness. It has the highest incidence among organic mental disorders, affecting 10-25% of medical-surgical inpatients and 20-40% of geriatric patients. Causes include vascular issues, infections, toxins, trauma, and metabolic/endocrine disorders. Symptoms include impaired attention, perceptual disturbances, cognitive issues, and sleep-wake cycle disturbances. Episodes usually last around a week. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause and managing symptoms with benzodiazepines or antipsychotics.
The document discusses various behavioral disorders in childhood including separation anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, sibling rivalry disorder, elective mutism, tic disorders, non-organic enuresis, non-organic encopresis, feeding disorders, stereotyped movement disorders, and stuttering. It provides details on clinical features, treatment, and management for each disorder. The treatment involves individual counseling, parental counseling, family therapy, behavioral therapy, and pharmacological management depending on the specific disorder. The document emphasizes educating parents and patients as part of follow up, home care, and rehabilitation for childhood psychiatric disorders.
This document discusses juvenile delinquency and was prepared by Mrs. Divya Pancholi. It defines juvenile delinquency as illegal behavior by a minor that would be considered criminal. It describes characteristics of juvenile delinquents such as being defiant, resentful, and impulsive. The document outlines preventive and rehabilitative measures that can be taken to address juvenile delinquency, including improving family life, schooling, counseling, and legislative actions like probation or secured juvenile facilities.
1) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also known as hyperkinetic disorder, is characterized by inattention and hyperactivity more severe than typical for a child's age of development.
2) ADHD prevalence is approximately 1.7% among primary school children and is four times more common in boys than girls.
3) ADHD is influenced by both biological factors like genetics and biochemistry as well as environmental factors like prenatal exposure, family stress, and diet.
The document discusses conduct disorder, which affects 1-4% of children and is characterized by antisocial behavior that impairs functioning. It defines conduct disorder as a repetitive pattern of violating others' rights or social norms. Causes include biological and psychosocial factors like genetics, family environment, and peer associations. Diagnosis requires at least 3 behaviors like aggression, property destruction, deceit, or rule violations in the past year. Treatments include family therapy, social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, and sometimes medication. Schools can provide specialized programming, parent training, and social emotional learning.
The document discusses psychological disorders of development including specific developmental disorders of speech and language, scholastic skills, and motor function. It covers pervasive developmental disorder including autism. Autism is characterized by impaired social interaction and communication combined with restricted repetitive behaviors. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy including behavior methods, special schooling and family therapy. Nursing assessments and interventions aim to address risks like self-mutilation and improve social interaction and communication.
The document discusses the classification, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of mental retardation. It classifies mental retardation into four categories based on IQ scores: mild, moderate, severe, and profound. The causes can be genetic, prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal factors. Diagnosis involves assessing cognitive functioning, adaptive behavior, and developmental milestones. Treatment focuses on education, training, behavior management, and rehabilitation to improve quality of life.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. The document discusses the different types of schizophrenia including disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated and residual schizophrenia. It also covers schizoaffective disorder and other psychotic disorders. Biological, genetic, developmental and social factors are believed to play a role in the causes of schizophrenia. Symptoms can include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, lack of motivation and emotional expression.
Occupational therapy uses goal-oriented activities to treat psychological, physical, and developmental disabilities. Its goal is to help patients achieve a healthy balance of occupations through skill development to function satisfactorily. Occupational therapy is provided in various settings like hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and schools to children, adults, and elderly. Activities can be diversional like games or therapeutic like basket weaving to meet care plan goals. The occupational therapy process involves evaluation, goal-setting, treatment planning, implementation, review, and modifying goals as needed. Suggested activities depend on the psychiatric disorder and aim to enhance skills, expression, and self-esteem with structured short tasks.
Cognitive behaviour therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach developed by Aaron Beck in 1963 based on the idea that behaviour is influenced by thinking. It focuses on identifying and changing faulty and dysfunctional thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes. The main techniques include thought stopping, counterbalancing intrusive cognitions, altering cognitions such as faulty inferences and overgeneralizations, and resolving problems directly. Cognitive therapy helps patients examine their beliefs, learn how beliefs influence feelings and behaviors, and alter dysfunctional beliefs that distort their experiences. The overall goal is to increase self-efficacy and control over life through a collaborative process between patient and therapist.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
1. NURSING MANAGEMENT
OF PATIENT WITH
MOOD
(AFFECTIVE)DISORDERS
PREPARED BY
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SSRCN, VAPI
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 1
2. DEFINITION OF MOOD
◦Mood is a pervasive and
sustained emotion that may
have a major influence on a
persons perception of the
world.
