pharmacology of anti histamines
•
9 likes•886 views
This document discusses histamine and its role in inflammatory and allergic reactions. Histamine is an endogenous chemical released during inflammation from mast cells. It is involved in conditions like tissue injury, allergic reactions caused by antigens, and reactions to certain drugs. Histamine causes effects like decreased vascular resistance, increased vascular permeability and edema, stimulation of nerve endings causing pain, and bronchiole constriction in asthmatics. Anaphylaxis is a type 1 allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells and basophils and causing massive histamine release. Common causes include foods, venoms, and exercise. Treatment involves epinephrine to counteract histamine's effects along with antihistamines that
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Autocoids
This document discusses various autacoids, including histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. It provides details on their classification, synthesis, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and antagonists. Histamine and serotonin are classified as amine autacoids derived from amino acids and act as inflammatory mediators. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid that play important roles in inflammation and platelet aggregation. The document outlines the physiological roles and clinical applications of agonists and antagonists that target histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin receptors.
Histamine and its antagonists
Histamine is a biogenic amine present in many animal and plant tissues. It is implicated as a mediator in hypersensitivity and tissue injury reactions. Histamine is present and stored in mast cells, especially in the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal mucosa. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and acts on H1, H2, and H3 receptors to cause various pharmacological effects like vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and increased gastric acid secretion. Serotonin is another amine present in enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. It is synthesized from tryptophan and acts on multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes to cause vasoconstriction, intestinal per
Histamine and antihistamine drugs
This document discusses autacoids and serotonin. It defines autacoids as biological agents that act locally at the site of synthesis and release, like local hormones. Two important amine autacoids are histamine and serotonin. Histamine is stored in mast cell granules and plays roles in hypersensitivity, tissue injury, and gastric acid secretion. Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and acts as a neurotransmitter and in gastrointestinal functions. The document describes the receptors, biosynthesis, metabolism, and pharmacological actions of histamine and serotonin, as well as the mechanisms and uses of antihistamines and anti-serotonin drugs.
Seminar on histamine
Histamine is an amine autocoid that is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils. It is released during allergic reactions and inflammation and acts both locally and systemically via four G protein-coupled receptors, H1-H4. The H1 receptor mediates smooth muscle contraction and increased capillary permeability. The H2 receptor increases gastric acid secretion and relaxes smooth muscles. Histamine plays an important role in allergic reactions, inflammation, gastric acid secretion, and neuronal signaling. It is involved in various physiological and pathological processes.
endocrine drugs pharmacology
This document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It focuses on steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone that are produced by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol regulates glucose metabolism and has anti-inflammatory effects. Aldosterone controls electrolyte and fluid levels. Long-term high-dose use of glucocorticoids can lead to diabetes, osteoporosis, and infections due to immune suppression. Adrenal crisis is a medical emergency caused by a lack of cortisol and requires immediate treatment with hydrocortisone injections. Abrupt withdrawal from glucocorticoid therapy should be avoided.
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract
This document discusses drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract. It covers appetite stimulants, antacids, digestants, laxatives, anti-diarrheal drugs, drugs for inflammatory bowel disease, and drugs for treating gastrointestinal disorders in ruminants. The key drugs and their mechanisms of action are described for each category.
Antiulcer drugs
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their causes, symptoms, and treatments. It notes that peptic ulcers are open sores in the upper digestive tract that can form in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or small intestine (duodenal ulcer). Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and stress. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, black stools, or weight loss. Treatments discussed include antibiotics to kill H. pylori, antacids to neutralize stomach acid, drugs that decrease acid secretion, ulcer protective drugs to coat the ulcer, and ulcer healing drugs.
gout and anti gout drugs pharmacology
This document discusses drugs used to treat gout, including colchicine, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, uricosuric agents like probenecid and sulfinpyrazone, and the uric acid synthesis inhibitor allopurinol. It provides details on the pathophysiology of gout, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, dosages and adverse effects of these drugs for both acute gout attacks and long-term treatment of chronic gout and hyperuricemia.
Recommended
Autocoids
This document discusses various autacoids, including histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. It provides details on their classification, synthesis, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and antagonists. Histamine and serotonin are classified as amine autacoids derived from amino acids and act as inflammatory mediators. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid that play important roles in inflammation and platelet aggregation. The document outlines the physiological roles and clinical applications of agonists and antagonists that target histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin receptors.
