Phlegm is a thick liquid secreted by the respiratory mucous membranes, especially in excess during colds. Its composition varies depending on factors like climate, genetics, and immune system status. The color of phlegm provides clues to health conditions - white/grey indicates upper respiratory infection, green/dark yellow signals bacterial/viral infection, brown results from smoking, and bloody or pink phlegm requires medical attention. Excess phlegm can be caused by vocal abuse, smoking, respiratory illnesses, allergies, pollution, and certain diseases. Home remedies to reduce phlegm include drinking fluids, using saline sprays, gargling salt water, and avoiding smoking and secondhand smoke.
This document discusses cough, including its definition, phases, types, evaluation, investigations, treatment, and complications. It describes the cough reflex and fibers involved. It outlines acute, subacute and chronic cough causes and characteristics. Investigations discussed include sputum analysis, pulmonary function tests, and imaging. Treatment approaches are described for different cough types and durations. Various antitussive medications and their mechanisms and side effects are explained. Complications of cough are also summarized.
Salbutamol is a bronchodilator and tocolytic agent classified as a sympathomimetic and beta2-adrenergic agonist. It is formulated as a racemic mixture and stimulates beta2-adrenergic receptors to increase cAMP and relax smooth muscle in the lungs and uterus. Salbutamol has an oral bioavailability of 50%, half-life of 4 hours, onset of action of 30 minutes when taken orally and 5-15 minutes when inhaled, and duration of action of 8-12 hours. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine as metabolites and unchanged drug.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi. It can be caused by airway obstruction, pulmonary infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or idiopathic factors. Symptoms include persistent cough with large amounts of sputum, hemoptysis, and clubbing of the fingers. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like HRCT. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and smoking cessation. Nursing management centers on helping patients perform breathing exercises and techniques to clear pulmonary secretions.
Cough is a protective reflex that clears the lungs of secretions and foreign materials. It can be acute (<3 weeks), subacute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (>8 weeks). Coughs are classified based on duration and characterized by timing, associated symptoms, sputum production, and presence of blood. Causes include infections, lung diseases like COPD, and conditions like GERD or postnasal drip. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include over-the-counter medications, antibiotics, inhalers, or acid blockers.
1. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of their walls.
2. The main symptoms of emphysema include dyspnea, recurrent respiratory infections, and right heart failure. Chest imaging shows increased lung volumes and flattened diaphragms.
3. There are several classifications of emphysema based on the areas of the lung affected, including centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal, and mixed emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor and can cause an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
Gangrene occurs when tissues die due to lack of blood flow and oxygen. There are three main types: dry gangrene caused by lack of oxygen, wet gangrene caused by bacterial infection which is more dangerous, and gas gangrene caused by Clostridia bacteria. Symptoms include pain, swelling, discoloration and odor. Treatments depend on the type but may include antibiotics, surgery to improve blood flow, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, debriding dead tissue, and amputation of severely affected body parts.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by infection, usually bacterial or viral. It is characterized by consolidation of the lungs due to inflammatory exudate, bacteria, and white blood cells filling the alveoli. Pneumonia can be classified as lobar or bronchopneumonia based on location in the lungs and as community-acquired or hospital-acquired based on where infection was contracted. Treatment involves use of antibiotics to eradicate the infecting organism as well as supportive care like oxygen supplementation. Antibiotic selection is based on suspected pathogen, patient age and health status, and severity of illness.
This document discusses cough, including its definition, phases, types, evaluation, investigations, treatment, and complications. It describes the cough reflex and fibers involved. It outlines acute, subacute and chronic cough causes and characteristics. Investigations discussed include sputum analysis, pulmonary function tests, and imaging. Treatment approaches are described for different cough types and durations. Various antitussive medications and their mechanisms and side effects are explained. Complications of cough are also summarized.
Salbutamol is a bronchodilator and tocolytic agent classified as a sympathomimetic and beta2-adrenergic agonist. It is formulated as a racemic mixture and stimulates beta2-adrenergic receptors to increase cAMP and relax smooth muscle in the lungs and uterus. Salbutamol has an oral bioavailability of 50%, half-life of 4 hours, onset of action of 30 minutes when taken orally and 5-15 minutes when inhaled, and duration of action of 8-12 hours. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine as metabolites and unchanged drug.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi. It can be caused by airway obstruction, pulmonary infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or idiopathic factors. Symptoms include persistent cough with large amounts of sputum, hemoptysis, and clubbing of the fingers. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like HRCT. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and smoking cessation. Nursing management centers on helping patients perform breathing exercises and techniques to clear pulmonary secretions.
Cough is a protective reflex that clears the lungs of secretions and foreign materials. It can be acute (<3 weeks), subacute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (>8 weeks). Coughs are classified based on duration and characterized by timing, associated symptoms, sputum production, and presence of blood. Causes include infections, lung diseases like COPD, and conditions like GERD or postnasal drip. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include over-the-counter medications, antibiotics, inhalers, or acid blockers.
1. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of their walls.
2. The main symptoms of emphysema include dyspnea, recurrent respiratory infections, and right heart failure. Chest imaging shows increased lung volumes and flattened diaphragms.