◦Eg of Mood: Depression, joy,
elation and anxiety.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 2
3. MOOD DISORDERS
DEFINITION
Mood disorders are
characterized by disturbances
of mood, accompanied by a
full or partial maniac or
depressive syndrome, which is
not due to any other physical
or mental disorder.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 3
4. If the mood is excessively happy
without any cause we call it as
MANIA.
If the mood is sad without any
cause or it remains sad for a long
time we call it as DEPRESSION.
If the mood is changing and patient
gets both attacks of mania or
depression we call it as BIPOLAR
DISORDER. MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 4
6. Historical perspectives
Many ancient culture (Egyption) believed that
supernatural or divine origin of depression and
mania.
Hippocrates Strongly rejected the idea of the
divine origin. He believed that Melancholia was
caused by an excessive of black Bile.
Contemporary thinking has been shaped a
great deal by the work of Sigmund Freud.
Mood disorder generally encompasses the
interpsychic, Behavioral and biological
perspectives.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 6
7. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MOOD
DISORDERS
Gender:
◦ Depressive disorder Higher in women than
men. About 2:1.
Age:
◦ Depression is higher in the young women and
tendency to decrease with the age. The same
opposite for men.
Social class:
◦ Bipolar disorder mostly seen among the High
socioeconomic classes.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 7
8. Marital status:
◦ Highest depressive symptoms seen
individual without close interpersonal
relationship and the person who are
divorced or separated.
◦ And highest among married women and
single men.
Seasonality:
◦ One in the spring (March, April and may)
and one in the fall (September, October
and November) This is the seasonal
pattern for the suicide. Which shows large
peak in the Spring and smaller one in
October. MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 8
10. DEFINITION OF MANIA
Mania refers to a syndrome in
which the central features are over
activity, mood change(which may
be towards elation or irritability)
and self important ideas.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 10
11. TRIATS OF MANIA
Increased psychomotor
activity
Elevated mood
Increased production of speech
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 11
13. Etiology
1. Neurotransmitter and structural
hypotheses:
Manic episodes are related to
excessive levels of norepinephrine and
dopamine, imbalance between
cholinergic and noradrenergic systems
or a deficiency of serotonin.
Biologic findings suggest that lesions
are more common in this population in
areas of brain such as the right
hemisphere or bilateral subcortical and
periventricular grey matter.MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 13
14. 2. Genetic factors:
Monozygotic twins have a higher
rate of incidence than normal
siblings and other close relatives.
Siblings and close relatives have
a higher incidence of manic-
depressive illness than a general
population.
First degree relative: 5-10%
Identical twin with bipolar
disorders: about 40-70% chance.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 14
15. 3. Psychodynamic theories:
Developmental theories have
hypothesized that faulty family
dynamics during early life are
responsible for manic
behaviours in later life.
Another hypothesis suggest
that maniac episodes as a
defence against or denial of
depression. MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 15
16. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF MANIA
Manic states shows lack of inhibition,
quickness of psychological reaction,
distractibility, and flight of ideas.
Elation of mood is accompanied by a
feeling of general wellbeing, which in
the maniac state is manifested as lack
of insight.
Manic episodes may reflect an inability
to tolerate a developmental tragedy,
such as the loss of parents.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 16
17. Clinical features
An acute manic episode is characterized by the following
features which should last for at least one week:
1. Elevated, Expansive & Irritable mood:
Elevated mood in mania has four stages depending on
severity of manic episodes:
EUPHORIA (Stage I): Increased sense of psychological
wellbeing & happiness not in keeping with ongoing
events.
ELATION (Stage II): Moderate elevation of mood with
increased psychomotor activity.
EXALTATION (Stage III): Intensive elevation of mood
with delusions of grandeur.
ECSTASY (Stage IV): Severe elevation of mood, intense
sense of rapture or blissfulness seen in delirious or
stuporous mania. MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 17
18. Expansive mood is unceasing &
unselective enthusiasm for
interacting with people &
surrounding environment.
Sometimes irritable mood may be
predominant, especially when the
person is stopped from doing
what he wants.
There may be rapid, short-lasting
shifts from euphoria to depression
and anger.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 18
19. 2. Psychomotor activity:
There is an increased
psychomotor activity ranging
from over activeness &
restlessness to manic
excitement.
The person involves in
ceaseless activity.