Histamine and its antagonists
Histamine is a biogenic amine present in many animal and plant tissues. It is implicated as a mediator in hypersensitivity and tissue injury reactions. Histamine is present and stored in mast cells, especially in the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal mucosa. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and acts on H1, H2, and H3 receptors to cause various pharmacological effects like vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and increased gastric acid secretion. Serotonin is another amine present in enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract. It is synthesized from tryptophan and acts on multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes to cause vasoconstriction, intestinal per
Histamine and antihistamine drugs
This document discusses autacoids and serotonin. It defines autacoids as biological agents that act locally at the site of synthesis and release, like local hormones. Two important amine autacoids are histamine and serotonin. Histamine is stored in mast cell granules and plays roles in hypersensitivity, tissue injury, and gastric acid secretion. Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and acts as a neurotransmitter and in gastrointestinal functions. The document describes the receptors, biosynthesis, metabolism, and pharmacological actions of histamine and serotonin, as well as the mechanisms and uses of antihistamines and anti-serotonin drugs.
Seminar on histamine
Histamine is an amine autocoid that is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils. It is released during allergic reactions and inflammation and acts both locally and systemically via four G protein-coupled receptors, H1-H4. The H1 receptor mediates smooth muscle contraction and increased capillary permeability. The H2 receptor increases gastric acid secretion and relaxes smooth muscles. Histamine plays an important role in allergic reactions, inflammation, gastric acid secretion, and neuronal signaling. It is involved in various physiological and pathological processes.
endocrine drugs pharmacology
This document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It focuses on steroid hormones like cortisol and aldosterone that are produced by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol regulates glucose metabolism and has anti-inflammatory effects. Aldosterone controls electrolyte and fluid levels. Long-term high-dose use of glucocorticoids can lead to diabetes, osteoporosis, and infections due to immune suppression. Adrenal crisis is a medical emergency caused by a lack of cortisol and requires immediate treatment with hydrocortisone injections. Abrupt withdrawal from glucocorticoid therapy should be avoided.
Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract
This document discusses drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract. It covers appetite stimulants, antacids, digestants, laxatives, anti-diarrheal drugs, drugs for inflammatory bowel disease, and drugs for treating gastrointestinal disorders in ruminants. The key drugs and their mechanisms of action are described for each category.
Antiulcer drugs
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their causes, symptoms, and treatments. It notes that peptic ulcers are open sores in the upper digestive tract that can form in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or small intestine (duodenal ulcer). Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and stress. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, black stools, or weight loss. Treatments discussed include antibiotics to kill H. pylori, antacids to neutralize stomach acid, drugs that decrease acid secretion, ulcer protective drugs to coat the ulcer, and ulcer healing drugs.
gout and anti gout drugs pharmacology
This document discusses drugs used to treat gout, including colchicine, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, uricosuric agents like probenecid and sulfinpyrazone, and the uric acid synthesis inhibitor allopurinol. It provides details on the pathophysiology of gout, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, dosages and adverse effects of these drugs for both acute gout attacks and long-term treatment of chronic gout and hyperuricemia.
Histamine and antihistamin
This document discusses histamine and antihistamine drugs. It begins by introducing histamine as a biogenic amine involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions. Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells. It is involved in processes like gastric acid secretion and allergic responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the action of histamine at receptors. First generation antihistamines are more sedating while second generation ones have less side effects. Common antihistamines and their uses in conditions like allergies and vertigo are described. The document provides an overview of histamine function and the mechanisms of antihistamine drugs.
Fibrinolytics & antiplatelets
This document summarizes fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs. It describes the fibrinolytic system and how fibrinolytics like streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase work to activate plasminogen and lyse clots. Newer fibrinolytics like reteplase and tenecteplase are discussed. Antiplatelet drugs discussed include aspirin, dipyridamole, clopidogrel, abciximab and how they inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking TXA2 synthesis, increasing cAMP, or blocking ADP/GP-IIb-IIIa receptors. Their uses for coronary artery disease and procedures are highlighted.