3. There are several classifications of emphysema based on the areas of the lung affected, including centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal, and mixed emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor and can cause an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
Gangrene occurs when tissues die due to lack of blood flow and oxygen. There are three main types: dry gangrene caused by lack of oxygen, wet gangrene caused by bacterial infection which is more dangerous, and gas gangrene caused by Clostridia bacteria. Symptoms include pain, swelling, discoloration and odor. Treatments depend on the type but may include antibiotics, surgery to improve blood flow, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, debriding dead tissue, and amputation of severely affected body parts.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by infection, usually bacterial or viral. It is characterized by consolidation of the lungs due to inflammatory exudate, bacteria, and white blood cells filling the alveoli. Pneumonia can be classified as lobar or bronchopneumonia based on location in the lungs and as community-acquired or hospital-acquired based on where infection was contracted. Treatment involves use of antibiotics to eradicate the infecting organism as well as supportive care like oxygen supplementation. Antibiotic selection is based on suspected pathogen, patient age and health status, and severity of illness.
Clubbing refers to enlargement of the fingers and toes, particularly on the dorsal surface at the nail bed. It is graded based on changes to the nail bed and angle of the finger. Clubbing is associated with lung, heart, gastrointestinal and endocrine diseases. Some common causes that can be remembered with the acronym CLUBBING include congenital heart diseases, lung diseases, and cancers of the lungs, liver or bowels. Current evidence suggests clubbing may be caused by platelets that normally break down in the lungs but in lung diseases reach the extremities, releasing growth factors that stimulate connective tissue proliferation and clubbing. Clinical tests to assess clubbing include checking for nail bed fluctuation, loss of the Lovib
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a persistent cough with mucus production for at least three months in a year for two consecutive years. It is primarily caused by long-term irritation and inflammation of the airways due to cigarette smoke or other inhaled chemicals. Chronic bronchitis can progress to more severe lung diseases like COPD or lung cancer and, if left untreated, may result in heart failure or respiratory infections. The pathology involves damage to the airways, thickening of the mucus membranes, and increased mucus production.
A flail chest occurs when two or more ribs are broken in two or more places, causing free-floating rib segments. It can be caused by blunt trauma from accidents, penetrating trauma from objects like bullets or knives, or compression injuries. Symptoms include shortness of breath, paradoxical chest movement, bruising, crepitus on palpation, tachycardia, and hypotension. Diagnosis involves palpation, chest x-rays, CT scans, and blood gas tests. Management focuses on pain control, breathing exercises, and occasionally intubation and mechanical ventilation to prevent hypoxia. Complications can include pneumonia, ARDS, lung abscesses, and others.
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is a common symptom that can be caused by many cardiac and pulmonary conditions. A thorough diagnostic evaluation of dyspnea involves taking a detailed patient history, conducting a physical exam, and obtaining initial tests like an electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and blood tests to evaluate for conditions involving the heart, lungs, blood, and other potential causes and to guide further testing if needed. Grading scales are used to characterize the severity of a patient's dyspnea. The pathophysiology of dyspnea involves an imbalance between the perceived need to breathe and the ability to breathe.
The document provides information on asthma, including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction. It commonly presents with wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and managing acute exacerbations.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that involves damage to the alveoli in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It can be caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke or air pollution. Symptoms include shortness of breath and coughing. Diagnosis involves physical exams, imaging tests, and pulmonary function tests. While the lung damage cannot be reversed, treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through medications, oxygen therapy, lung surgery, and transplants in severe cases.
This document discusses mucolytic drugs, which are used to thin mucus in the respiratory tract. It classifies common mucolytics - bromhexine, ambroxol, and acetylcysteine. It describes their mechanisms of action, dosages, and nursing responsibilities when administering them. Mucolytics work by breaking down mucus polymers to decrease viscosity and make mucus easier to cough up or suction out of the airways. Nurses should prepare for suctioning, encourage fluid intake, and maintain patients' airways when using mucolytics to treat respiratory disorders associated with excessive mucus production.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
This document discusses the treatment of cough. It begins by classifying cough based on duration as acute (less than 3 weeks), subacute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (more than 3 weeks). For acute cough, the most common causes are viral infections, sinusitis, pertussis, COPD exacerbations, and allergies. Post-infectious cough can last 1-2 weeks. Chronic cough is often caused by postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, or smoking-related chronic bronchitis. The document provides guidance on evaluating and treating cough based on duration and suspected etiology. Emphasis is placed on treating the underlying cause rather than just suppressing cough symptoms.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
This document discusses SpO2 levels, also known as blood oxygen saturation. It defines SpO2 as a measure of the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the blood. Very low SpO2 levels can cause hypoxemia and result in serious symptoms or turn into hypoxia. The body normally maintains healthy SpO2 levels through breathing and adapting oxygen intake during times of stress. SpO2 can be measured using a pulse oximeter, which is placed on the finger and displays a percentage between 94-100%, indicating a healthy level. Symptoms of low SpO2 include fatigue, lightheadedness, and numbness.
Lung abscess is a localized area of lung destruction caused by infection, typically by aspiration of oropharyngeal bacteria. It appears on imaging as a cavity containing air-fluid levels. The infection can start as necrotizing pneumonia that progresses to microabscesses and larger cavitary lesions over time. Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, or pre-existing lung disease. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Therapy typically lasts 4-6 weeks until imaging shows resolution, though surgery may be needed for large or resistant abscesses. Complications can include empyema, bronchopleural fistula, or distant infections if not properly treated.
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis. It defines each condition and discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, medical management, nursing management, and prevention. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs that can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard treatments and preventative measures are outlined for each condition.