These activities are goal-
oriented & based on external
environment cues.MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 19
20. 3. Speech & thought:
Flight of ideas: Thoughts racing in
mind, rapid shifts from one topic to
another
Pressure of speech: speech is
forceful, strong & difficult to interpret.
Uses playful language with punning,
rhyming, joking & teasing & speaks
loudly
Delusions of grandeur
Delusions of persecution
Distractibility
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 20
21. 4. Other features:
Increased sociabilities
Impulsive behaviour
Hypersexual behaviour
Poor judgement
High risk activities (buying sprees, reckless
driving, foolish business investments,
distributing money or other articles to unknown
persons)
Dressed up in gaudy & flamboyant clothes
although in severe mania there may be poor
self-care
Decreased need for sleep(<3hrs)
Decreased food intake due to over activity
Decreased attention & concentration
Poor judgement
Absent insight MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 21
22. Hypomania
Hypomania is a lesser degree of mania.
There is a persistent mild elevation of mood &
increased sense of psychological wellbeing &
happiness not in keeping with ongoing events.
Hypomania is different, as it may cause little or no
impairment in function.
The hypomanic person's connection with the external
world, and its standards of interaction, remain intact,
although intensity of moods is heightened.
But those who suffer from prolonged unresolved
hypomania do run the risk of developing full mania,
and indeed may cross that "line" without even
realizing they have done so.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 22
23. In some cases irritability, conceit (too much
pride in yourself, abilities and importance) &
boorish behaviour (insensitive to other’s
feelings) may take the place of the more
usual euphoric sociability.
Concentration & attention may be impaired,
thus diminishing the ability to settle down to
work or to relaxation & leisure, but this may
not prevent the appearance of interests in
quite new ventures & activities.
In fact, the ability to function becomes better
in hypomania there is marked increase in
productivity & creativity; many artists & writers
have contributed significantly during such
periods. MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 23
24. Features of Hypomania
1. A distinct period of persistently elevated, expansive,
or irritable mood, lasting throughout 4 days, that is
clearly different from the usual non depressed
mood.
2. During the period of mood disturbance, three of the
following symptoms are persistent:
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative than usual
Flight of ideas
Distractibility
Increase in goal directed activity
Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that
have a high potential for painful consequences.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 24
25. Conti....
3. The episode is associated with an
unequal change in functioning
4. The disturbance in mood & the
change in functioning are observable by
others.
5. The episode is not severe enough to
cause marked impairment in social or
occupational functioning, or to
necessitate hospitalization, & there are
no psychotic features.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 25
26. Diagnosis
Psychological test such as young
mania rating scale.
DSM-V diagnostic criteria.
Based on signs and symptoms
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 26
28. Electro convulsive therapy:
◦ If adequately not responding to
antipsychotics and lithium can go for ECT
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 28
29. Psychosocial treatment
Family and marital therapy is used
to decrease interfamilial and
interpersonal difficulties and to reduce
or modify the stressors.
Group therapy (Peer support
providing a feeling of security)
Cognitive therapy (individual is
taught to control their thought
distortions.)
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 29
30. NURSING ASSESSMENT FOR
MANIA
OBJECTIVE SIGNS SUBJECTIVE SIGNS
Disturbance of Speech Feelings of joy
Rapid Speech Rapid mood swings
Loud, pressured speech Sleep disturbances
Easily distracted Delusions and
hallucinations
Over activity
Mood lability
Weight changes MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 30
31. NURSING DIAGNOSIS INTERVENTION
PROBLEM RELATED
TO
EVIDENCED
BY
High
risk
for
injury
extrem
e
hypera
ctivity
and
impulsi
ve
behavi
or
lack of
control
over
purpose
less and
potential
ly
injurious
events
(a) Keep environmental stimuli to a minimum;
assign single room; limit interactions with
others; keep lighting and noise level low. Keep
his room and immediate environment
minimally furnished.
(b) Remove hazardous objects and
substances, caution the patient when there is
possibility of an accident.
(c) Assist patient to engage in activities, such
as writing, drawing and other physical
exercise.
(d) Stay with patient as hyperactivity
increases.
(e) Administer medication as prescribed by
physician.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 31
32. NURSING DIAGNOSIS INTERVENTION
PROBLEM RELATE
D TO
EVIDENC
ED BY
High
risk for
violenc
e; self-
directe
d or
directe
d at
others
manic
excite
ment,
delusi
onal
thinki
ng
and
halluci
nation
s.
(a) Maintain low level of stimuli in patient's environment, provide
unchallenging
environment. Observe patient's behavior at least every 15
minutes.