5-Hydroxytrptamine & it's Antagonist
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
HISTAMINE AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS
Histamine is an endogenous substance that is amine synthesized, stored and released by the various cells of the body: (a) Mast cells, which are abundant in the skin, GI, and the respiratory tract,
(b) Basophils in the blood, and (c) Some neurons in the CNS and peripheral NS.
It is an “Autocoid” that is secreted locally and regulate the activity of various near lying cells and neurons.
Introduction to autacoids and classification
Local hormones, also known as autacoids, are physiologically active substances produced locally in the body that have short-lived, localized effects. Some key classes of local hormones include amine derivatives like histamine and serotonin, peptide derivatives like bradykinin and angiotensins, and lipid derivatives like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet activating factor. These endogenous compounds play important roles in physiological and pathological processes through their actions on local tissues.
Histamine and antihistaminics
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It begins by introducing histamine, describing its discovery and roles in allergic reactions and as a neurotransmitter. It then covers histamine's chemistry, distribution in the body, synthesis, storage, and metabolism. The document discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4) and histamine's pharmacological effects. It also provides details on antihistamines, including their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of first versus second generation antihistamines. The document concludes by mentioning clinical uses of histamine and antihistamines for conditions like allergies and gastric hypersecretions.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them.
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Sympathomimetic drugs
Sympathomimetic drugs mimic the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine. They can act directly on alpha and beta adrenoceptors or indirectly by releasing norepinephrine from neurons. These drugs have many therapeutic uses including treating hypotension, cardiogenic shock, congestive heart failure, bronchial asthma, glaucoma, and more. The most important classes are epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, and selective beta-2 agonists. They work by various mechanisms like increasing cardiac output, relaxing bronchioles, and constricting blood vessels.
Autacoids And Histamines
General introduction about the autocoids like Function of Autocoids and it's classification and Introduction about the Ecosanoids, Histamine part having introduction, Properties, Mode of Action, Adverse Effect, Biosynthesis and metabolism all in a simple manner with related questions.
Pharmacology of AUTOCOIDS : HISTAMINE & ITS SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES
Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates allergic and inflammatory responses. It acts through four receptor subtypes: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptors mediate smooth muscle contraction and increased capillary permeability. H2 receptors increase gastric acid secretion. Synthetic analogues that act as agonists or antagonists at specific receptor subtypes have therapeutic uses. Betahistine is an H1 agonist used for vertigo, while betazole and impromidine are H2 agonists that stimulate gastric acid secretion. Clozapine is an H4 agonist antipsychotic primarily used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Autacoids
This document provides information about autacoids, which are local hormones that include histamine and serotonin. It focuses on histamine, discussing its sources from mast cells and basophils, mechanisms of release, effects on organ systems, and use of antihistamines to treat allergic reactions. Serotonin is also discussed, including its role in mood, appetite, sleep, and vasoconstriction. The document summarizes the different types of serotonin receptors and their functions.
4th unit corticosteroids
Introduction.
Types of Corticosteroids
Biosynthesis of Corticosteroids
Biological Effects
Uses
Classification
Synthesis
Reference
Pharmacology of Eicosanoid
Pharmacological actions and histopathological actions of prostaglandins thromboxanes and leukotrienes
Neurohumoral Transmission in central nervous system
Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system involves four main processes:
1) Neurotransmitters transmit signals across synapses. 2) Neuromodulators produce slower pre- or post-synaptic responses. 3) Neuromediators play a role in eliciting post-synaptic responses. 4) Neurotropic factors regulate neuronal growth and morphology.
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It is synthesized from tyrosine and functions in motor control, reward, and other behaviors. Dopamine receptors are G-protein coupled and include D1-like and D2-like families. Dopamine pathways project from midbrain regions to other areas and are involved in motor control and reward
Pharmacology of Bradykinin , pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and angiotensin
pharmacological actions, histopathologica roles of bradykinin, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and angiotensin
pharmacology of Histamines , Serotonin and its antagonist
Histamine and serotonin are classical autacoids that act as local hormones. Histamine is involved in allergic reactions and is found in mast cells and basophils. It acts on H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors. H1 receptor antagonists like cetirizine and loratadine are used to treat allergic disorders. Serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter and regulates gastrointestinal motility, blood pressure, and platelet aggregation via 5HT receptors. 5HT receptor antagonists like ondansetron, ketanserin and methysergide are used for conditions like migraine and nausea/vomiting.
cholinergic drugs _abhijit.pptx
A drug is any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed
Antiadrenergic system and drugs
Anti-adrenergic drugs antagonize the action of adrenaline and related drugs by competitively blocking alpha and/or beta receptors. Alpha blockers such as prazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by dilating arteries and reducing prostate tone. Beta blockers like propranolol non-selectively block both beta 1 and 2 receptors and are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and migraine. Drugs for glaucoma work by reducing intraocular pressure through various mechanisms such as decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow.