The main focus of this presentation is to discuss all the drugs used nowadays in clinical practice to treat/ manage bronchial asthma. Along with the mechanism of action, use and adverse effects of anti-asthma drugs, we have given a highlight of the pathophysiology of asthma and how the drugs individually act at individual set point(s) to bring the clinical outcome.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its classification, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with an introduction defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing and reversible airway obstruction. It then covers asthma's classification into allergic and non-allergic types, risk factors like genetics and environment, and diagnostic tests like spirometry and allergy testing. The bulk of the document focuses on treatment approaches, including non-pharmacological methods and a wide range of pharmacological options targeting inflammation and bronchodilation. It concludes with guidance on managing severe exacerbations and the goals of prophylaxis.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is a very common disease in developing counteries and a big health hazard. Drug therapy is main treatment.Surgery is required mainly for its complications.In this ppp I have described this topic in a simple way
Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx (voice box) caused by irritation or infection. It causes hoarseness, coughing, and difficulty speaking. Risk factors include respiratory infections, irritants like smoke, cold weather, and voice overuse. Treatment focuses on voice rest, hydration, steam inhalation, and medication if caused by infection. Preventing larynx irritation and avoiding overuse of the voice can help prevent recurrent laryngitis.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes swelling of the air sacs in one or both lungs. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia ranges from mild to life-threatening depending on the cause and the health of the individual. Treatment involves antibiotics if it is bacterial and rest. Prevention includes vaccination, hand washing, and not smoking.
Clubbing refers to enlargement of the fingers and toes, particularly on the dorsal surface at the nail bed. It is graded based on changes to the nail bed and angle of the finger. Clubbing is associated with lung, heart, gastrointestinal and endocrine diseases. Some common causes that can be remembered with the acronym CLUBBING include congenital heart diseases, lung diseases, and cancers of the lungs, liver or bowels. Current evidence suggests clubbing may be caused by platelets that normally break down in the lungs but in lung diseases reach the extremities, releasing growth factors that stimulate connective tissue proliferation and clubbing. Clinical tests to assess clubbing include checking for nail bed fluctuation, loss of the Lovib
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a persistent cough with mucus production for at least three months in a year for two consecutive years. It is primarily caused by long-term irritation and inflammation of the airways due to cigarette smoke or other inhaled chemicals. Chronic bronchitis can progress to more severe lung diseases like COPD or lung cancer and, if left untreated, may result in heart failure or respiratory infections. The pathology involves damage to the airways, thickening of the mucus membranes, and increased mucus production.
A flail chest occurs when two or more ribs are broken in two or more places, causing free-floating rib segments. It can be caused by blunt trauma from accidents, penetrating trauma from objects like bullets or knives, or compression injuries. Symptoms include shortness of breath, paradoxical chest movement, bruising, crepitus on palpation, tachycardia, and hypotension. Diagnosis involves palpation, chest x-rays, CT scans, and blood gas tests. Management focuses on pain control, breathing exercises, and occasionally intubation and mechanical ventilation to prevent hypoxia. Complications can include pneumonia, ARDS, lung abscesses, and others.
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is a common symptom that can be caused by many cardiac and pulmonary conditions. A thorough diagnostic evaluation of dyspnea involves taking a detailed patient history, conducting a physical exam, and obtaining initial tests like an electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and blood tests to evaluate for conditions involving the heart, lungs, blood, and other potential causes and to guide further testing if needed. Grading scales are used to characterize the severity of a patient's dyspnea. The pathophysiology of dyspnea involves an imbalance between the perceived need to breathe and the ability to breathe.
The document provides information on asthma, including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction. It commonly presents with wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and managing acute exacerbations.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that involves damage to the alveoli in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It can be caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke or air pollution. Symptoms include shortness of breath and coughing. Diagnosis involves physical exams, imaging tests, and pulmonary function tests. While the lung damage cannot be reversed, treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through medications, oxygen therapy, lung surgery, and transplants in severe cases.
This document discusses mucolytic drugs, which are used to thin mucus in the respiratory tract. It classifies common mucolytics - bromhexine, ambroxol, and acetylcysteine. It describes their mechanisms of action, dosages, and nursing responsibilities when administering them. Mucolytics work by breaking down mucus polymers to decrease viscosity and make mucus easier to cough up or suction out of the airways. Nurses should prepare for suctioning, encourage fluid intake, and maintain patients' airways when using mucolytics to treat respiratory disorders associated with excessive mucus production.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
This document discusses the treatment of cough. It begins by classifying cough based on duration as acute (less than 3 weeks), subacute (3-8 weeks), or chronic (more than 3 weeks). For acute cough, the most common causes are viral infections, sinusitis, pertussis, COPD exacerbations, and allergies. Post-infectious cough can last 1-2 weeks. Chronic cough is often caused by postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux, or smoking-related chronic bronchitis. The document provides guidance on evaluating and treating cough based on duration and suspected etiology. Emphasis is placed on treating the underlying cause rather than just suppressing cough symptoms.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
This document discusses SpO2 levels, also known as blood oxygen saturation. It defines SpO2 as a measure of the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the blood. Very low SpO2 levels can cause hypoxemia and result in serious symptoms or turn into hypoxia. The body normally maintains healthy SpO2 levels through breathing and adapting oxygen intake during times of stress. SpO2 can be measured using a pulse oximeter, which is placed on the finger and displays a percentage between 94-100%, indicating a healthy level. Symptoms of low SpO2 include fatigue, lightheadedness, and numbness.
