This document provides information about obsessive compulsive disorder and related disorders. It discusses OCD, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder and their symptoms. It also covers the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of OCD, including psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, ECT and self-help strategies. Nursing management focuses on reducing anxiety and compulsive behaviors, improving role performance and sleep disturbances. Related disorders like body dysmorphic disorder, hair pulling disorder and skin picking disorder are also summarized.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental disorder whose main symptoms include obsessions and compulsions, driving the person to engage in unwanted, often-times distress behaviors or thoughts. The obsessions are usually related to a sense of harm, risk or injury. The common Obsessions include concern about contamination, doubt, fear of loss or letting go, fear of physically injuring someone.It’s treatment is done through a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse, or image which intrude into the conscious aware repeatedly.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
mania is an alteration in mood that is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little or no need for sleep. the main etiological factors include biological factors, biochemical influences, physiological factors, and psycho social theories. mania is broadly classified into three categories- hypo mania, acute mania and delirious mania. there are three types of treatment for mania- pharmacological treatment, psycho-social treatment and ECT.
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
Sexual disorder - ICD10 gender identity disorders, disorders of sexual preference and sexual development and orientation disorders are listed under disorders of adult personality and behavior (f6), while sexual dysfunctions are listed under behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (f5).
It is a disturbances in the sexual desire.
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
Psychological Therapies
Psychoanalysis:
Strategy is to slowly uncover experiences that are repressed in the unconscious mind.
To accomplish this goal, psychoanalytic patients receive extended treatment, often four to five sessions weekly over 3 to 6 years
Brief or short-term dynamic psychotherapy:
Designed to help people deal with current life problems or crises.
It includes a lengthy first interview in which the patient is helped to quickly unlock the unconscious mind and focus on the present problem.
Interpersonal therapy :
based on the notion that psychiatric problems, specifically depression, result from difficulties in dealing with other people
BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES :
Based on learning theory (both classical & operant conditioning.)
Classical conditioning
Systematic desensitization & aversive conditioning.
Operant conditioning
Flooding and implosion, token economy, and biofeedback
Patient Record System (Electronic Medical Records).pptxmamtabisht10
Electronic Medical Records also known as Patient record system is the digital version of the clinical information regarding a patient.
It involves collecting, storing, manipulating and using the available clinical information in delivering care to the patient.
PERT is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. It is basically a method to analyze the tasks involved in completing a given project, especially the time needed to complete each task, and to identify the minimum time needed to complete the total project.
Leadership is a part of management and one of the most significant elements of direction. Leadership is a driving force that gets the things done by others.
The problem based learning was developed in the university of McMaster, Canada, in 1976.
It emphasizes on the problem as the starting point for the acquisition and integration of new knowledge. This enables the students to earn critical thinking and problem solving skills, which are essential to nursing practice.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders are a group of emotional and behavioral problems that may result from childhood traumatic and stressful experiences. These traumatic and stressful experiences can include exposure to physical or emotional violence or pain, including abuse, neglect or family conflict.
There's a lot of information circulating about COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, so it’s important to know what’s true and what’s not.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) previously known as pervasive developmental disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by lack of communication skills and social interactions resulting in social withdrawal
ADHD also known as hyperkinetic disorder is a common childhood disorder among school aged children that is characterised by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity resulting in an underachievement in the school or work performance.
Family therapy is a family oriented psychotherapy that is aomed at resolving the conflicts and poor communication pattern among the family members. It also aid them in learning coping strategies to deal with distress and deal with the stress related to psychiatric illness of the family member.