Bradykinin
1. The document discusses plasma kinins, specifically bradykinin and kallidin, which are peptides generated through proteolytic reactions that act as mediators.
2. Bradykinin and kallidin signal through B1 and B2 G protein-coupled receptors and have various effects including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and pain sensation.
3. Kinins play important roles in inflammation, pain, microcirculation, and conditions like angioedema, asthma, and shock by mediating their effects after tissue injury or damage.
Cholinergic drugs
This document discusses cholinomimetic drugs and acetylcholine (ACh) signaling in the nervous system. It begins by describing the autonomic and somatic divisions of the nervous system. It then discusses how ACh acts as a neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses in both divisions. Cholinomimetic drugs can be direct agonists that mimic ACh or indirect inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to prolong the actions of endogenous ACh. Examples of direct agonists include pilocarpine and nicotine. Indirect agonists like galantamine and donepezil inhibit AChE. The document provides detailed information on the mechanisms and clinical uses of various cholinomime
Antihistaminic
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It provides details on histamine including its synthesis, storage, receptors, and role in allergic reactions and inflammation. It then describes first and second generation antihistamines that act as H1 receptor antagonists to relieve symptoms of allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and other conditions by blocking the effects of histamine. The patient described has seasonal allergic rhinitis, so a second generation antihistamine with fewer side effects would be most suitable. First generation antihistamines that cause drowsiness should be avoided.
Autacoids1
Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are naturally occurring substances that have different structures and pharmacological actions. They include decarboxylated amino acids, polypeptides, and eicosanoids. Histamine is one of the most important autacoids and is stored in mast cells. It is released through immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms to modulate inflammatory and immune responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat various allergic conditions by reducing the effects of histamine. First generation antihistamines are less selective and have more side effects while second generation antihistamines have fewer side effects.
More Related Content
What's hot
Histamine and antihistamin
This document discusses histamine and antihistamine drugs. It begins by introducing histamine as a biogenic amine involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions. Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells. It is involved in processes like gastric acid secretion and allergic responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the action of histamine at receptors. First generation antihistamines are more sedating while second generation ones have less side effects. Common antihistamines and their uses in conditions like allergies and vertigo are described. The document provides an overview of histamine function and the mechanisms of antihistamine drugs.
Fibrinolytics & antiplatelets
This document summarizes fibrinolytics and antiplatelet drugs. It describes the fibrinolytic system and how fibrinolytics like streptokinase, urokinase, alteplase work to activate plasminogen and lyse clots. Newer fibrinolytics like reteplase and tenecteplase are discussed. Antiplatelet drugs discussed include aspirin, dipyridamole, clopidogrel, abciximab and how they inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking TXA2 synthesis, increasing cAMP, or blocking ADP/GP-IIb-IIIa receptors. Their uses for coronary artery disease and procedures are highlighted.
5-Hydroxytrptamine & it's Antagonist
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
HISTAMINE AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS
Histamine is an endogenous substance that is amine synthesized, stored and released by the various cells of the body: (a) Mast cells, which are abundant in the skin, GI, and the respiratory tract,
(b) Basophils in the blood, and (c) Some neurons in the CNS and peripheral NS.
It is an “Autocoid” that is secreted locally and regulate the activity of various near lying cells and neurons.
Introduction to autacoids and classification
Local hormones, also known as autacoids, are physiologically active substances produced locally in the body that have short-lived, localized effects. Some key classes of local hormones include amine derivatives like histamine and serotonin, peptide derivatives like bradykinin and angiotensins, and lipid derivatives like prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet activating factor. These endogenous compounds play important roles in physiological and pathological processes through their actions on local tissues.