Lung abscess is a localized area of lung destruction caused by infection, typically by aspiration of oropharyngeal bacteria. It appears on imaging as a cavity containing air-fluid levels. The infection can start as necrotizing pneumonia that progresses to microabscesses and larger cavitary lesions over time. Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, or pre-existing lung disease. Treatment involves antibiotics targeting common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Therapy typically lasts 4-6 weeks until imaging shows resolution, though surgery may be needed for large or resistant abscesses. Complications can include empyema, bronchopleural fistula, or distant infections if not properly treated.
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis. It defines each condition and discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, medical management, nursing management, and prevention. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs that can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard treatments and preventative measures are outlined for each condition.
The main focus of this presentation is to discuss all the drugs used nowadays in clinical practice to treat/ manage bronchial asthma. Along with the mechanism of action, use and adverse effects of anti-asthma drugs, we have given a highlight of the pathophysiology of asthma and how the drugs individually act at individual set point(s) to bring the clinical outcome.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its classification, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with an introduction defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing and reversible airway obstruction. It then covers asthma's classification into allergic and non-allergic types, risk factors like genetics and environment, and diagnostic tests like spirometry and allergy testing. The bulk of the document focuses on treatment approaches, including non-pharmacological methods and a wide range of pharmacological options targeting inflammation and bronchodilation. It concludes with guidance on managing severe exacerbations and the goals of prophylaxis.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is a very common disease in developing counteries and a big health hazard. Drug therapy is main treatment.Surgery is required mainly for its complications.In this ppp I have described this topic in a simple way
Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx (voice box) caused by irritation or infection. It causes hoarseness, coughing, and difficulty speaking. Risk factors include respiratory infections, irritants like smoke, cold weather, and voice overuse. Treatment focuses on voice rest, hydration, steam inhalation, and medication if caused by infection. Preventing larynx irritation and avoiding overuse of the voice can help prevent recurrent laryngitis.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes swelling of the air sacs in one or both lungs. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia ranges from mild to life-threatening depending on the cause and the health of the individual. Treatment involves antibiotics if it is bacterial and rest. Prevention includes vaccination, hand washing, and not smoking.
Aspiration pneumonia occurs when oropharyngeal contents are aspirated into the lungs, leading to infection. Aspiration can happen when the normal swallowing process is disrupted. The most common causes of aspiration pneumonia are disruption of swallowing due to neurological impairment or altered consciousness allowing gastric contents to enter the lungs. Symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Aspiration pneumonia can lead to serious complications if not properly treated.
Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx or voice box caused by infection, irritation or overuse. It causes hoarseness, coughing and difficulty speaking. Acute laryngitis lasts less than 3 weeks and is usually caused by a cold or flu virus. Chronic laryngitis persists over 3 weeks and can be caused by smoking, acid reflux, vocal misuse or inhaled irritants. Treatment focuses on voice rest, hydration, steam inhalation and medication if caused by infection. Prevention involves avoiding irritants, smoking and overusing the voice.
This document summarizes various respiratory system disorders. It discusses normal respiratory rates by age group and then outlines common upper respiratory diseases like the common cold, sinusitis, nasal polyps, sleep apnea, hay fever, tonsillitis and influenza. It also discusses lower respiratory diseases such as COPD, bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, pleurisy, tuberculosis, lung cancer and cystic fibrosis, providing details on symptoms and causes for each.
Pulmonary Complications in pediatric population.pptxSaima Mustafa
This document discusses several common respiratory disorders that affect children, including the common cold, pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, and sinusitis. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each disorder. The common cold is usually caused by rhinoviruses and can be treated with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications. Pneumonia often requires antibiotics and can have serious complications. Bronchitis is usually acute and viral in children and treated with supportive care. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease treated with inhalers and medications. Sinusitis causes nasal congestion and pain and its causes include viral infections, allergies, and anatomical abnormalities.
The document discusses the parts of the lungs including the ribcage, pleura, and diaphragm. It then describes several diseases that can affect the lungs such as asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Finally, it provides tips for proper lung care including avoiding pollution, regular exercise and cleanliness, a balanced diet, and consulting a doctor for infections.
Best Cough Syrup in India for Kids, Adults, & Pregnancy.pdfSumit Sharma
Selecting the ideal cough syrup is always challenging for everyone.
Anyone has a cough, and it is very common to have a cough and cold as the weather changes.
Although, all the coughs are not the same. So, it is evident that even cough syrups are not the same.
This post will review the best cough syrup for kids, adults, & pregnancy.
As we know, cough is a common symptom of lung infection. You need to understand the cause of the cough.
If your cough is persisting more than 8 weeks, you should not treat the cough yourself. It may be a lung infection or chronic lung disease. You must consult your doctor.
Your doctor may assess your cough based on intensity, severity, frequency, and sensitivity.
Suppose your cough is bothering you in daily routine activity or if it is an acute cough. In that case, you can take symptomatic relief or over-the-counter (OTC) cough and cold medications.
There are two types of cough syrups in the market –
-Expectorant, and
-Antitussives
These kinds of cough syrups are usually available in a combination of antihistaminic drugs, nasal decongestants, or bronchodilators like –
-Expectorant + bronchodilator
-Expectorant + antihistaminic drug
-Antitussives + antihistaminic drug
-Antitussives + antihistaminic drug + nasal decongestant
You need to understand – which type of cough do you have? We usually need clarification while selecting the best cough syrup.
