The document discusses different theories of knowledge, including the objective theory and conception theory. The objective theory asserts that an external world exists independently of our perceptions. The conception theory holds that knowledge of universals comes from repeated sensations stored in memory. Other discussed sources of knowledge include customs, traditions, sense perception, intuition, and reason. Philosophers have debated the limits of human knowledge and whether true knowledge is possible given barriers like biases, logical fallacies, and propaganda.
The document discusses different perspectives on the nature and characteristics of modern man. It explores how man's nature can be modified through social interaction and education. While man possesses rational thinking, he is also susceptible to evil influences from society. There are differing views on whether man's nature is essentially good or tainted by evil. The document also examines what constitutes the highest good and how man seeks happiness through achieving what he considers good in life.
This document contains summaries of several key branches of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, and education. Metaphysics is the study of existence and reality. Epistemology is the study of knowledge and how it is acquired. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong action. Politics applies ethics to social groups. Aesthetics explores the nature and purpose of art. The quotes on education emphasize the importance of developing judgment, virtue, and wisdom through education rather than just accumulating knowledge.
This document provides an overview of definitions related to philosophy and the philosophy of man. It discusses:
- Two types of definitions - nominal (based on name) and real (based on essence). Real definitions can be intrinsic (essential or descriptive) or extrinsic (based on origin, cause, purpose).
- Pre-Socratic views of human nature including that man has water, air, or fire essence. Pythagoras viewed man as body and immortal soul.
- Socrates defined man as a being that thinks and wills, emphasizing the attitudinal level of human nature over the somatic.
Philosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning pptUmer Niazi
Logic is the systematic study of valid reasoning and inference. It originated in ancient Greece and was formalized by Aristotle. There are different types of logic including formal logic, informal logic, and symbolic logic. Formal logic studies precisely defined logical systems and is used in linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence. Deduction reasons from general premises to specific conclusions, while induction reasons from specific observations to broader generalizations. Both deduction and induction are important methods in logical reasoning.
Philosophy provides value in several ways according to the document:
1. Philosophy is the foundation of knowledge and the framework for understanding the world by establishing the premises and standards by which ideas are integrated.
2. It gives us a sense of direction and purpose in life by providing guidelines on how to live and a point of view.
3. Studying philosophy helps us to think, which is an important part of being human. It helps us to be human and leads us to be humane.
The document presents an alternative view of man's nature and destiny to the popular Christian belief. It argues that God created humans as mortal souls from dust, not immortal souls placed in mortal bodies. When people die, they cease to exist until potentially being resurrected. Eternal life and salvation are future conditional gifts through obedience, faith and enduring to the end, rather than guaranteed possessions upon death. The document examines biblical texts to support its interpretation.
- Philosophy began through the natural human process of wondering, as Socrates described. The curious Greeks sought to understand the world through philosophical inquiry.
- Thales was regarded as the first to philosophically articulate the basic substance of the universe, proposing that water or moisture was the fundamental principle of life. This inspired other Greeks to develop new concepts.
- Logic demands that all thinking adhere to rules and guidelines to ensure correctness. It trains the mind and prepares one for further study in other areas.
This document discusses various philosophical concepts and debates around epistemology and metaphysics. It covers Plato's theory of forms, Aristotle's four causes, rationalism vs empiricism, Descartes' foundationalism, skepticism, objective vs subjective truth, and thinkers like Kierkegaard and Dostoevsky. Key debates include the nature and limits of knowledge, whether truth resides in the intelligible or physical world, and whether truth is objective or subjective.
The document discusses different perspectives on the nature and characteristics of modern man. It explores how man's nature can be modified through social interaction and education. While man possesses rational thinking, he is also susceptible to evil influences from society. There are differing views on whether man's nature is essentially good or tainted by evil. The document also examines what constitutes the highest good and how man seeks happiness through achieving what he considers good in life.
This document contains summaries of several key branches of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, and education. Metaphysics is the study of existence and reality. Epistemology is the study of knowledge and how it is acquired. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong action. Politics applies ethics to social groups. Aesthetics explores the nature and purpose of art. The quotes on education emphasize the importance of developing judgment, virtue, and wisdom through education rather than just accumulating knowledge.
This document provides an overview of definitions related to philosophy and the philosophy of man. It discusses:
- Two types of definitions - nominal (based on name) and real (based on essence). Real definitions can be intrinsic (essential or descriptive) or extrinsic (based on origin, cause, purpose).
- Pre-Socratic views of human nature including that man has water, air, or fire essence. Pythagoras viewed man as body and immortal soul.
- Socrates defined man as a being that thinks and wills, emphasizing the attitudinal level of human nature over the somatic.
