1. Advances in science and technology have benefited humanity but also increased reliance on machines and machine-like behavior. The worst scenario is that machines could come to dominate humans.
2. The Catholic Church aims to teach moral theology in a way that understands human nature. It is important to know what it means to be human before educating people on how to respond to God's grace.
3. Existentialism considers freedom the supreme norm of morality. For existentialists, the decision to be free and morally sound are the same. People should judge values based on their usefulness in situations, as existentialists believe values are not founded on God.
Norm
Norm of Morality
• Types of norm:
Eternal Divine Law
Human Reason
Law as the object norm of morality
• General Notion of Law
o Law of Nature
o Natural Law
Moral Law
o Essential Elements for a Law to be Reasonable:
• Divisions of Law
o Eternal Law
The Natural Moral Law
Law of Conscience
i. Attributes of the Natural Law
ii. The Contents of Natural Law
Formal norms
Material norms
Human Positive Law
Law as the subject norm of morality
Conscience
• Conscience as an Act of Intellect
(Judgement of Reason)
• Conscience as a Practical Moral Judgement
• Conscience as the Proximate Norm of Morality
• Kinds of Conscience
i. Correct or True Conscience
ii. Erroneous of False conscience
Invincibly erroneous conscience
Vincibly erroneous conscience
Perplexed conscience
Pharisaical conscience
i. Certain Conscience
ii. Doubtful Conscience
iii. Scrupulous Conscience
iv. Lax Conscience
Human Acts and Acts of Man are both man's actions...Are they moral or immoral? Check out what to learn about the morality and the standard of morality based on the Christian moral perspectives- from Aristotelian to Thomisian...
Norm
Norm of Morality
• Types of norm:
Eternal Divine Law
Human Reason
Law as the object norm of morality
• General Notion of Law
o Law of Nature
o Natural Law
Moral Law
o Essential Elements for a Law to be Reasonable:
• Divisions of Law
o Eternal Law
The Natural Moral Law
Law of Conscience
i. Attributes of the Natural Law
ii. The Contents of Natural Law
Formal norms
Material norms
Human Positive Law
Law as the subject norm of morality
Conscience
• Conscience as an Act of Intellect
(Judgement of Reason)
• Conscience as a Practical Moral Judgement
• Conscience as the Proximate Norm of Morality
• Kinds of Conscience
i. Correct or True Conscience
ii. Erroneous of False conscience
Invincibly erroneous conscience
Vincibly erroneous conscience
Perplexed conscience
Pharisaical conscience
i. Certain Conscience
ii. Doubtful Conscience
iii. Scrupulous Conscience
iv. Lax Conscience
Human Acts and Acts of Man are both man's actions...Are they moral or immoral? Check out what to learn about the morality and the standard of morality based on the Christian moral perspectives- from Aristotelian to Thomisian...
This is the second chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. "First Voyage Around the World"
2. "Customs of the Tagalogs"
3. "Kartilya ng Katipunan"
4. "Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan"
5. "Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino"
6. "Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era"
7. "Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood"
8. "President Corazon Aquino's Speech Before the US Congress"
9. "Raiders of the Sulu Sea"
10. Works of Luna and Amorsolo
This is the second chapter of the course Readings in Philippine History as per the Commission on Higher Education.
Course sub-topics:
1. "First Voyage Around the World"
2. "Customs of the Tagalogs"
3. "Kartilya ng Katipunan"
4. "Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan"
5. "Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino"
6. "Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era"
7. "Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood"
8. "President Corazon Aquino's Speech Before the US Congress"
9. "Raiders of the Sulu Sea"
10. Works of Luna and Amorsolo
or the first time ever there is a comprehensive theory of organization that places human performance in its rightful place as the driver of strategic roll out and success.
The Norovirus has been described as the perfect human pathogen. It causes 21 million illnesses each year and kills 800 people. Are you at risk?
This presentation provides background on:
How norovirus spreads
Norovirus Symptoms
Why Norovirus is so tough to contain
How to prevent norovirus outbreaks
Norovirus treatment options
Because of it's more recent discovery, the general public may not be aware of how common this illness is.
Vicki Alexander Herriott, J.D., LL.M.
Associate Professor of Law and Government
Co-chair of the Department
B.A., Wellesley College
J.D., Boston University of Law
LL.M., New York University School of Law
Vicki retired from the full-time practice of law in 1983 to co-found the Institute for Research on Consciousness and Human Development with her late husband, Charles (Skip) Alexander. Under the auspices of the Institute they studied the effects of the practice of TM on a variety of populations including a project with institutionalized elderly and groundbreaking research in Israel on the effects of the collective practice of the advanced TM and TM Sidhi program on society as a whole. Vicki teaches Business Law, Taxation, Human Resource Management, Mediation and Negotiation, and Environmental Law. She is currently studying the natural laws relating to management and decision-making.