If you have a productive cough, you should choose expectorant cough syrup, while for dry cough, you need to take antitussive cough syrup.
Choosing the best cough syrup for kids is also challenging because there are safety concerns.
As per FDA, if your child has a cough due to a cold or upper respiratory cough infection, it does not need treatment.
Still, if you want to give cough syrup to your children, then you may go with OTC medicines but don’t give any cough syrup to children under 2 years.
Here, I am reviewing the safest and best cough syrup for kids.
Diphenhydramine and dexchlorpheniramine are the safest and best cough relief medicine for pregnant women.
It would be best to consult your doctor before taking any cough syrup, especially in kids and pregnancy.
Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It begins with mild coughing and progresses to violent coughing fits ending in a "whoop" sound and often vomiting. It can affect people of all ages but is most dangerous for babies under 1 year old. Treatment involves antibiotics to limit symptoms and speed recovery, while vaccination helps prevent whooping cough. Complementary therapies may also help reduce symptoms during treatment.
The child presents with a common cold characterized by nasal congestion, headache, fever, runny nose, and impaired sleep. A physical exam reveals additional symptoms of sore throat, sneezing, and coughing. The diagnosis is an impaired sleep pattern due to nasal congestion from a common cold virus. The plan is to monitor for fever relief and reduced nasal congestion over 3 days with rest, hydration, analgesics, and antihistamines. Education focuses on prevention of spread and reassurance that colds are common in childhood.
Bronchiolitis is a common viral infection in infants that causes inflammation of the small airways in the lungs called bronchioles. It is usually caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and causes symptoms like cough, wheezing, congestion and fever. Treatment focuses on maintaining respiratory function and hydration through nasal suctioning, humidified air, smaller more frequent feeds and monitoring for signs of respiratory distress. While symptoms typically last 7-10 days, cough can persist for months. Hospitalization may be required for dehydration or respiratory problems in severe cases.
Discover the comprehensive guide on what causes a stuffy nose, its symptoms, and effective treatments at Ace NeuroENT Hospital. Our expert insights provide valuable information for understanding and addressing nasal congestion. Explore personalized treatment options to relieve discomfort and promote better nasal health. Trust our specialized care for a clearer and healthier nose. Breathe easier with Ace NeuroENT Hospital's expertise in ENT health.
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In humans the respiratory tract is
the part of the anatomy that has to
do with the process of respiration.
The respiratory tract is divided into
3 segments:
Upper respiratory tract: nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, and throat or pharynx
Respiratory airways: voice box or larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
Lungs: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
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Phlegm
1. PHLEGM
INTRODUCTION :
The thick viscous substance secreted by the mucous membranes of the respiratory passages,
especially when produced in excessive quantities during a cold.
FACT ABOUT PHLEGM
Phlegm (Greek:"inflammation, humour caused by heat") is a liquid secreted by
the mucous membranes of mammals.
Its definition is limited to the mucus produced by the respiratory system, excluding that
from the nasal passages, and particularly that which is expelled by coughing (sputum).
Phlegm is in essence a water-based gel consisting of glyco-proteins, Immuno-
globulins, lipids and other substances.
Its composition varies depending on climate, genetics, and state of the immune system.
Its color can vary from transparent to pale or dark yellow and green, from light to dark
brown, and even to dark grey depending on the constituents.
Phlegm is a water based gel and is produced at your lower airways. It contains mucus
with bacteria, sloughed off inflammatory cells and debris. The immune system, climate,
and genetics can vary the composition of the phlegm.
The color may vary from transparent to pale dark yellow or green. It can also change
from light to dark brown or dark grey.
The color of the phlegm forecasts your health status. So here we go to check out what the
color of phlegm indicates.
WHITE OR GREY PHLEGM
This often indicates sinus congestion or upper respiratory tract infection. When there is
inflammation due to bacteria or virus. The phlegm from the sinus drips into your throat. This is
not the case when you are healthy.
Grey phlegm may indicate that the body is getting rid of tars or resins due to excessive smoking.
It may also be due to inhalation of smog and dust.
GREEN OR DARK YELLOW PHLEGM
This indicates a sign of bacterial or viral infection and lower respiratory tract infection or sinus
infection. This green color is due the presence of neutrophils. They contain a green protein which
in large doses turns the phlegm into green color.
2. Researchers say that green or dark yellow phlegm does not always indicate an infection. This is
an interesting news which you ought to know. If you cough green or dark yellow phlegm, and
you have overall good health. There is no need for antibiotic treatment say the researchers.
BROWN PHLEGM
This coloration is due to excessive smoking. The body tries to cough back the resin, tar, and
other particulate matter. And this results in brown phlegm.
BLOODY PHLEGM
The presence of blood in phlegm is known as haemoptysis. It can signify bronchitis,
tuberculosis, cancer, pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. It would be in your best interest that
you seek medical attention.
PINK PHLEGM
This may indicate fluid in the lungs known as pulmonary edema. This phlegm can have streaks
of blood and have a frothy texture. It may signify underlying heart problems according to
UK’s National Health Service.
REASONS FOR EXCESS PHLEGM
These conditions may lead to excess phlegm production. They include
Vocal abuse that includes excessive yelling and screaming
Smoking
Hay fever
Asthma
Air pollution
During flu, cold or pneumonia
Acute bronchitis
Nasal polyps
Tuberculosis
Esophageal cancer
Anaphylaxis. It is the most severe form of an allergic reaction.