Philosophy,logic and its kind,inductive and deductive reasoning pptUmer Niazi
Logic is the systematic study of valid reasoning and inference. It originated in ancient Greece and was formalized by Aristotle. There are different types of logic including formal logic, informal logic, and symbolic logic. Formal logic studies precisely defined logical systems and is used in linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence. Deduction reasons from general premises to specific conclusions, while induction reasons from specific observations to broader generalizations. Both deduction and induction are important methods in logical reasoning.
Philosophy provides value in several ways according to the document:
1. Philosophy is the foundation of knowledge and the framework for understanding the world by establishing the premises and standards by which ideas are integrated.
2. It gives us a sense of direction and purpose in life by providing guidelines on how to live and a point of view.
3. Studying philosophy helps us to think, which is an important part of being human. It helps us to be human and leads us to be humane.
The document presents an alternative view of man's nature and destiny to the popular Christian belief. It argues that God created humans as mortal souls from dust, not immortal souls placed in mortal bodies. When people die, they cease to exist until potentially being resurrected. Eternal life and salvation are future conditional gifts through obedience, faith and enduring to the end, rather than guaranteed possessions upon death. The document examines biblical texts to support its interpretation.
- Philosophy began through the natural human process of wondering, as Socrates described. The curious Greeks sought to understand the world through philosophical inquiry.
- Thales was regarded as the first to philosophically articulate the basic substance of the universe, proposing that water or moisture was the fundamental principle of life. This inspired other Greeks to develop new concepts.
- Logic demands that all thinking adhere to rules and guidelines to ensure correctness. It trains the mind and prepares one for further study in other areas.
This document discusses various philosophical concepts and debates around epistemology and metaphysics. It covers Plato's theory of forms, Aristotle's four causes, rationalism vs empiricism, Descartes' foundationalism, skepticism, objective vs subjective truth, and thinkers like Kierkegaard and Dostoevsky. Key debates include the nature and limits of knowledge, whether truth resides in the intelligible or physical world, and whether truth is objective or subjective.
Logic is the study and art of rational thinking and reasoning. It explores the structure of arguments and how to extract knowledge from evidence. Ethics examines the nature of right and wrong, and investigates both foundations of morality and practical considerations of moral conduct. Metaphysics studies the nature of existence and inquires into things like free will, abstract objects, and the relationship between minds and brains. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including what criteria must be satisfied to claim something is known and what it means for a proposition to be true.
Aristotle is considered the most important virtue ethicist. He argues that happiness, or eudaimonia, consists in living according to virtue. For Aristotle, virtue is a mean between deficiencies and excesses of emotions and actions. The virtuous person feels and acts moderately in various situations. Aristotle identifies several intellectual and moral virtues. Intellectual virtues like practical wisdom can be learned, while moral virtues become ingrained through practice and habit. True happiness is achieved by cultivating moral excellence and using reason to guide our desires toward what is good.
This document discusses several branches and concepts in philosophy, including:
1. Metaphysics examines fundamental aspects of reality, including what exists. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge.
2. Normative ethics evaluates moral standards and determines right and wrong actions. Meta-ethics analyzes the meaning of moral concepts.
3. Absolutist ethical theories like Kantianism see moral rules as universal laws that are known independently of experience. Teleological theories judge actions based on their outcomes and consequences.
Man can be understood from different philosophical perspectives. Some views see man as dualistic, composed of both body and spirit. Others see man as monistic, consisting of either just the spiritual or just the physical. Christianity typically views man as tripartite - with body, soul, and spirit. As a person, man is a rational being with free will and dignity. Philosophically examining the nature and composition of man can provide insights into human existence.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and branches of philosophy. It begins by defining philosophy etymologically as the love of wisdom. The main branches of philosophy discussed are ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, politics, aesthetics, logic, religion, and the philosophy of science. For each branch, the document outlines some of the fundamental questions addressed within that area of philosophy to illustrate the nature and scope of the various fields.
Rationalism is a philosophical view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge. It encompasses the idea that reality has an inherent logical structure that can be understood through reason and deduction. Three key rationalist philosophers during the Renaissance were Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler, who argued that understanding the world through logic and reasoning was superior to ancient traditions. Rationalists believed that some ideas, like mathematical truths, are true independent of experience and may be innate or discovered through reason alone.
The document outlines the three mental operations of reasoning: simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. Simple apprehension is grasping a thing without affirming or denying it. Judgment is joining two apprehended terms and affirming or denying them. Reasoning is drawing a conclusion from a set of valid premises. It then provides examples and structural features of each operation.