The Naturalistic Conception of Happiness according to Saint Thomas Aquinas fr...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Happiness is an obsession for every human consciousness. It is a question that plagues human
psychology, notwithstanding the varied and divergent answers that are formulated. Happiness is the object of a
never-ending quest, and human actions are motivated by the pursuit of this goal. Happiness is, in fact, an
aspiration common to all human beings. According to Saint Thomas Aquinas, man is a lost being (as a result of
original sin), and he must find God in order to be able to heal this wound in his nature, otherwise happiness for
him would be a dream in color, in other words, a phantasmagoria. For the author, in fact, man‟s perfect and
eternal happiness, which he calls beatitude, lies in intimate and loving contemplation, that is to say, in the
superior and supernatural speculation of truth. From then on, we reproach the Angelic Doctor for not being able
to reach the end of his reflection. Between nature and happiness, we argue for the inclusion of a third term,
which would be culture, i.e. culture that takes into account the scientific, technical and strategic aspects. In
short, if man is to be truly happy, he must integrate all the dimensions of life.
KEYWORDS: contemplation, culture, God, happiness, nature
This is one of the topics for the All India Students' conference on Science and Spiritual Quest to be held in February 2014.
I was supposed to submit the paper for this which i prepared but got delayed and so its not accepted . i have submitted two papers. One is this which is rejected due to delay. So here I am publishing it .
Here is the link to the theme.
http://www.aissq.org/themes.html
Now the topic I have to submit the paper on was Life - Its origin and purpose. The paper manuscript has to be within 4 pages. The abstract within 200 words. So here is the paper I wanted to submit but rejected due to delay .
Emotional attachment - Buddhism & Business, emtions, ethics and suffering. Extract from Opportunity, Strategy & Entreprneurship: A Meta-Theory, Volume 1, New York, Nova Scientific.
Ethical Theory PaperElijah KimWhat is the meaning of being a hBetseyCalderon89
Ethical Theory Paper
Elijah Kim
What is the meaning of being a human? What is the meaning of being a good person? What is good? And why do we have to be good? The word ethic carries many implications and foundations. In Christianity, God creates this universe, earth, and man/woman in "his" image. However, the Human is not God and made many ethical mistakes that ask God for forgiveness. "Therefore you are inexcusable, O man, whoever you are who judge, for in whatever you judge another you condemn yourself; for you who judge practice the same things." (Romans 2:1). No human being is innocent in front of God and not allow to judge each other. The ethical theory sets the foundation for a "right human being" and has numerous ways to break down.
Ethical theory "is the systematic effort to understand moral concepts and justify moral principles and theories" (Fieser 2017), which means the study of Right Action. This "Right Action" can be divide into three different divisions. Metaethics can be defined as a God's view. For many religious believers and religious cultures, the Metaethics can be easily found. However, people who do not believe in a higher power or bird view have a problem with divine command metaethics (Morriston 2009). In the Metaethics view, moral obligations are taught and fixed by religious belief. For the non-religious believers there Metaethics can be set by the Karma they heard of or the own belief system. Just because of believing in religious belief and Karma, Metaethics do not take the basics from realism or antirealism. Instead, it contains the focused theories (Davis 2021).
Moral Realism in Metaethics asses the meaning of the moral. Moral realism is the position of right and wrong in a variety of situations. Religions like Christianity made committed to moral realism for three different reasons. First, "constructivists tend to attribute moral facts to agents as their origin" (Jung 2015). In Christianity bible has the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20. These Ten Commandments are the fundamental moral value of Christian belief and set the standard. Commandments like "Thou shalt not commit adultery" and "Thou shalt not kill" are the well-known rule as a "basic human being." Like the last sentence, the bible has a clear example of do's and don'ts, right/ wrong.
The bible also advised what evil (bad) can affect the person "Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners" (1 Corinthians 15:33). Many religious people believe in God's purpose. An example of Christianity, Genesis advised, Human were made to glorify God and his creation. Adam and Eve were also created to manage God's creation. "So, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God" (1 Corinthians 10:31). "And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose" (Romans 8:28). The explicit purpose gave men and women a clear vision of life and motivated them to stay in God's ...
Aristotelian Virtue Ethics and Donation for Planting TreesNasrin.docxfestockton
Aristotelian Virtue Ethics and Donation for Planting Trees
Nasrin Sultana
[Abstract: Nature plays an instrumental role in our happy or flourishing life as we depend on nature for our food, clothing, shelter and so on. Moreover, wild animals are also instrumentally valuable for protecting the ecological balance; and hence their habitat, nature, should be protected. However, since the industrial revolution, nature has been profoundly affected by the emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. In this circumstance, as human beings what character traits should we dispose to face these challenges? Should we spend our wealth and time for protecting the nature, which is instrumentally valuable for present and future generations’ happy life, by donating and campaigning for planting trees? In this paper, I have tried to answer to these questions from the Aristotelian virtue ethical point of view. After explaining different aspects of the Aristotelian virtue ethics I have tried to conclude that in response to the debate of whether one should contribute to the tree plantation campaign or not, a virtuous person would go with donation and campaign for planting trees.]