COPD and
Streptococcus infection.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN MUCUS AND PHLEGM
Contrary to popular misconception and misuse, mucus and phlegm are not always the same.
3. MUCUS
Mucus is a normal protective layering around the airway, eye, nasal turbinate, and uro-genital
tract. Mucus is an adhesive visco-elastic gel produced in the airway by sub-mucosal
glands and goblet cells and is principally water. It also contains high-molecular weight
mucous glycoproteins that form linear polymers.
PHLEGM
Phlegm is more related to disease than is mucus and can be troublesome for the individual to
excrete from the body. Phlegm is a juicy secretion in the airway during disease and
inflammation. Phlegm usually contains mucus with virus, bacteria, other debris, and sloughed-
off inflammatory cells. Once phlegm has been expectorated by a cough it becomes sputum.[
EXCESSIVE PHLEGM CREATION
There are multiple factors that can contribute to an excess of phlegm in the throat or larynx.
Vocal abuse: Vocal abuse is the misuse or overuse of the voice in an unhealthy fashion
such as clearing the throat, yelling, screaming, talking loudly, or singing incorrectly.
Clearing the throat: Clearing the throat removes or loosens phlegm but the vocal cords
hit together causing inflammation and therefore more phlegm.
Yelling/screaming: Yelling and screaming both cause the vocal cords to hit against each
other causing inflammation and phlegm.
Nodules: Excessive yelling, screaming, and incorrect singing as well as other vocal
abusive habits can cause vocal nodules. See vocal fold nodule for more information on
nodules.
Smoking: Smoke is hot, dry, polluted air which dries out the vocal cords. With each
breath in of smoke, the larynx is polluted with toxins that inhibit it from rehydrating for
about 3 hours. The vocal cords need a fair amount of lubrication and swell from
inflammation when they do not have enough of it. When the vocal folds swell and are
inflamed, phlegm is often created to attempt to ease the dryness.
Experiment on smoking correlations: In 2002, an experiment was done and published by
the American College of Chest Physicians to find if there was a correlation of smokers
with coughing and phlegm. In the study, 117 participants were studied, a mix of current
smokers, ex-smokers, non-smokers, and a positive control of participants with a disease,
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.) At the end of the experiment,
experimenters found that there was a high correlation between phlegm and cough with
smoking of 0.49 (p < 0.001.)
Illness: During illness like the flu, cold, and pneumonia, phlegm becomes more excessive
as an attempt to get rid of the bacteria or viral particles within the body. A major illness
associated with excess phlegm is acute bronchitis. A major symptom of acute bronchitis
4. is an excess amount of phlegm and is usually caused by a viral infection, and only
bacterial infections, which are rare, are to be treated with an antibiotic.
Hay fever, asthma: In hay fever and asthma, inner lining in bronchioles become inflamed and
create an excess amount of phlegm that can clog up air pathways.
Air pollution: In studies of children, air pollutants have been found to increase phlegm by
drying out and irritating parts of the throat.[
HOME REMEDIES FOR PHLEGM AND MUCUS
Phlegm is a type of mucus produced in the lungs and lower respiratory tract. It is most noticeable
when a person is acutely sick or has a longstanding health condition.
Mucus forms a protective lining in certain parts of the body, even when a person is well. Mucus
keeps these areas from drying out and helps to defend against invaders, including viruses and
bacteria.
Though a healthy body requires some mucus, too much can be uncomfortable. Excess may be
caused by:
Infections, such as the common cold or flu
Allergies
Irritation of the nose, throat, or lungs
Digestive conditions, such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease
Smoking tobacco products
Lung diseases, such as pneumonia, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, or chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
HOW TO GET RID OF PHLEGM AND MUCUS
5. Drinking fluids, keeping the head elevated, and using nasal sprays may help to get rid of phlegm
and mucus.
Taking the following actions can help to eliminate excess mucus and phlegm:
1. Keeping the air moist. Dry air irritates the nose and throat, causing more mucus to form as a
lubricant. Placing a cool mist humidifier in the bedroom can promote better sleep, keeping the
nose clear and preventing a sore throat. Various humidifiers are available to purchase online.
2. Drinking plenty of fluids. The body needs to stay hydrated to keep mucus thin. When a
person is sick with a cold, drinking extra fluids can thin the mucus and help the sinuses to drain.
People with seasonal allergies may also find that staying hydrated helps to avoid congestion.
3. Applying a warm, wet washcloth to the face. This can be a soothing remedy for a pounding
sinus headache. Inhaling through a damp cloth is a quick way to return moisture to the nose and
throat. The heat will help to relieve pain and pressure.
4. Keeping the head elevated. When the buildup of mucus is particularly bothersome, it may
help to sleep propped up on a few pillows or in a reclining chair. Lying flat can increase
discomfort, because it may feel as though mucus is collecting at the back of the throat.
5. Not suppressing a cough. It may be tempting to use suppressants when experiencing a
nagging, phlegm-filled cough. However, coughing is the body's way of keeping secretions out of
the lungs and throat. Use cough syrups sparingly, if at all.
6. Discreetly getting rid of phlegm. When phlegm rises from the lungs into the throat, the body
is likely trying to remove it. Spitting it out is healthier than swallowing it.A saline nasal spray or
rinse may help to clear out mucus.
6. 7. Using a saline nasal spray or rinse. A saline spray or irrigator can clear out mucus and
allergens from the nose and sinuses. Look for sterile sprays that contain only sodium chloride,
and be sure to use sterile or distilled water when irrigating. A variety of nasal irrigators are
available for purchase online.