This document discusses different aspects of epistemology and the theory of knowledge. It addresses what knowledge is according to different philosophers like Plato, the types of knowledge including propositional and procedural knowledge. It also examines how we acquire knowledge through different theories like empiricism and rationalism. The document analyzes concepts like justification, belief, truth, skepticism and addresses issues like the Gettier problem, externalism vs internalism, the regress problem and responses to it like foundationalism, coherentism and foundherentism. It also briefly mentions other topics related to knowledge acquisition like perception, memory, reason, testimony and consciousness.
1. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and the rational attempt to understand fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
2. The main branches of philosophy are logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory. Logic studies rules of reasoning. Metaphysics examines reality. Epistemology considers the nature and sources of knowledge. Value theory encompasses ethics, aesthetics, and social/political philosophy.
3. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong through descriptive, normative, and metaethical approaches. Aesthetics concerns theories of art and beauty.
This document provides a summary of various philosophers and their ideas. It discusses early Greek philosophers like Thales, Socrates, and Plato. It then covers Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, George Berkeley, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant among others. For each, it briefly outlines their key ideas and contributions to philosophy such as Descartes' "I think therefore I am" and Kant's distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge. The document aims to concisely introduce these major figures and some of their most important philosophical concepts.
The document provides an overview of several early Pre-Socratic philosophical periods and schools of thought in ancient Greece, including the Milesian school (Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes), the Ephesian school (Heraclitus), pluralism (Anaxagoras, Archelaus, Empedocles), Pythagoreanism, sophism, and atomism. It describes some of the key philosophers within each school and summarizes some of their major philosophical ideas, such as their views on the fundamental substances or principles that constitute reality.
The document provides an introduction to philosophy, defining it as the study of reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language. It outlines some of the main philosophical questions debated in different branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, logic and axiology. Metaphysics examines concepts like existence, time, causation and the relationship between mind and body. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge, truth and justification. Logic analyzes principles of reasoning and argumentation. Axiology includes ethics, aesthetics and political philosophy which study values, beauty and justice. The document contrasts the methods of philosophy and science.
1. Philosophical inquiry is man's effort to integrate his experiences as a responsible agent through dynamic interaction with his environment and other people.
2. Inquiry requires being aware of past inadequacies and current uncertainties in order to thoughtfully react to problems while considering future impacts.
3. Inquiry is a communal process that examines shared experiences and traditions to address tensions and lift human life to greater integrity through perspectives beyond common sense.
Analytic philosophy began in the early 20th century with philosophers like Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein who believed that philosophy should use logical analysis to attain conceptual clarity and be consistent with science. They focused on analyzing language and rejecting grand philosophical systems in favor of close logical examination. Early analytic philosophy developed logical positivism which used formal logic to analyze philosophical propositions, and later shifted to ordinary language philosophy which examined everyday usage. While its specific methods have changed, analytic philosophy is still characterized by precision and thorough examination of narrow topics.
Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and right and wrong conduct. It encompasses theories of what constitutes a good life and the principles that govern behavior for individuals and groups. There are several branches of ethics, including meta-ethics which examines the meaning and justification of ethical statements, normative ethics which develops theories of right and wrong action, and applied ethics which deals with real-life ethical situations and dilemmas. The major theories in normative ethics are deontological ethics, which focuses on duties and rules, teleological ethics like utilitarianism which focuses on outcomes and consequences, and virtue ethics which focuses on character.
Axiology or the theory of value. Ethics. two types of ethical theories. meta ethics. normative ethics.applied ethics. applied ethics. descriptive ethics. aesthetics.value. kinds of values.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy. It defines philosophy as the study of fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The document outlines the meaning, origins, goals, questions, importance, branches, and differences between philosophy, science, and religion. It notes that philosophy originated from the Greek words for "love of wisdom" and was used by Socrates to describe intellectual probing. The main branches of philosophy discussed are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and axiology.
This document discusses epistemology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge. It addresses questions like what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and what can be known. The document outlines several key approaches in epistemology, such as rationalism which emphasizes the power of reason, and empiricism which prioritizes sense experience and evidence from the senses. It also summarizes perspectives from important epistemologists like Plato, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant regarding the nature and limits of knowledge.
This document discusses different sources of knowledge, including revealed, intuitive, authoritative, rational, and empirical knowledge. Revealed knowledge comes from divine revelation, intuitive knowledge from insights or beliefs, and authoritative knowledge from experts. Rational knowledge is derived from reason and logic, while empirical knowledge comes from sense experiences and observations of the world. The document provides examples and explanations of each type of knowledge source.