Cognitive behaviour therapy is a talk (psychotherapy) therapy wherein the therapist focus on modifying or altering the faulty cognitions in an individual in order to treat the symptoms of mental illness
Individual psychotherapy is a one to one therapy wherein the therapist identifies the root cause of symptoms that are hidden in the subconsciousness by using the principles of psychoanalysis. The client is helped to gain insight about these represeed thoughts and feelings and thus acquiring better resolution of the mental conflicts
Psychodynamic psychotherapy also known as psychoanalytic therapy is based on psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory given by Sigmund Freud. Psychodynamic therapy identifies the relation between Id, ego and superego and its impact on human behavior. It helps a person to resolve the conflicts stored in subconscious mind by making them conscious
Psychoanalysis was given by Sigmund freud to analyse the subconscious mind and its impact on present behavior. Psychoanalysis is the core concept of psychotherapies that aims to make the unconscious thoughts and emotions concious
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
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Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
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ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
2. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE AND RELATED
DISORDERS (DSM -5)
• Obsessive compulsive disorder
• Body dysmorphic disorder
• Hoarding disorder
• Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)
• Excoriation disorder (skin picking)
• Substance/medication induced OCD and related disorders
• Obsessive compulsive disorders due to medical condition
• Other specified obsessive compulsive disorder
• Unspecified obsessive compulsive disorder
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
3. INTRODUCTION
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is neurotic disorder
whose main symptoms include obsessions and
compulsions, driving the person to engage in
unwanted, often-times distressing behaviors or
thoughts.
It’s treatment is done through a combination of
psychiatric medications and psychotherapy.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
4. DEFINITIONS
Obsessions:
Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts,
impulses, or images that cause distressing emotions
such as anxiety or disgust.
These intrusive thoughts cannot be settled by logic
or reasoning.
Typical obsessions include excessive concerns
about contamination or harm, the need for
symmetry or exactness, or forbidden sexual or
religious thoughts.
5. COMPULSIONS
Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts
that a person feels driven to perform in response to
an obsession.
Although the compulsion may bring some relief to
the worry, the obsession returns and the cycle
repeats over and over.
Some of the common compulsions include cleaning,
repeating, checking, ordering and arranging ,
Mental compulsions e.t.c
6. DEFINITION OF OCD
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic
and long-lasting disorder in which a person has
uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions)
and behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the
urge to repeat over and over.
These obsessions and compulsions are severe
enough to cause significant distress or impairment
in the social, occupational and other important areas
of functioning.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
7. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
1.Biological Factors:
• First degree relatives.
• Identical twins
2.Neurotransmitters
Imbalance in serotonin , dopamine and glutamate
3.Neuroanatomical Factors:
There is evidence of abnormal brain structure and
activity in patients with OCD.
8. 4.Psychoanalytic Theory:
OCD arises when unacceptable wishes and
impulses from the id are only partially repressed.
They cause anxiety. Ego defence mechanisms are
used to reduce the anxiety. These defence
mechanisms are used unconsciously used in the
form of acts, such as hand washing.
5.Cognitive Theory:
Dysfunctional beliefs are the route cause for OCD
and the strength with which it is held determines
the risk of developing OCD
9. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
6.Behavior Theory:
This theory explains Obsessions as a conditioned
stimulus to anxiety. Compulsions have been
described as learned behavior that decreases the
anxiety associated with the Obsessions.
This decrease in anxiety positively reinforces the
compulsive acts and they become stable learned
behavior.
10. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
7.PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS:
• Disturbed mother child relationship
• Fear of abandonment
• Recent object loss
• Emotional neglect
• Childhood abuse (physical, emotional or sexual)
11. CLINICAL FEATURES OF OCD
1. Washers (obsessional rituals)
This is the most common type. Here the obsession is
of contamination with dirt,germs, body excretions
and the like. The compulsion is washing of hands or
the whole body, repeatedly many times a day. It
usually spreads onto washing of clothes, bathroom,
bedroom, door knobs and personal articles,
gradually. The person tries to avoid contamination
but unable to, so washing becomes a ritual.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
12. 2. Checkers (obsessional doubt)
In this type the person has multiple doubts that the
activities may not have been completed
adequately. for example the door has not been
locked, kitchen gas has been left open, counting
of money was not exact and etc.the compulsion, of
course, is checking repeatedly to remove the
doubt.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
13. 3. Pure obsessions (intrusive thoughts)
This syndrome is characterized by repetitive
intrusive thoughts, impulses or images which are
not associated with compulsive acts.