8. Gargling with salt water. This can soothe an irritated throat and may help to clear away
residual mucus. One teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water can be gargled several times per
day.
9. Using eucalyptus. Eucalyptus products have used to subdue coughs and reduce mucus for
years. They are usually applied directly to the chest. A few drops of eucalyptus oil can also be
added to a diffuser or a warm bath to help clear the nose. Some eucalyptus oils may be added to
humidifiers.
10. Not smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke. Smoking and secondhand smoke cause the
body to produce more phlegm and mucus.
11. Minimizing the use of decongestants. While they dry secretions and can alleviate a runny
nose, decongestants may make it harder to get rid of phlegm and mucus.
12. Taking the right medicine. Medications known as expectorants can help to thin mucus and
phlegm, making them easier to cough or blow out. However, check to make sure that these
medications do not also contain decongestants.
13. Keeping allergies in check. Seasonal allergies can lead to a runny or stuffy nose, as well as
excess mucus and phlegm. Many over-the-counter allergy medications can reduce symptoms,
and can be purchased online.
14. Avoiding irritants. Chemicals, fragrances, and pollution can irritate the nose, throat, and
lower airways. This causes the body to produce more mucus.
15. Keeping track of food reactions. Some foods can cause reactions that mimic seasonal
allergies. They may cause the nose to run and the throat to itch, leading to excess mucus. Make a
record of any foods that trigger an increase in phlegm or mucus.
16. Avoiding alcohol and caffeine. Both substances lead to dehydration if consumed in excess.
When mucus and phlegm are an issue, drink plenty of warm, non-caffeinated beverages.
7. Phlegm is a great nuisance, and it even causes bad breath. Cheer up here is some great news in
this article. You can easily get rid of the phlegm from your throat without the use of antibiotics.
17. Taking a hot bath or shower. Time spent in a steam-filled bathroom will help to loosen and
clear mucus in the nose and throat. Allowing hot water to pulse on the face can also bring relief
from sinus pressure.
18. Blowing the nose gently. It may be tempting to keep blowing until thick mucus comes out.
However, doing so too forcefully may hurt the sinuses, leading to pain, pressure, and possibly
infection.
19. Eating plenty of fruit. One study found that a diet rich in fiber from fruit, and possibly soy,
may lead to fewer respiratory problems linked to phlegm.
20. Avoiding foods that cause acid reflux. Acid reflux can lead to an increase in phlegm and
mucus. People prone to heartburn should avoid trigger foods and ask a doctor about proper
management.
EASY WAYS TO GET RID OF PHLEGM
These are some of the simple but efficient ways to remove phlegm from your throat.
Lemon and Honey
Honey has antibacterial properties. It acts as a hypertonic osmotic. This means that it draws out
the water out of inflamed tissues. This action soothes the irritated tissues and reduces swelling.
8. You can drink a hot cup of lemon tea to ease the sticky phlegm. Take a cup of boiling water. Add
juice of half a lemon and two teaspoons of honey. You can add a tablespoon of brandy and
whisky too. Mix everything and enjoy your cup of hot lemon tea.
GARGLE SALT
The good old fashioned salt water gargle produces fast and effective relief. Add half a teaspoon
of salt to a glass of warm water and gargle. Repeat this process every hour for a maximum
benefit. Salt draws out the water out of the mucous membranes. It also helps to clear the phlegm.
It contains antiseptic properties. Water keeps the throat, and its lining hydrated and soothes the
stinging throat. You can also gargle with sage tea. Boil 8 ounces of water and add 4 tablespoons
of dried sage. Allow it to stand for 4 hours, strain it and then you can use it for gargling.
Tabasco sauce gargle can remove phlegm from the throat. This is how you go about. Add 10-20
drops of Tabasco sauce to water and gargle. This sauce is made from chilies and has antiviral
properties. You should be careful not to swallow it. You can gargle with bi-carb solution to
soothe your throat. Add half a teaspoon of soda bicarb to a glass of warm water and gargle.
GINGER
9. Ginger is a natural decongestant and antihistamine. It improves circulation and helps to excrete
toxins more effectively. It contains a compound called shagoal which is believed to kill cold
viruses. Take half a piece of grated ginger, a few cinnamon and a teaspoon of Carnation. Add a
cup of hot water. Stir and filter it. Add a teaspoon of honey. It works wonders to remove the
phlegm.Slice a half or quarter inch piece of ginger and chew it. Drinking ginger tea produces
great relief. Add ½ inch piece of ginger root to a cup of boiling water. Add lemon juice and
honey to it. Filter and enjoy.
A ginger poultice is good to remove phlegm. Add a1-inch piece of grated fresh ginger in hot
water. Make a fine paste. Add two drops of thyme or eucalyptus essential oil. Apply it to chest
and throat area. Leave it for an hour or till it becomes uncomfortably hot.
SLIPPERY ELM FOR PHLEGM
Slippery elm grows in North America, and its powdered bark is used to treat colds by the Native
Americans. It is well respected among herbalists. We found the best slippery elm to get rid
of phlegm. This wonderful bark powder is believed to cause phlegm to ball up. This makes it
easier to cough it out. It is said to be mucilaginous. Slippery elm contains soluble fiber which
when mixed in water forms a gummy gel-like substance. This substance coats the throat and
soothes the inflammation. Slippery elm can greatly reduce the phlegm in your throat. To make a
hot tea out of it, add one tablespoon of the bark powder to one cup of boiling water. Your tea is
ready. You can also apply it as a poultice. Add the slippery elm bark powder to hot water and
make a paste. Apply some oil to your chest and back. Spread the paste and cover it with a plastic
wrap. Put a towel over the poultice and keep a hot water bottle or heating pad to keep it warm.