Histamine and antihistaminics
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It begins by introducing histamine, describing its discovery and roles in allergic reactions and as a neurotransmitter. It then covers histamine's chemistry, distribution in the body, synthesis, storage, and metabolism. The document discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4) and histamine's pharmacological effects. It also provides details on antihistamines, including their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of first versus second generation antihistamines. The document concludes by mentioning clinical uses of histamine and antihistamines for conditions like allergies and gastric hypersecretions.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them.
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Sympathomimetic drugs
Sympathomimetic drugs mimic the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine. They can act directly on alpha and beta adrenoceptors or indirectly by releasing norepinephrine from neurons. These drugs have many therapeutic uses including treating hypotension, cardiogenic shock, congestive heart failure, bronchial asthma, glaucoma, and more. The most important classes are epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, and selective beta-2 agonists. They work by various mechanisms like increasing cardiac output, relaxing bronchioles, and constricting blood vessels.
Autacoids And Histamines
General introduction about the autocoids like Function of Autocoids and it's classification and Introduction about the Ecosanoids, Histamine part having introduction, Properties, Mode of Action, Adverse Effect, Biosynthesis and metabolism all in a simple manner with related questions.
Pharmacology of AUTOCOIDS : HISTAMINE & ITS SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES
Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates allergic and inflammatory responses. It acts through four receptor subtypes: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptors mediate smooth muscle contraction and increased capillary permeability. H2 receptors increase gastric acid secretion. Synthetic analogues that act as agonists or antagonists at specific receptor subtypes have therapeutic uses. Betahistine is an H1 agonist used for vertigo, while betazole and impromidine are H2 agonists that stimulate gastric acid secretion. Clozapine is an H4 agonist antipsychotic primarily used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Autacoids
This document provides information about autacoids, which are local hormones that include histamine and serotonin. It focuses on histamine, discussing its sources from mast cells and basophils, mechanisms of release, effects on organ systems, and use of antihistamines to treat allergic reactions. Serotonin is also discussed, including its role in mood, appetite, sleep, and vasoconstriction. The document summarizes the different types of serotonin receptors and their functions.
4th unit corticosteroids
Introduction.
Types of Corticosteroids
Biosynthesis of Corticosteroids
Biological Effects
Uses
Classification
Synthesis
Reference
Pharmacology of Eicosanoid
Pharmacological actions and histopathological actions of prostaglandins thromboxanes and leukotrienes
Neurohumoral Transmission in central nervous system
Neurohumoral transmission in the central nervous system involves four main processes:
1) Neurotransmitters transmit signals across synapses. 2) Neuromodulators produce slower pre- or post-synaptic responses. 3) Neuromediators play a role in eliciting post-synaptic responses. 4) Neurotropic factors regulate neuronal growth and morphology.
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It is synthesized from tyrosine and functions in motor control, reward, and other behaviors. Dopamine receptors are G-protein coupled and include D1-like and D2-like families. Dopamine pathways project from midbrain regions to other areas and are involved in motor control and reward
Pharmacology of Bradykinin , pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and angiotensin
pharmacological actions, histopathologica roles of bradykinin, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and angiotensin
pharmacology of Histamines , Serotonin and its antagonist
Histamine and serotonin are classical autacoids that act as local hormones. Histamine is involved in allergic reactions and is found in mast cells and basophils. It acts on H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors. H1 receptor antagonists like cetirizine and loratadine are used to treat allergic disorders. Serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter and regulates gastrointestinal motility, blood pressure, and platelet aggregation via 5HT receptors. 5HT receptor antagonists like ondansetron, ketanserin and methysergide are used for conditions like migraine and nausea/vomiting.
cholinergic drugs _abhijit.pptx
A drug is any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed
Antiadrenergic system and drugs
Anti-adrenergic drugs antagonize the action of adrenaline and related drugs by competitively blocking alpha and/or beta receptors. Alpha blockers such as prazosin are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by dilating arteries and reducing prostate tone. Beta blockers like propranolol non-selectively block both beta 1 and 2 receptors and are used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias and migraine. Drugs for glaucoma work by reducing intraocular pressure through various mechanisms such as decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing outflow.
Bradykinin
1. The document discusses plasma kinins, specifically bradykinin and kallidin, which are peptides generated through proteolytic reactions that act as mediators.