Logic is the study and art of rational thinking and reasoning. It explores the structure of arguments and how to extract knowledge from evidence. Ethics examines the nature of right and wrong, and investigates both foundations of morality and practical considerations of moral conduct. Metaphysics studies the nature of existence and inquires into things like free will, abstract objects, and the relationship between minds and brains. Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including what criteria must be satisfied to claim something is known and what it means for a proposition to be true.
Aristotle is considered the most important virtue ethicist. He argues that happiness, or eudaimonia, consists in living according to virtue. For Aristotle, virtue is a mean between deficiencies and excesses of emotions and actions. The virtuous person feels and acts moderately in various situations. Aristotle identifies several intellectual and moral virtues. Intellectual virtues like practical wisdom can be learned, while moral virtues become ingrained through practice and habit. True happiness is achieved by cultivating moral excellence and using reason to guide our desires toward what is good.
This document discusses several branches and concepts in philosophy, including:
1. Metaphysics examines fundamental aspects of reality, including what exists. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge.
2. Normative ethics evaluates moral standards and determines right and wrong actions. Meta-ethics analyzes the meaning of moral concepts.
3. Absolutist ethical theories like Kantianism see moral rules as universal laws that are known independently of experience. Teleological theories judge actions based on their outcomes and consequences.
Man can be understood from different philosophical perspectives. Some views see man as dualistic, composed of both body and spirit. Others see man as monistic, consisting of either just the spiritual or just the physical. Christianity typically views man as tripartite - with body, soul, and spirit. As a person, man is a rational being with free will and dignity. Philosophically examining the nature and composition of man can provide insights into human existence.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and branches of philosophy. It begins by defining philosophy etymologically as the love of wisdom. The main branches of philosophy discussed are ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, politics, aesthetics, logic, religion, and the philosophy of science. For each branch, the document outlines some of the fundamental questions addressed within that area of philosophy to illustrate the nature and scope of the various fields.
Rationalism is a philosophical view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge. It encompasses the idea that reality has an inherent logical structure that can be understood through reason and deduction. Three key rationalist philosophers during the Renaissance were Copernicus, Brahe, and Kepler, who argued that understanding the world through logic and reasoning was superior to ancient traditions. Rationalists believed that some ideas, like mathematical truths, are true independent of experience and may be innate or discovered through reason alone.
The document outlines the three mental operations of reasoning: simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. Simple apprehension is grasping a thing without affirming or denying it. Judgment is joining two apprehended terms and affirming or denying them. Reasoning is drawing a conclusion from a set of valid premises. It then provides examples and structural features of each operation.
This document discusses different aspects of epistemology and the theory of knowledge. It addresses what knowledge is according to different philosophers like Plato, the types of knowledge including propositional and procedural knowledge. It also examines how we acquire knowledge through different theories like empiricism and rationalism. The document analyzes concepts like justification, belief, truth, skepticism and addresses issues like the Gettier problem, externalism vs internalism, the regress problem and responses to it like foundationalism, coherentism and foundherentism. It also briefly mentions other topics related to knowledge acquisition like perception, memory, reason, testimony and consciousness.
1. Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and the rational attempt to understand fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
2. The main branches of philosophy are logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory. Logic studies rules of reasoning. Metaphysics examines reality. Epistemology considers the nature and sources of knowledge. Value theory encompasses ethics, aesthetics, and social/political philosophy.
3. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong through descriptive, normative, and metaethical approaches. Aesthetics concerns theories of art and beauty.
This document provides a summary of various philosophers and their ideas. It discusses early Greek philosophers like Thales, Socrates, and Plato. It then covers Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, George Berkeley, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant among others. For each, it briefly outlines their key ideas and contributions to philosophy such as Descartes' "I think therefore I am" and Kant's distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge. The document aims to concisely introduce these major figures and some of their most important philosophical concepts.
The document provides an overview of several early Pre-Socratic philosophical periods and schools of thought in ancient Greece, including the Milesian school (Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes), the Ephesian school (Heraclitus), pluralism (Anaxagoras, Archelaus, Empedocles), Pythagoreanism, sophism, and atomism. It describes some of the key philosophers within each school and summarizes some of their major philosophical ideas, such as their views on the fundamental substances or principles that constitute reality.
The document provides an introduction to philosophy, defining it as the study of reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language. It outlines some of the main philosophical questions debated in different branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, logic and axiology. Metaphysics examines concepts like existence, time, causation and the relationship between mind and body. Epistemology studies the nature of knowledge, truth and justification. Logic analyzes principles of reasoning and argumentation. Axiology includes ethics, aesthetics and political philosophy which study values, beauty and justice. The document contrasts the methods of philosophy and science.
1. Philosophical inquiry is man's effort to integrate his experiences as a responsible agent through dynamic interaction with his environment and other people.