1. Introduction
Human beings are a part of nature. We and other species eat, drink, breathe and live in nature. So, nature has an instrumental value in human and other species’ lives. However, increasing deforestation, limitless emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases do highly contribute to the climate change. As a result, some non-human species may become extinct and our future generations are at a risk. So, some philosophers agree that wild-species are necessary for protecting the ecosystem; and hence, their habitat should be protected. On the other hand, some philosophers claim that many wild-species do not play any significant instrumental role in human life, so we should not spend money on protecting their habitat. Now, the question arises: as human beings what character traits should we possess regarding this situation? Should we donate and campaign for planting trees to save the nature to ensure a safe earth for our future generation as well as a safe habitat for non-human species which are valuable for protecting ecosystem? In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle does not consider environment or nature instrumentally valuable for human flourishing. However, according to the neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics, environment and non-human species play an instrumental role in achieving biological, cultural, ecological and aesthetic goods which are constitutive elements of a happy life. In this paper, I will, first, explain different aspects of Aristotle’s virtue ethics, and then, try to conclude that in response to the debate of whether one should contribute to the tree plantation campaign or not, a virtuous person should go with donation and campaign for planting trees. For by donating and campaigning for planting trees one can cultivate the dispositions of courage, generosity, compassion, a ...
2. MAN AS SUBJECT OF CHRISTIAN
MORALITY
The most recent advances in science and technology, while
generally beneficial to humanity, have also brought on the
danger of people getting to depend so much on machines and to
behave like machines themselves. The worst scenario that can
help in the future is that machine might dominate humankind
itself (Maningas: 1998, p.3).
The church has been sincere in the intention of imparting
moral theology to our modern world. For this reason, she has
been opened to different methodologies and approaches in
teaching moral theology. Among these various methodologies
and approaches none so far has tried to focus on the significance
of knowing first the very nature of human beings before
educating the faithful in responding to God’s grace by a whole-
hearted yes to all the dimensions of life (NCDP, Art. 264).
3. CATHOLIC MORAL TEACHING ON
ULTIMATE END
Man does not act aimlessly. When he acts, it is because he enjoys the
action, or because he wants to achieve something by that action. Adan or Arthur
may play basketball because he wants to qualify for the varsity team.
What we call end is the purpose or goal of an act. It is that which completes
or finishes an act (Agapay: 1991, p.31). According to the Encarta 97, end is the
point in time when a action, event or phenomenon ceases or is completed, a
result and an outcome. In some definition, it is both termination and a goal. End
is that which completes or finishes a thing, and it is that for which the thing is
finished. By an end we mean the end of activity. We do not speak of end in the
sense of boundary, or edge, or a rim, or side of bodily objects, but as the
termination and a goal of activity. Every activity tends towards an end; and thus
every activity is a tendency (Glenn: 1968, 9.48).
4. THE END OF AN ACT
The end of the act is the natural termination of an
activity. The end of eating is nourishment; that of reading is
comprehension, that of basketball is scoring a goal, and
that of jogging is physical exercise.
The end of the doer is the personal purpose intended
by the person performing the act. He who eats aims to
satisfy his hunger; the reader to relax himself; the
basketball player, to win the game, and the jogger, to
maintain physical fitness. The end of the doer is called the
motive. The motive is the reason why a person performs an
act. It is the force that sustains the act and brings it to
completion (Glenn: 1968, p.52).
5. KINDS OF ENDS
The proximate end is the purpose which a doer wishes to
accomplish immediately by his section. The remote end is the
purpose which a doer wishes to accomplish in a series of acts. The
proximate end of eating is the satisfaction of hunger. Its remote
end is the promotion of health.
The ultimate end is the purpose which is desired for its own
sake and not because of something else. The intermediate end is
the purpose which is desired as a means for obtaining another
thing. The attainment of an ultimate end completes an act and
stops all further acts. The attainment of an intermediate end
leads either to another intermediate end or to an ultimate end.
6. END AS SOMETHING GOOD
Nothing excites the human appetite or
rational desire than that which is good. Because
something is good, it becomes the object of
desire and, therefore desirable. Actions are
tendencies towards something good. Thus, what
is good and desirable is also the end of the act.
The concept of end coincides with that of good.
Accordingly, Aristotle says that good means
either of these: good as an end in itself and good
as a means to another end.
7. THE GREATEST GOOD
In every activity, man seeks that which is good. The
greatest good is a matter of act. This is evident in our
concern for the best in everything: best friends, best
parents, best foods, best performance, best job and so
forth. In the language of the philosophers.
For Aristotle, the greatest good is happiness.
Happiness is what man aims to achieve in all his activities.
The ultimate purpose of life is the attainment of happiness.
Natural happiness is that which is attainable by man
through the use of his natural powers. Supernatural
happiness is that which is attainable by man through the
use of his natural powers as there are informed and aided
by God’s infusion of grace.
8. 3. Existentialist Ethics
Existentialism is another philosophy that has greatly influenced
contemporary thought. More than its doctrinal impact, this has greatly
penetrated the attitudinal level.
Existentialism considers the radical option for freedom as the
supreme norm of morality. This is because it focuses on the idea that
man has absolute freedom. In fact, for existentialists, the decision to be
free and to be morally sound is one and the same reality.
A man, with absolute freedom, should judge the values according
to their usefulness in particular situations. From the point of view of the
existentialists, this is the main value or norm a man should take. After
all, for them, values are not founded on God.