2. Bradykinin and kallidin signal through B1 and B2 G protein-coupled receptors and have various effects including vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and pain sensation.
3. Kinins play important roles in inflammation, pain, microcirculation, and conditions like angioedema, asthma, and shock by mediating their effects after tissue injury or damage.
Cholinergic drugs
This document discusses cholinomimetic drugs and acetylcholine (ACh) signaling in the nervous system. It begins by describing the autonomic and somatic divisions of the nervous system. It then discusses how ACh acts as a neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses in both divisions. Cholinomimetic drugs can be direct agonists that mimic ACh or indirect inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to prolong the actions of endogenous ACh. Examples of direct agonists include pilocarpine and nicotine. Indirect agonists like galantamine and donepezil inhibit AChE. The document provides detailed information on the mechanisms and clinical uses of various cholinomime
What's hot (20)
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them.
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them.
Pharmacology of AUTOCOIDS : HISTAMINE & ITS SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES
Pharmacology of AUTOCOIDS : HISTAMINE & ITS SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES
Neurohumoral Transmission in central nervous system
Neurohumoral Transmission in central nervous system
Pharmacology of Bradykinin , pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and angiotensin
Pharmacology of Bradykinin , pentagastrin, cholecystokinin and angiotensin
pharmacology of Histamines , Serotonin and its antagonist
pharmacology of Histamines , Serotonin and its antagonist
Similar to pharmacology of anti histamines
Antihistaminic
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It provides details on histamine including its synthesis, storage, receptors, and role in allergic reactions and inflammation. It then describes first and second generation antihistamines that act as H1 receptor antagonists to relieve symptoms of allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and other conditions by blocking the effects of histamine. The patient described has seasonal allergic rhinitis, so a second generation antihistamine with fewer side effects would be most suitable. First generation antihistamines that cause drowsiness should be avoided.
Autacoids1
Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are naturally occurring substances that have different structures and pharmacological actions. They include decarboxylated amino acids, polypeptides, and eicosanoids. Histamine is one of the most important autacoids and is stored in mast cells. It is released through immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms to modulate inflammatory and immune responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat various allergic conditions by reducing the effects of histamine. First generation antihistamines are less selective and have more side effects while second generation antihistamines have fewer side effects.
Antihistamines - Pharmacology
Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils before being released in response to stimuli. Histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, with the H1 and H2 receptors being clinically relevant drug targets. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking H1 receptors, and H2 receptor blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion. First-generation antihistamines have greater sedative and anticholinergic side effects than second-generation drugs due to interactions with other receptors.
Histamines antihistamines1 adi
The document provides an overview of histamine and antihistamines. It discusses how histamine is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils. Histamine is released through immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms to produce local inflammatory responses. It acts through four G-protein coupled receptors (H1-H4) and has effects on blood vessels, heart, lungs, gastric acid secretion, and the central nervous system. Antihistamines like diphenhydramine and cetirizine are H1 receptor antagonists used to treat allergic conditions by blocking the effects of histamine. First generation antihistamines have anticholinergic effects while second generation drugs have fewer side effects.
Antihistaminics in conservative dentistry and endodontics
Antihistaminics in conservative dentistry and endodontics People's Dental Academy and Research Center
This document provides an overview of histamines and antihistamines. It discusses how histamine is synthesized and its effects mediated through four types of histamine receptors. It then focuses on H1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines), describing their classification, pharmacological actions, and uses in treating allergic disorders and motion sickness. Newer non-sedating antihistamines are also covered. The document concludes by discussing applications of antihistamines in dentistry, such as in treating allergic reactions to local anesthetics.7.a. histamine & antihistaminics
Histamine is a biologically active amine released from mast cells and basophils in response to allergens and other stimuli, causing allergic reactions and lowering blood pressure. It binds to H1 and H2 receptors. H1 receptors mediate allergic symptoms, lowering blood pressure, bronchoconstriction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines like chlorpheniramine and loratadine block H1 receptors, treating allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia with varying side effects. H2 receptor blockers like cimetidine and ranitidine inhibit gastric acid secretion, treating ulcers and reflux. Second generation antihistamines have fewer anticholinergic and sedative side
7.AUTOCOIDS .pptx
Histamine is a biogenic amine found throughout the body. It is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells and basophils. Upon release, histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, exerting various effects. H1 receptor antagonists, also known as antihistamines, are used to treat allergic reactions by blocking the effects of histamine. Common first-generation antihistamines have anticholinergic effects which can cause sedation as a side effect. Newer second-generation antihistamines are more specific to H1 receptors with fewer side effects. Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and found primarily in the
drugs used in bronchial asthma & COPD.ppt
This document discusses the pharmacology of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It describes the pathophysiology and symptoms of these conditions. The main classes of drugs discussed are bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents. Bronchodilators like short-acting beta-2 agonists are used to relieve acute asthma attacks, while long-acting beta-2 agonists and antimuscarinics are used for COPD. Anti-inflammatory drugs like inhaled corticosteroids are used to prevent asthma attacks.