2. Inquiry requires being aware of past inadequacies and current uncertainties in order to thoughtfully react to problems while considering future impacts.
3. Inquiry is a communal process that examines shared experiences and traditions to address tensions and lift human life to greater integrity through perspectives beyond common sense.
Analytic philosophy began in the early 20th century with philosophers like Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein who believed that philosophy should use logical analysis to attain conceptual clarity and be consistent with science. They focused on analyzing language and rejecting grand philosophical systems in favor of close logical examination. Early analytic philosophy developed logical positivism which used formal logic to analyze philosophical propositions, and later shifted to ordinary language philosophy which examined everyday usage. While its specific methods have changed, analytic philosophy is still characterized by precision and thorough examination of narrow topics.
Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and right and wrong conduct. It encompasses theories of what constitutes a good life and the principles that govern behavior for individuals and groups. There are several branches of ethics, including meta-ethics which examines the meaning and justification of ethical statements, normative ethics which develops theories of right and wrong action, and applied ethics which deals with real-life ethical situations and dilemmas. The major theories in normative ethics are deontological ethics, which focuses on duties and rules, teleological ethics like utilitarianism which focuses on outcomes and consequences, and virtue ethics which focuses on character.
Axiology or the theory of value. Ethics. two types of ethical theories. meta ethics. normative ethics.applied ethics. applied ethics. descriptive ethics. aesthetics.value. kinds of values.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy. It defines philosophy as the study of fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The document outlines the meaning, origins, goals, questions, importance, branches, and differences between philosophy, science, and religion. It notes that philosophy originated from the Greek words for "love of wisdom" and was used by Socrates to describe intellectual probing. The main branches of philosophy discussed are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and axiology.
This document discusses epistemology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge. It addresses questions like what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and what can be known. The document outlines several key approaches in epistemology, such as rationalism which emphasizes the power of reason, and empiricism which prioritizes sense experience and evidence from the senses. It also summarizes perspectives from important epistemologists like Plato, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant regarding the nature and limits of knowledge.
This document discusses different sources of knowledge, including revealed, intuitive, authoritative, rational, and empirical knowledge. Revealed knowledge comes from divine revelation, intuitive knowledge from insights or beliefs, and authoritative knowledge from experts. Rational knowledge is derived from reason and logic, while empirical knowledge comes from sense experiences and observations of the world. The document provides examples and explanations of each type of knowledge source.
Theoretical foundation of_library_and_information_scienceWahid Ullah
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods and limits of human knowledge. It seeks to understand what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and what can be known. There are different theories about the nature of knowledge, including empiricism which believes knowledge comes from sensory experience, rationalism which believes knowledge comes from reason, and idealism which believes reality is associated with ideas rather than material objects. Skepticism also questions the extent and limitations of human knowledge. Epistemologists explore questions around whether knowledge is possible and what types of knowledge exist.
The document discusses different sources of knowledge according to Greek philosophers' perspectives on education. It describes revealed knowledge as coming from supernatural revelation and being the basis for beliefs in God and qualia. Intuitive knowledge is described as based on subjective feelings and insights without reason. Authoritative knowledge comes from experts documented in works. Rationalists believe knowledge comes from reason and logic, while empiricists view it as derived from sensory experience. Socrates used dialectical questioning to arrive at truth, while his students Plato and Aristotle contributed theories of education based on class divisions and virtue.
This document discusses Immanuel Kant's theories of perception and knowledge. [1] Kant believed that both external experiences and innate concepts shape our perceptions and knowledge. [2] He argued that while experiences are necessary for knowledge, our minds play an active role in organizing experiences according to innate concepts like time and space. [3] Kant sought to address how we can have both empirical knowledge from experiences and universal knowledge from innate concepts.
Methods of Philosophizing Senior High Grade 12KokoStevan
This document discusses various methods of philosophizing, including the Socratic method, formal logic, systematic doubt, and dialectics. It also examines different sources and types of knowledge in philosophy, distinguishing between formal knowledge based on reason and empirical knowledge grounded in sensory experience. The overall aim is to help students differentiate facts, opinions, beliefs, and truths and foster wise thinking.
The document discusses the method of philosophy. It states that philosophy builds on ordinary human knowledge derived from sense experience and uses reason and intellectual evidence. While particular sciences also use intellectual evidence, they typically rely more on experimental proof through planned experiments. Philosophy seeks the deepest causes of reality, including realities beyond the senses like the intellect, freedom, and the human soul. The specialized study of philosophy requires familiarity with philosophical terms and concepts but must continually link back to sense experience to avoid unreal problems.
