This is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about one of the core subjects in the k-12 curriculum of the Senior High School: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. On this presentation, it discusses about the definition and philosophical definition of inductive and deductive reasoning with philosophers who pioneered it.

1. INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

2. INTRODUCTION
• Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a term to
classify any data that has been verified as factual.
• Logic – analysis and appraisal of given arguments

3. SIR FRANCIS BACON
• English Philosopher
• Served as Attorney-General
of England
• While still in college, he
rejected the idea of
Aristotelianism and
Scholasticism
• Pioneer of Empiricism
(Inductive Reasoning)

4. RENE DESCARTES
• French philosopher and
mathematician
• Known for the Cartesian
Plane
• Graduated with a
Baccalaureat and Licence
degree in Law at Université
de Poitiers
• Pioneer of Deductive
Reasoning

5. RENE DESCARTES
• Known for his saying in
French:
“Et remarquant que cette
vérité, je pense, donc je suis ’’
Latin: ‘’Ac proinde haec
cognitio, ego cogito, ergo
sum’’
English: “As I observed as this
truth, I think, therefore, I am”

6. DEFINITION OF REASONING
• It is a capacity of man of consciously thinking about
applying or justifying in a critically and logical way

7. DEFINITION OF PREMISE
• It is a statement that an argument claims will induce or
justify a conclusion.

8. INDUCTIVE REASONING
• Also called as “Socratic Reasoning” because Greek
philosophers Socrates, then Aristotle, popularized the
usage of it
• Making specific arguments from generalized or broad
argument
• General → Specific

9. DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• Making generalized or broad conclusions from specific
arguments or idea
• Specific → General

10. EXAMPLE:
INDUCTIVE REASONING:
Aristotle is a Greek
Greeks are polytheists
Therefore, Aristotle is a polytheist

11. EXAMPLE:
DEDUCTIVE REASONING:
All birds have beaks
An ostrich has a beak
Therefore, an ostrich is a bird

12. MODUS TOLLENS
• “Reasoning of Contrapositive Premises”
• It is a deductive rule that are used in inference or
predictions
• The conclusion usually contradicts the first premise

13. EXAMPLE:
MODUS TOLLENS:
Usually, it is a sunny day if there is low cloud coverage
Right now, there is a high cloud coverage
Therefore, it is not a sunny day

14. ABDUCTIVE REASONING
• Also called as “retroduction”
• Pioneered by Charles Sanders Pierce, an American
philosopher
• It abduces (or take away) a logical assumption,
explanation, inference, conclusion, hypothesis, or best
guess from an observation or set of observations.
• The conclusion may not always be true

15. EXAMPLE:
ABDUCTIVE REASONING:
All mammals don’t lay eggs
Duck-billed Platypus lays eggs
So, duck-billed platypus is not a mammal