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Respiratory disorders
- 1. Respiratory System Disorders Preparedby- Simranjeet Kaur Assistant Professor Pharmacology PCTE Group of Institutions
- 2. Respiratory Rates forDifferent Age Groups Age Respirations per Minute Newborn 30–60 1 year old 18–30 16 year old 16–20 Adult 12–20
- 3. Upper Respiratory Diseases Common cold Sinusitis Nasal polyps Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea Hay Fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis) Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis Influenza
- 4. The Common Cold More than 200 strains of viruses are capable of causing this disease. Metapneumovirus, has recently been described as a major virus causing adult colds Unlike many other diseases, having had a cold provides no immunity. Moreover, the common cold is relatively contagious.
- 5. Sinuses And Sinusitis The air filled spaces provide a reduced weight for the skull and contribute to nasal tone of the voice. Paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity. These cavities are named by the skull bone in which they are found: frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid. In sinusitis, the inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the cavity causes a sensation of pressure, pain, and often a headache.
- 6. Sinusitis Etiology, Symptoms,Treatment Viruses, allergens, bacteria Environmental conditions – barometric pressure, airplane flight, swimming or diving activities, and perhaps stale or contaminated indoor air – tooth extraction or dental work, abscesses, and allergens. Sinusitis, an infection of the sinuses, can be caused by nasal congestion blocking sinus drainage. When mucous membranes lining these cavities are inflamed the results are headache above or below the eye orbit, occasionally pain in the cheeks and upper teeth and a general “stuffiness” felt behind or within the nasal cavity.
- 7. Nasal Polyps Nasalpolyps are noncancerous growths within the nose or sinus passageway. The exact cause of these growths is unknown. Certain chemicals found within these polyps suggest that they may be instrumental in causing the extra tissue formations. Large polyps cause nasal drainage, interfere with smell capability, and, on rare occasions may be linked to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
- 8. Obstructive Sleep Apnea The most common sleep disorder The apnea is noted by cessation of breathing during the night due to a non-foreign obstruction like an inhaled object, but caused by enlarged parts Usually occurs in middle age, and in overweight males. Individuals awake tired, without energy, and feel drowsy most of the day while functioning at low capacity. Four or five episodes of sleep apnea per hour is significant. Twenty episodes per hour is severe; some people experience 100–500 apneas in a single night.
- 9. Obstructive Sleep ApneaSyndrome: Symptoms Obstructive apnea causes heavy, long, and loud snoring and snorting. During this interruption, decreased blood flow to the brain has occurred. With upper airways blocked, lungs do not fill properly, which creates a pressure in the chest that compresses the heart, and therefore reduces blood flow. The potential for cerebral stroke is increased, especially in moderate and severe apnea cases
- 10. Hay fever Alsocalled seasonal allergic rhinitis, it is characterized by sensitivity to airborne allergens, especially from pollens of ragweed and grasses. Respiratory mucosa secrete excessive mucus causing a runny nose and congestion. Mucosal surfaces of the eyes also react to the allergens causing redness, watery secretions, and itching. The release of histamine causes these unpleasant effects
- 11. Tonsillitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis These upper respiratory airway structures can become infected with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Infections of these tissues lead to difficulty swallowing, and redness and pain in the throat.
- 12. Tonsillitis The tonsilsare masses of lymphatic tissue located in the mucous membranes of the fauces and the oral pharynx that protect the throat from infection. Infected tonsils may swell and become painful, making swallowing very difficult.
- 13. Pharyngitis An inflammationof the pharynx characterized by pain in the throat. Foreign objects, hot liquids, or spicy foods may contribute to short-term pharyngitis. Just breathing through the mouth, due to stuffiness, or falling asleep with an open mouth may cause a brief discomfort caused by excessive drying and exposure. Strep throat, a pharyngitis caused by streptococci, is common, resulting in a red, purulent throat.
- 14. Laryngitis An inflammationof the larynx or voice box, is characterized by hoarseness and aphonia. A “lost voice” may be caused by bacteria or viruses or perhaps fungi, but it can also stem from allergies, overuse of the voice
- 15. Influenza A viralinfection of the upper respiratory system. The onset of the disease is sudden. The individual experiences chills and a fever, cough, sore throat, and runny nose. Chest pains, muscular aching, and gastrointestinal disorders may also be symptoms. The virus can destroy the respiratory epithelium, a strong line of defense against bacterial invasion. With the loss of the protective epithelium, bacterial infection can invade any part of the respiratory tract. Pneumococci, streptococci, and staphylococci are all capable of causing pneumonia in patients with severe influenza.
- 16. Lower Respiratory Diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Bronchitis Asthma Emphysema Pneumonia Pleurisy Pulmonary tuberculosis Cancer Cystic fibrosis
- 17. Chronic Obstructive PulmonaryDisease (COPD) Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), includes a number of conditions in which the exchange of respiratory gasses is ineffective. It includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic asthma.
- 18. Bronchitis Inflammation ofthe bronchi, which may be acute or chronic. The mucous membrane lining the bronchi becomes swollen and red, the typical inflammatory response. Irritants such as industrial fumes, automobile exhaust, viruses, or bacteria can cause acute bronchitis.
- 19. Acute Bronchitis Mostserious in small children, the chronically ill, and the elderly. Tiny bronchioles of children can become easily obstructed. The elderly or chronically ill are likely to develop a secondary infection, such as pneumonia. Acute bronchitis is characterized by chest pains, dyspnea, cough, fever, and sometimes chills. The sputum coughed up may contain pus.