Bronchial asthma
This document provides an overview of the management of bronchial asthma. It discusses the pathophysiology of asthma including chronic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. It describes the clinical presentation of asthma and drug treatments including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, and cromones. The document highlights the roles of these drugs in controlling inflammation and reducing exacerbations to manage asthma symptoms.
Lec-4 Antihistamine.pptx
Antihistamine drugs work by blocking the effects of the chemical messenger histamine. Histamine is produced by mast cells and basophils and mediates various cellular responses like allergic reactions and gastric acid secretion. First generation antihistamines are sedating but treat allergic conditions, while second generation antihistamines are non-sedating. Antihistamines have therapeutic uses for allergies, motion sickness, and insomnia by competing for histamine receptor sites. Side effects include sedation and anticholinergic effects. Histamine release can also be inhibited by glucocorticoids, mast cell stabilizers, adrenaline, and H1 receptor antagonists. Epinephrine is preferred for anaphylaxis
Respi-_Antihistamines.pdf
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Antihistamines by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
Immunopharmacology
This document summarizes topics related to immunopharmacology including inflammatory mediators, cell-derived mediators, plasma-derived mediators, types of allergic reactions including humoral and cell-mediated reactions, pharmacotherapy of asthma and COPD, immunomodulators including immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. It provides classifications and examples of different drug classes used for treatment and modulation of the immune system.
Chemistry of histamine and antihistamine drugs (H-1 and H-2 antagonist)
This document discusses the chemistry and pharmacology of histamine and antihistamine drugs. It provides details on:
- The discovery and properties of histamine.
- Histamine synthesis from histidine, release from mast cells and other tissues, and metabolism by histamine-N-methyltransferase and diamine oxidase.
- The four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4), their distribution, and role in various physiological effects.
- The pharmacological effects of histamine release including allergic reactions and anaphylaxis.
- Classes of antihistamine drugs including H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, as well as mast cell stabilizers that inhibit histamine release
Antihistaminics divya
Histamine is a local hormone that is involved in physiological and pathological processes. It is stored in mast cells and released during allergic reactions. Histamine acts through four histamine receptors (H1-H4) and causes effects such as vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchconstriction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines are drugs that competitively block the H1 receptor and are used to treat allergic conditions. First generation antihistamines are sedating while second generation antihistamines are non-sedating but have fewer adverse effects. Histamine and antihistamines play important roles in allergic inflammation and disease.
Autacoids ,histamine and antihistaminic
the topic cover autacoids and drugs related to autacoids. also it cover the histamine part in the topic
Antihistamine
This document discusses antihistamines, which are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine. Histamine is released during allergic reactions and binds to histamine receptors, causing inflammation. Antihistamines work by competing with histamine for binding sites on receptors. The document describes different types of antihistamines including first generation drugs that have anticholinergic effects and second generation drugs that are more selective. It also discusses the structures, classifications, and mechanisms of antihistamines.
histamine and antihistaminics
The document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It describes how histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and acts as a messenger in various tissues through four receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. The H1 receptor is located in blood vessels and smooth muscles and its activation causes effects like vasodilation. Antihistamines like diphenhydramine and loratadine block the H1 receptor to relieve allergic symptoms. H2 receptor antagonists like famotidine and ranitidine are used to inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking the H2 receptor in the stomach. The document outlines the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects and uses of
Lecture of bronchial asthma
Bronchodilators like short-acting beta-agonists treat acute asthma attacks by relaxing airway smooth muscle. Anti-inflammatory drugs like inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists are used for prophylaxis to reduce inflammation and prevent attacks. Inhaled corticosteroids are the most effective anti-inflammatory for long-term asthma control while mast cell stabilizers and leukotriene antagonists are alternatives. Drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease similarly include bronchodilators and may add inhaled corticosteroids.