There are two main types of knowledge: a posteriori knowledge gained through experience via senses like perception, introspection, and memory; and a priori knowledge gained through reason independently of experience. A posteriori knowledge comes from internal sources like perception, introspection, and memory as well as external sources like testimony from others and knowledge from authorities. A priori knowledge comes from reasoning through logic and forming rational insights. Science combines both rationalism and empiricism by collecting empirical data through observation and testing hypotheses rationally. Other potential sources like intuition and tenacity are more questionable due to possible misinterpretations or clinging to beliefs despite evidence.
This document provides an overview of philosophy and the philosophy of the human person. It defines philosophy as the systematic study of truth and the principles of beings through reason and faith. The document discusses the etymology and definitions of philosophy. It also outlines different levels and branches of wisdom and philosophy. In particular, it distinguishes between natural wisdom gained through reason and supernatural wisdom gained through faith. The document contrasts philosophy and theology, and discusses the importance and theoretical and practical branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics.
This document provides an overview of educational philosophies from various parts of the world. It discusses the philosophical foundations of education including metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and axiology. It examines the philosophies of Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Shintoism. The key ideas are that Eastern philosophies see time as cyclical and integrate thinking and living. Chinese philosophy emphasizes propriety, order, and following nature. Indian philosophies include Hinduism's caste system and concept of karma, while Buddhism teaches the four noble truths and eightfold path to end suffering. Japanese philosophy centered on Shintoism and worship of kami spirits.
L-name 1
Your name
My name
Course (including section)
Date
Empiricism vs. Rationalism
Epistemology is the study of knowledge, what knowledge is, what we can know and how we can know it. The two main parts of Epistemology are Empiricism and Rationalism. The disagreement between rationalism and empiricism is the way in which we gain knowledge. Rationalism is a theory that reason is the basis of all certainty of knowledge whereas empiricism is based on the principles that all knowledge comes from experience especially that from our senses and that the knowledge we acquire is the basis of our understanding. Rational knowledge occurs in any situation where we are taught something. Impersonal or propositional knowledge are examples of rational knowledge for the reason that through both logic is used to acquire knowledge. Rational knowledge requires the mind to be active in gaining knowledge whereas experience is downplayed. Descartes is a key rationalist thinker.
Empiricists share the view that there is no such thing as innate knowledge, and that instead knowledge is derived from experience either sensed via the five senses or reasoned via the brain or mind. A key Empiricist is John Locke. Each theory, however, has a problem of knowledge because you can never solely have empirical or rational knowledge. This essay will explore the arguments for each theory in turn.
The fundamental idea of Empiricism is that we can only be sure of something once it has been tested, proven and experienced. An Empiricist would argue that we ought to only make decisions once a person has got the information needed in order to make fact, usually by using the five senses. Empiricism has been used to explain aspects in philosophy and science. Empiricism in philosophy focuses on the roles of experience and evidence and the use of humans’ sensory awareness. In science, empiricism is associated with the knowledge that is based upon evidence, which has been gained through scientific experiment in order to prove.
It may be argued that Empiricism is ‘simpler’, as rationalism has one more entity that exists which is innate knowledge. According to empiricism, the innate knowledge is unobservable and inefficacious, it does not do anything. It is knowledge that may never be used. Using ‘Ockham’s Razor’, a principle that the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible, Empiricism is easily the simpler theory.
Another argument, is the argument of color. Those with a sight impairment would be unable to know what colors look like as they would be unable to see them. The only way to have known about colors would be to see them and experience them. However, Descartes and Plato would reject this argument, arguing that we have innate knowledge of the forms [mathematical objects and concepts], moral concepts [goodness, beauty, virtue and piety] and possibly color. Descartes believes that the idea of God, or perfection and infinity and knowledge of ...
The document discusses different theories of perception from common sense realism to phenomenalism to phenomenology. It outlines some of the key ideas from each view: common sense realism holds we directly perceive objects through the senses, while representational realism and phenomenalism argue we only indirectly perceive sense data or ideas. Phenomenology, represented by Merleau-Ponty, argues knowing involves interpretation and that perception centers around attention, the body, and sensory synthesis rather than isolated sensations. The document concludes that phenomenology best accounts for the full range of human perceptual experience.
Epistemology and the problem of knowledgeNoel Jopson
The document discusses epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, scope, and validity of knowledge. It defines epistemology and examines what constitutes knowledge, including the traditional definition of knowledge as justified true belief. The document also explores the sources of knowledge according to rationalism and empiricism, and theories of truth such as the correspondence theory.
Presentation on the epistemological crisis in psychology. A brief history of the issue is presented, followed by an investigation into the nature of scientific endeavors, and finally a solution based on the work of the philosopher Bernard Lonergan is offered.