The distress associated with these obsessions is
dealt usually by counter thought for e.g praying,
undoing actions etc
a. Obsessional thoughts: these are words . ideas
and beliefs that intrude forcibly into the patients
mind. They are usually unpleasant and shocking
to the patient and may be obscene and
blasphemous. E.g. Orderliness, sexual imagery
repeated doubts et.c.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
14. b. Obsessional images:
These are vividly imaginary scenes often of a
violent or disgusting kind involving abnormal
sexual practice
c. Obsessional impulses:
These are the urges to perform acts usually of a
violent or embarrassing kind, such as injuring a
child, shouting in church etc
c. Obsessional ruminations:
These involve internal debates in which
arguments for and against even the simplest
everyday actions are reviewed endlessly.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
15. 4. Primary obsessive slowing(symmetry)
It is characterized by several obsessive ideas and
or extensive compulsive rituals , in the relative
absence of manifested anxiety. this leads to
marked slowness in daily activity. usually the
person demand on being need for symmetry and
precise arranging so in order to neutralize it they
will continue ordering, arranging, balancing,
straightening until "just right" or perfect in their
eyes.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
16. DIAGNOSIS OF OCD
• DSM-5
• Suggested by demonstration of realistic behavior
that is irrational or excessive.
• MRI and CT shows enlarged Basal Ganglia in
some patients.
• PET(Positron emission Tomography) shows
increased glucose metabolism in part of the basal
ganglia.
• ICD-10 criteria
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
17. TREATMENT MODALITIES
1. Psychotherapy
• Psychodynamic therapy
• Individual psychotherapy
• Cognitive Behavior therapy
• Supportive therapy
2. Pharmacological treatment
3. ECT
4. Self help and coping
5. Psychosurgery
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
18. PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY
• This can be used for the patients who are
psychologically oriented.
• The therapy is based on psychoanalysis in which
the patient is made conscious about their
unconscious thoughts and motives and thus
gaining insight about the condition.
• It is focussed on client’s self awareness and
understanding of the influence of the past or
present behavior.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
19. PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY
A woman comes to therapist stating that she is
chronically late and has done everything that she can to
change this through a variety of organizational tools and
methods but to not avail. Her behavior is interfering
with her work and relationships.
The therapist and client discover that being early or even
on time put her at risk of waiting for the person that she was
meeting. Waiting evoked uncomfortable needful feelings,
especially when she was waiting for someone on whom she
was reliant. This in part had roots in traumatic experiences
in her childhood around being forgotten by her parents and
having to wait for them: in those situations she had felt
helpless, frightened and dependent. With the help of her
therapist, she gradually grew to tolerate her needful and
dependent feelings and with that, no longer needed to
eliminate these feelings either by being late or through
other problematic behaviors.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
20. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
• Discuss the difficulties of the client and help them
understand their anxiety and methods to deal
with them.
• Logical and rational explanations are given to the
anxiety producing situations.
• Psychoeducation.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
21. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
• During treatment sessions, patients are exposed to
the situations that create anxiety and provoke
compulsive behavior or mental rituals.
• Through exposure, patients learn to decrease and
then stop the rituals that consume their lives.
• They find that the anxiety arising from their
obsessions lessens without engaging in ritualistic
behavior.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
22. BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Thought stopping: the client is asked to yell or
scream in his mind to “stop” whenever unwanted
thoughts arise.
Systematic desensitization and reciprocal
inhibition:
1. Training relaxation technique prior to exposure
to the stimulus.
2. The client is gradually (step wise step) exposed
to the anxiety producing stimulus.
Implosive flooding: the therapist describes the
anxiety producing situation in vivid detail so that the
client can imagine the situation. The therapy is
continued until a topic no longer produces anxiety.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
23. 2. PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
1. Benzodiazepines
• Alprazolam(0.5-1mg/day)
• Clonazepam(0.25-0.5 mg/day)
2. Antidepressants
Clomipramine(75-300mg/day)
Fluoxetine(20-80mg/day)
Fluvoxamine(50-200mg/day)
3. Antipsychotics- these are occasionally used in
low doses in the treatment of severe anxiety
e.g. Haloperidol,Risperidone, Olanzapine.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
24. 3. ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)In the presence of
severe depression with OCD, ECT may be needed.