Remove after 15-30 minutes. Slippery elm is considered safe. You should use it two hours before
or after taking any medications. Do NOT apply it on any open wound.
APPLE CIDER VINEGAR
10. It has antiseptic properties that fight against sinus infection and clears mucus. Apple cider
vinegar has natural anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-fungal properties that boost the
immune system.It has high pH levels which break up the phlegm and clears the throat. It thins
the phlegm, boosts the immune system and prevents infection.This is how you go about. Mix 2
teaspoons of apple cider vinegar to a glass of warm water. Add stevia or honey to enhance the
taste. Drink twice daily for best results. If you gargle this mixture along with the above process.
The result would be stunning.A hot steam helps to relieve the phlegm from your throat. Mix half
a cup of apple cider vinegar and half a cup of water. Heat it on a stove for 5-7 minutes. Turn off
the heat and inhale the steam with your eyes closed. Repeat it 2 times a day to get relief from the
phlegm.
Apple cider vinegar with flax seeds and honey are a great combination to fight phlegm. Mix 2
tablespoons of apple cider vinegar or orange juice. Add this mixture to a¼ cup of flax seeds. Add
a teaspoon of honey. Drizzle the mixture over a salad and enjoy.
TURMERIC
This yellow spice has great anti-inflammatory properties. The natural inflammatory compound
curcumin is present in turmeric. This compound is so powerful that it matches the effectiveness
of certain anti-inflammatory drugs.No wonder turmeric can keep the bacteria that cause excess
phlegm production at bay, it also strengthens the immune system.You can mix half teaspoon of
turmeric in a glass of warm water and drink it thrice a day. Mix one tablespoon of turmeric and a
pinch of salt in warm water and gargle. This reduces the phlegm in your throat.Add one teaspoon
of turmeric to a warm cup of milk. Drink it in the morning and before going to bed. You can add
half a teaspoon of turmeric to a bowl of chicken soup.Turmeric produces quick relief, removes
phlegm and soothes your throat. Get your own turmeric capsules for best results.
GARLIC
11. It is otherwise known as the stinking rose. Garlic has amazing anti-inflammatory, antibacterial
and antiviral properties. Aged garlic is very effective in treating airway inflammation. So it helps
to remove phlegm from your throat.Garlic is rich in vitamin C, which is very effective for
treating cold and flu. It promotes peristalsis and diuretic action. They are efficient flushing
mechanisms and removes phlegm out of your throat. Garlic boosts immunity.You can take a few
cloves of raw garlic, crush it and have it along with water in the morning. Take a few cloves of
raw garlic before going to bed.Garlic nose drops help to loosen mucus. Crush fresh garlic to
produce juice and dilute it with 10 parts of water. Use a nose dropper to administer it gently.You
can add garlic to soups and sauces. Sauté steamed spinach, garlic, and fresh lemon juice. You
can also make garlic mashed potatoes, puree roasted garlic, olive oil, and cooked
potatoes. Garlic in any form clears the phlegm in your throat.
ACUPUNCTURE
In traditional Chinese medicine, phlegm is caused due to stagnant or energy. Steven Clavey, a
practitioner of acupuncture in Melbourne Australia, says that the treatment of phlegm should first
12. address the sluggish that led to its creation.The theory goes like this; the kidneys draw qi from
the environment, and the liver governs its smooth flow throughout the body. So to treat phlegm,
you must concentrate on these two.
The two acupuncture points for clearing phlegm are K27 a kidney point and Liv3 a liver point.
The Liv3 is the point between the bones of the big toe and the second one. With your thumb push
into the space between them press downward toward the ankle. You can feel a tender spot,
massage the spot and hold it until it is no longer painful. Repeat this process on the other feet
too.For the point, K27 follow the collar bone in toward the center where it joins the breastbone.
The K27 rests in the hollow underneath the collar bone.Raise your shoulder to make your
collarbone protrude if you can’t find the hollow. Massage and press the less tender side. Then
work your way to the more tender side. Do this until the point no longer feels sore. Acupuncture
produces effective relief. You can combine any of the above-discussed methods along with
acupuncture to maximize the benefit.
CONCLUSION
The main aim of this article is to help you to find relief quickly. You can also eat spicy foods
such as horseradish or pepper. These act as a decongestant and bring out noxious phlegm.You
can drink hot liquids such as tea or chicken soup to soothe your throat. Drink plenty of water to
flush away the phlegm.Toast is also great because it breaks the phlegm and carry it down to your
stomach. If you are addicted to smoking, try your level best to stop it. Avoid exposure to
hazardous chemicals and fumes which may irritate the respiratory system. Take a hot shower and
relax.Hum a melody because it is believed that the vibrations break up the phlegm. Always spit
the phlegm out and never swallow it. Take note that it is best to try natural remedies before
resorting to drugstore expectorants. It never hurts to check the effects of natural treatments first
because like prescriptions, they are proven effective and less likely to have negative side effects.
Take plenty of rest and have a positive attitude. So I hope above tips benefits to relieve
congestion of our lungs to live long life without consequences of organism.