- 20. Chronic Bronchitis Indicatedby repeated attacks of acute bronchitis and coughing with sputum production, lasting for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years. Symptoms are persistent. Chronic bronchitis may be a complication of another respiratory infection, or can result from long-term exposure to air pollutants or cigarette smoke. It is more common in middle-aged men than in women.
- 21. Symptoms of Bronchitis Symptoms include excessive secretion of mucus from the mucous glands of the bronchial mucosa (lining). The mucous glands hypertrophy, and the mucosa itself is thickened and inflamed. The interference in the air passageway caused by the swelling and mucus reduces the person’s oxygen level. Hypoxia, an insufficient oxygenation of the tissues, results. Poor drainage of the mucus sets the stage for bacterial infection. Parts of the respiratory tract can become necrotic, and fibrous scarring follows.
- 22. Bronchial Asthma Characterizedby hypersensitivity to various allergens like dust, mold, pollen, animal dander, and various foods Eighty percent of children with asthma and fifty percent of adult asthmatics have allergies. The allergens trigger constriction of smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi, narrowing the lumen of the tubes.
- 23. Bronchial Asthma Themucous membrane becomes swollen with fluid, also narrowing the lumen. Excessive secretion of mucus adds to the obstruction. Stale air becomes trapped, which decreases the amount of fresh air that can enter the lungs. The wheezing sound results from air passing through the narrowed tubes. Psychogenic factors such as anxiety are frequently associated with an asthma attack. A tense situation or an emotional experience can trigger an attack.
- 24. Normal bronchiole (A)and one constricted (B) in asthma attack.
- 25. Emphysema A cripplingand debilitating (weakening) disease with chronic lung obstruction and destruction The word emphysema means inflation. The lungs become filled with air that is high in carbon dioxide. This air cannot be adequately exhaled to allow oxygen to enter. The person experiences a suffocating feeling and great distress from the inability to breathe. Severe pain accompanies the difficult breathing. The cause of emphysema is not known, but it is most frequently associated with heavy cigarette smoking.
- 26. Pneumonia Acute inflammationof the lungs in which air spaces in the lungs become filled with an inflammatory exudate. Oxygen exchange is impaired, causing difficulty breathing. Fever, chest pain, and a productive cough accompany this disease. Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, and it may affect different areas of the lungs.
- 27. (A) Bronchopneumonia withlocalized pattern. (B) lobar pneumonia with a diffuse pattern within the lobe. ( C ) interstitial pneumonia typically diffuse and bilateral.
- 28. Lobar Pneumonia Lobarpneumonia is inflammation of a section, often an entire lobe, of the lung. It is most often caused by the pneumococcus bacterium, Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium is carried in the respiratory passages of many people, but it can infect the lungs under optimal conditions.
- 29. Bronchopneumonia Obstruction ofthe small bronchi Due to infection or by aspirated gastric contents Diffuse pattern of inflammation on x-ray Causes of bronchopneumonia are: – Chronic bronchitis – whooping cough – Old age – Cancer
- 30. Pleurisy An inflammationof the pleural membranes that occurs as a complication of various lung diseases, like pneumonia or tuberculosis May also develop from an injury or tumor formation Pleurisy is extremely painful; a sharp, stabbing pain accompanies each inspiration. The pain may stem from excessive or insufficient pleural fluid, or pus/blood in the lungs
- 31. Pulmonary Tuberculosis Achronic infectious disease characterized by necrosis of vital lung tissue Common in the respiratory system, but can affect other body systems as well Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The first infective exposure with the bacteria is called a primary infection.
- 32. Pulmonary Tuberculosis Theinhaled bacteria infect the lungs and induce a chronic inflammatory response that leads to necrosis The tissue in this site becomes soft and cheese-like The tissue heals with fibrosis and calcification, walling off the bacteria for months or many years. These lesions are called tubercles During this period, a person may have no symptoms. A secondary infection occurs when the person is infected again or when the bacteria escape the walled-off lesions in the lungs.
- 33. Bronchogenic Carcinoma Themost common type of lung cancer Danger of airway obstruction; death results from complications of obstruction or from the effects of metastatic tumors. inhalation of carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) which may be an occupational hazard among workers who are constantly exposed to air pollution, exhaust gases, and industrial fumes. The great danger in bronchogenic carcinoma is blockage of the airway by the malignant tumor as it grows into the lumen of the bronchus. The affected part of the lung collapses for lack of air.
- 34. The symptomsor signs of early stage lung cancer may be undetected, but later there is a persistent cough and hemoptysis. The blood in the sputum results from the erosion of blood vessels by the growing malignancy. Anorexia, weight loss, and weakness accompany the disease. The poor oxygenation of the blood explains the generalized weakness. Symptoms include difficulty in breathing caused by the obstructed airway. Symptoms develop late in the disease so prevention and early detection are essential.
- 35. Cystic Fibrosis Adisease that affects all the exocrine glands of the body, the glands of external secretion Exocrine glands secrete mucus, perspiration, and digestive enzymes. The abnormality in cystic fibrosis is excessively viscous mucus secretion. Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease affecting young children. It is transmitted through a recessive gene carried by each parent. The trachea and bronchi secrete thick mucus and, as it accumulates, the air passageway is blocked.