ECT is particularly indicated when there is a risk of
suicide and/or when there is a poor response to
the other modes of treatment.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
25. 4. SELF-HELP AND COPING
Keeping a healthy lifestyle and being aware of
warning signs and what to do if they return can
help in coping with OCD and related disorders.
Also, using basic relaxation techniques, such as
meditation, yoga, visualization, and massage, can
help ease the stress and anxiety caused by OCD
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
27. NURSING ASSESSMENT
• Social impairment
• Obsessive thought (repetitive worries, repeating
and counting images or words)
• Compulsive behaviour (repetitive activity, like
touching, counting, doing or undoing)
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
28. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
1. Severe anxiety related to obsessional thoughts
and impulses as evidenced by repetitive actions
and decreased social functioning.
2. Ineffective individual coping related to
underdeveloped ego, possible biochemical
changes as evidenced by realistic behavior.
3. Altered role performance related to the need to
perform rituals, as evidenced by inability to
fulfil usual patterns of responsibility
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
29. 4. Chronic low self-esteem related to the
obsessional thoughts and rituals s evidenced by
social isolation and low self confidence.
5. Sleep pattern disturbances related to the
obsessional doubts and fears manifested by
repetitive checking of doors and not sleeping
properly.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
30. 1. TO REDUCE ANXIETY
• Establish relationship through use of
empathy,warmth, and respect.
• Acknowledge behavior without focusing attention
on it. Verbalize empathy toward client’s
experience rather than disapproval or criticism.
• Assist client to learn stress management,
(e.g.,thought-stopping, relaxation exercises,
imagery)
• Give positive reinforcement for non compulsive
behavior.
• Assist client to find ways to set limits on own
behaviors.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
31. 2. TO REDUCE OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE
BEHAVIOR
• Work with patient to determine the type of
situations that increase anxiety and result in such
behavior.
• Meet the patient dependency needs.
• Provide positive reinforcement.
• Support patients efforts to explore the meaning
and purpose of behavior.
• Provide structured schedule activities for patient,
including adequate time for performing rituals.
• Help the patient learn ways of interrupting
obsessive thoughts.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
32. 3. IMPROVE ROLE RELATED
RESPONSIBILITIES
• Determine patient's previous role within the
family and the extent to which the role is altered
by the illness.
• Encourage patient to discuss conflicts evident
within the family system.
• Explore available options for changes for
adjustment in the role.
• Practice through role play.
• Provide positive reinforcement.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
33. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER
• Body dysmorphic disorder is characterized by
preoccupation with one or more perceived defects
or flaws in physical appearance that are not
observable or appear only slight to others.
• There is an excessive, exaggerated belief that the
body is deformed or defective in some specific
way.
• It may include imagined or slight flaws of the face
or head, shape of nose, facial asymmetry e.t.c
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
34. HOARDING DISORDER
Hoarding disorder is characterized by a persistent
difficulties in discarding or parting with possessions
even those of little or no value
due to perceived need to save
them.
Individual may hoard any books,
wrappers, packing bags, food,
animals etc.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
35. TRICHOTILLOMANIA (HAIR PULLING DISORDER)
• Trichotillomania is defined as a recurrent pulling
out of one’s hair resulting in hair los.
• Common sites: scalp , eyebrows, eyelids,
eyelashes
• More common among females (college students)
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
36. TRICHOTILLOMANIA (HAIR PULLING DISORDER)
These behaviors may be preceded or
accompanied by various emotional states, such as
anxiety, tension or boredom.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht
37. EXCORIATION DISORDER (SKIN PICKING
DISORDER)
• Excoriation disorder is characterized by a
compulsion to repeatedly pick their own skin,
which results in skin lesions.
• Individuals may pick at healthy skin, minor skin
irregularities (pimples), lesions and scars.
• These behaviors may be preceded or
accompanied by various emotional states, such as
anxiety, tension or boredom.
Presented By Ms Mamta Bisht