This document summarizes the key differences between rationalism and empiricism in epistemology. Rationalism claims that some knowledge comes from reason alone, independently of sense experience, through intuition or innate ideas/knowledge. Empiricism claims that all knowledge comes from sense experience. The debate between rationalism and empiricism concerns the extent to which we depend on sense experience to gain knowledge about the external world.
This document discusses the epistemological basis of knowledge and education. It begins by explaining that schools play an important role in transmitting knowledge to students and influencing their lives. It then discusses various topics related to the concept of knowledge, including different definitions of knowledge, the structure and forms of knowledge, and ways of acquiring knowledge such as through sense perception and reasoning. It explains the process of moving from perception to conception to develop conceptual knowledge. Finally, it discusses the meanings of related terms like information, wisdom, instruction, teaching, training and skills.
This document provides an outline of knowledge and discusses various topics related to epistemology. It begins by defining epistemology as the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of knowledge. It then discusses four main areas of debate in epistemology including the definition of knowledge, problems of skepticism, sources and scope of knowledge, and criteria for knowledge and justification. The document goes on to discuss related topics like metaphysics, meta-epistemology, genetic epistemology, constructivist epistemology, sources of knowledge, and theories of knowledge structure like foundationalism and coherentism.
Rationalism holds that reason, rather than sensory experience, is the primary source of knowledge. Rationalists believe that through abstract reasoning, certain innate or a priori truths about reality can be discovered independently of empirical observation. René Descartes is considered the original archetype of rationalism, proposing that only clear and distinct ideas obtained through reason can be accepted as true. Rationalism encompasses views that reality has an inherent logical structure that can be understood through proper deduction, and that some concepts and knowledge are innate to the human mind from birth.
1. The Theory of Knowledge
Epistemology as a branch of philosophy that
investigates the origin, nature and methods
and limits of human knowledge cannot be
overemphasized.
Philosophers are concerned with
determining the basis of all knowledge and
to agree upon standards and criteria for
judging the veracity of such claims.
2. The Theories of Knowledge
A theory is a coherent group of general
prepositions used as principles of
explanation for a class of phenomena. It is a
branch of a science or an art that deals with
its principles and methods and put forth as a
possible explanation of certain relations and
serves as a basis of argument or
experimentation by which the truth is
established.
3. The Theories of Knowledge
1. The Objective Theory
This theory asserts that there is a world
outside of ourselves which exists. This outer
world has qualities of its own. These qualities are
not determined by the various sense organs or
the mental condition and analytical capability
of the perceiver. These are the physical objects
outside of or beyond ourselves which are lent
to the perceiver.
4. The Theories of Knowledge
1. The Objective Theory
John Locke refers to this as “Copy Theory”
or “Representative Realism”
5. The Theories of Knowledge
1. The Objective Theory
There are two pieces of evidence that are
cited as references of the objective theory in
relation to the theory of knowledge: 1) Sense
Experience; 2) Reflection. These are
characterized by our awareness of something
which may not be outside of or our beyond
ourselves.
6. The Theories of Knowledge
1. The Objective Theory
Sometimes we are not even aware that
something in our minds exists. What exists is
either sensible or intelligible; and thus
knowledge is the knowledge and sensation is
the sensible.
Two kinds of knowing: 1) Perceptual Knowing
– concerned with the sensing of particular
things, and 2) Conceptual Knowing –
concerned with the recognition of universal
identities
7. The Theories of Knowledge
1. The Objective Theory
Sensation is always true, though what
imagination creates may often be false.
Because sensations are always true, knowledge
based on true sensation is always true as well. It
is through the repetition of individual sensation
that the knowledge of the universal emerges in
thinking.
8. The Theories of Knowledge
2. Conception Theory
The knowing of universal forms which are
expressed in class concept of plant, birds, and
human beings, begins with sensation but is
completed in the intellect by way of memory
which enables the knower to identify that
which is the same in varied experiences.
9. The Theories of Knowledge
2. Conception Theory
According to Aristotle, repeated memories
of the same thing give rise to experience;
because the memories, though numerically
many, constitute a single experience”.
Experience that is universal when established as
a whole in the soul – the one that corresponds
to the many, the unity that is identifiably
present in them.
10. The Theories of Knowledge
2. Conception Theory
It is that universal manifested in the form of
the particular that enables us to recognize
what we are sensing. Particulars are objects
and their attributes get their identities by the
way of the definitions of the universals for the
individual’s change and come and go while
essences are potentially in the intellect and
become actual experience.