Ensure that all sharp objects, glass or mirror items, belts, ties,
matchboxes have been removed from patient's environment.
Redirect violent behavior with physical outlet.
Encourage verbal expression of feelings.
Engage him in some physical exercises like aerobics
Maintain and convey a calm attitude to the patient. Respond
matter-of-factly to verbal
hostility. Talk to him in low, calm voice, use clear and direct
speech.
Have sufficient staff to indicate a show of strength to patient if
necessary. State
limitations and expectations.
Administer tranquilizing medication; if patient refuses, use of
restraints may be
necessary. In such a case, explain the reason to the patient.
Following application of restraints observe patient every 15
minutes.
Remove restraints gradually once at a time
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 32
33. NURSING DIAGNOSIS INTERVENTION
PROBLE
M
RELATE
D TO
EVIDEN
CED BY
Altere
d
nutriti
on,
less
than
body
requir
ement
s
refusal
or
inabilit
yto sit
stilllon
g
enoug
h
to eat,
weight
loss,
amen
orrhea
.
(a) Provide high-protein, high caloric, nutritious
finger foods and drinks that can be consumed 'on
the run.'
(b) Find out patient's likes and dislikes and
provide favorite foods.
(c) Provide 6 - 8 glasses of fluids per day. Have
juice and snacks on unit at all times.
(d) Maintain accurate record of intake, output and
calorie count. Weigh the patient
regularly.
(e) Supplement diet with vitamins and minerals.
(f) Walk or sit with patient while he eats.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 33
34. NURSING DIAGNOSIS INTERVENTION
PROBLE
M
RELATED
TO
EVIDENC
ED BY
Impair
ed
social
intera
ction
egocen
tric
and
narcissi
stic
behavio
r
by
inability
to
develop
satisfyi
ng
relation
ships
and
manipul
ation
of
others
for own
desires.
(a) Recognize that manipulative behavior helps Understanding the rationale
behind
to decrease feelings of insecurity by increasing the behavior may facilitate
greater
feelings of power and control. acceptance of the individual.
(b) Set limits on manipulative behavior. Explain Consequences for violation of
limits
the consequences if limits are violated. must be consistently administered.
Terms of the limits must be agreed upon
by all the staff who will be working with
the patient
(c) Ignore attempts by patient to argue or bargain Lack of feedback may
decrease
his way out of the limit setting. these behaviors.
(d) Give positive reinforcement for non- To enhance self-esteem and promote
manipulative behaviors. repetition of desirable behavior.
(e) Discuss consequences of patient's Patient must accept responsibility for
behavior and how attempts are made to own behavior before adaptive change
attribute them to others. can occur.
(f) Help patient identify positive aspects As self-esteem increases patient
about self, recognize accomplishments and will experience a lesser need to
manipulate
feel good about them. others for own gratification.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 34
35. NURSING DIAGNOSIS INTERVENTION
PROBLE
M
RELATED
TO
EVIDE
NCED
BY
Self-
esteem
disturb
ance
unmet
depende
ncy
needs,
lack of
positive
feedback,
unrealisti
c
self-
expectati
ons.
(a) Ask how client would like to be addressed.
Avoid approaches that imply different
perception of the client's importance.
(b) Explain rationale for requests by staff unit
routine etc; strictly adhere to courteous
approaches, matter-of-fact style and friendly
attitudes.
(c) Encourage verbalization and identification of
feelings related to issues of chronicity, lack of
control over self, etc.
(d) Offer matter-of-fact feedback regarding
unrealistic plans. Help him to set realistic
goals for himself.
(e) Encourage client to view life after discharge
and identity aspects over which control is
possible. Through role play, practice how he will
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 35
36. NURSING DIAGNOSIS INTERVENTION
PROBLE
M
RELATE
D TO
EVIDEN
CED BY
Altered
family
proces
ses
euphori
c -
mood
and
grandio
se
ideas,
manipu
lative
behavi
or,
refusal
to
accept
respon
sibility
for own
actions
.
(a)Determine individual situation and feelings of
individual family members like guilt, anger,
powerlessness, despair and alienation.
(b) Assess patterns of communication. For
example: Are feelings expressed freely? who
makes decisions? What is the
interaction between family members?
Determine patterns of behavior displayed by
patient in his relationships with others, e.g.
manipulation of self-esteem of others, limit
testing, etc.
Assess the role of patient in the family, like
provider etc, and how the illness affects the roles
of other members.
Provide information about behavior patterns and
expected course of the illness.
MRS. DIVYA PANCHOLI 36