11. The Theories of Knowledge
2. Conception Theory
Human Beings possess two intellects: 1)
Passive, records particular sensations; 2) Active,
identifies the universal in particular sensation.
The passive intellectual becomes all things and
the active intellect makes all things.
12. The Theories of Knowledge
2. Conception Theory
The passive intellect is related to sense
perception and perishes as a body and sense
perish.
Aristotle analyzes two kinds of certain
knowledge: 1) scientific knowledge which
provides facts; 2) intuitive apprehension which
scientific knowledge of facts and particulars
occurs.
13. The Theories of Knowledge
Other source of Knowledge
Custom – is a group pattern of habitual activity
usually transmitted from one generation to
another. It is a habitual practice and the usual
way of acting in a given circumstances of a
certain environment.
Traditions – is the handling down of statement,
beliefs, legends, and custom from generation
to generation especially by words of mouth or
by practice.
14. The Theories of Knowledge
Other source of Knowledge
Sense Perception – This is inherent capacity of
any of the faculties, as sight, hearing smell,
taste, or touch by which man perceive stimuli
from outside and inside the body.
Intuition – This is a direct perception of fact and
truth, which is independent of any reasoning
process and considered one possible source of
knowledge
15. The Theories of Knowledge
Other source of Knowledge
Intuition – According to Carl Jung, a
psychologist, this is “thinking which is done on
the level of unconsciousness”. On the other
hand, Henri Bergson, renowned French
Philosopher, referred to intuition as a “dynamic
process of thought which penetrated the static
limitation of logic”.
16. The Theories of Knowledge
Other source of Knowledge
Authority – Testimonies by individuals who are
considered authorities in their specialized fields
and verified facts from exceptional and
extraordinary fields of various sciences found and
attested by qualifies bodies are sources or our
knowledge.
Reason – faculty or power acquiring intellectual
knowledge, wither by direct understanding of first
principles or by argument to form conclusion,
judgments or inferences from facts and premises.
17. The Problem of Knowledge
Philosophers have been concerned with finding out
if we can really “know” anything in the sense of
possessing information that is open to questions.
The SOPHISTS, these class of wise men were
extremely doubtful about the possibility of
discovering anything that was really true. The two
leading Sophists – Portagoras and Gorgias, to them
man should no bother to seek what he can never
find, instead, everyone should measure matters
according to his nature and needs, inasmuch as
man alone was the measure of all things. Man
should accept the fact that all his alleged
knowledge was only relative to man’s outlook.
18. The Problem of Knowledge
To Socrates, we do not learn anything – we
remember that we already know all the knowledge
of forms or universal already in our mind.
Kinds of Knowledge according to Socrates:
Visible and Intelligible
Opinions
Shadow
19. The Problem of Knowledge
The only judgments we were forced to make are
those regarding clear and distinct ideas. We are
compelled to assert to any clear and distinct ideas
and to believe that whatever is clear and distinct
ideas is true.
20. Barriers in Attaining Knowledge
1. Blind adherence to Authority. This is what referred
to as authoritarianism – a belief that knowledge is
acquired and validated by way of complete
subjection to authority, devoid of effort to find out
what is true or false.
2. Propaganda. This is a deliberate and methodical
strategy of spreading unfounded and misleading
information or ideas to influence and control the
minds of the followers to adhere to a certain
belief or ideology of a particular movement or
organization.
21. Barriers in Attaining Knowledge
3. Prejudice. This is an unfavorable opinion or feeling
without justifiable grounds or adequate
knowledge or information on the issue or subject.
An individual with prejudice is emotionally
charged. He thinks and reasons resulting from
some judgment and action according to his self –
interest.
4. Fallacies in reasoning. A fallacy is any sort od
mistake in reasoning or inference. It is a deceptive
arguments that seems conclusive and valid but
actually false. (Ambiguity: Major source)
22. Barriers in Attaining Knowledge
Contextual Fallacies. Do not depend on
grammatical misuses of language, or upon formal
mistakes in reasoning. They depend on context in
which the utterance is made.
Linguistic Fallacies. Based on the structure and
consistency of an arguments, examples of which are
those dealing with play on words.
Material Fallacies. Errors are based on the
content of the argument that is apparently faulty
with misleading evidence or an appeal to feeling
instead of reason based on logic.
23. Barriers in Attaining Knowledge
Contextual Fallacies. Do not depend on
grammatical misuses of language, or upon formal
mistakes in reasoning. They depend on context in
which the utterance is made.
Linguistic Fallacies. Based on the structure and
consistency of an arguments, examples of which are
those dealing with play on words.
Material Fallacies. Errors are based on the
content of the argument that is apparently faulty
with misleading evidence or an appeal to feeling
instead of reason based on logic.