Asthma ppt
This document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy for asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness to stimuli. Asthma can be triggered by environmental and genetic factors. The main types of asthma and treatments discussed include bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, anti-IgE antibody therapy, and recent advances in immunotherapy.
Similar to pharmacology of anti histamines (20)
Antihistaminics in conservative dentistry and endodontics
Antihistaminics in conservative dentistry and endodontics
Pharmacological description of Autacoids, CHS Modified.pptx
Pharmacological description of Autacoids, CHS Modified.pptx
Chemistry of histamine and antihistamine drugs (H-1 and H-2 antagonist)
Chemistry of histamine and antihistamine drugs (H-1 and H-2 antagonist)
More from Khyber Medical university
5.routes of drug administration
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including local routes like topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply which provide localized drug delivery. Enteral routes like oral, buccal/sublingual, and rectal involve drug delivery through the gastrointestinal tract. Parenteral routes like injections that are intradermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intra-arterial deliver drugs systemically. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, reliability, patient acceptability and sterility requirements. The choice of route depends on the drug and desired therapeutic effects.
4. drug metabolism
This document discusses xenobiotics, biotransformation, and drug metabolism. It defines xenobiotics as chemicals foreign to the body, like pollutants and drugs, that enter through inhalation. Biotransformation involves the liver converting drugs into more water-soluble metabolites through Phase I and Phase II reactions to allow for excretion. Phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. Phase II conjugates metabolites with compounds like glucuronic acid, sulfate, acetyl groups, or glutathione to further increase water solubility for renal or biliary excretion. The major site of biotransformation is the liver, which terminates drug action and facilitates removal from the body.
drug absorption lecture
The document discusses various factors that affect drug absorption and bioavailability. It describes three main factors that influence drug absorption: 1) Lipid solubility - more lipid soluble drugs are absorbed more rapidly, 2) Dosage form - tablets and capsules depend on dissolution rate while liquids absorb more efficiently, 3) GIT movements - increased peristalsis like in diarrhea reduces absorption. It also discusses factors like pH, surface area, and transport mechanisms that impact absorption. Bioavailability is defined as the amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged. First-pass metabolism and factors impacting absorption influence bioavailability.
pharmacodynamic pharmacology
Dr. Haji Bahadar discusses pharmacodynamics, which is the biochemical interaction of drugs with the body that produces pharmacological effects. There are two main types of interactions: receptor-mediated and non-receptor mediated. Receptor-mediated interactions involve drugs binding to receptors on cells to initiate a response, while non-receptor mediated interactions occur through processes like osmosis, adsorption, chemical reactions, and enzyme inhibition. The document provides detailed explanations and examples of both types of pharmacodynamic interactions.
1.introduction to pharmacology
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the science related to how drugs affect biological systems, including their kinetics, dynamics, therapeutic uses, and toxicity. Key terms defined include medicine, drug, dose, dosage form, over-the-counter medicines, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug sources, and pharmacopoeias. The document also explains concepts such as therapeutic effect, side effects, tolerance, therapeutic index, and drug nomenclature systems.
pharmacology of general anesthetics
This document discusses general anesthesia. General anesthesia causes reversible central nervous system depression characterized by loss of consciousness, loss of sensation, and muscle relaxation. It provides five important benefits for patients undergoing medical procedures: sedation, lack of awareness/amnesia, muscle relaxation, suppression of reflexes, and analgesia. The document goes on to discuss excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the nervous system, the mechanism of action of different anesthetic drugs like halothane, thiopental, nitrous oxide, and ketamine. It notes that nitrous oxide and ketamine act via inhibition of NMDA receptors rather than GABAA receptors like other anesthetics.
pharmaclogy of local anesthetics
Anaesthesia causes temporary loss of sensation or awareness through analgesia, muscle relaxation, amnesia, or unconsciousness. It enables painless medical procedures. There are two main types: general anesthesia causes unconsciousness and lack of sensation through suppression of the central nervous system, while local anesthesia numbs a specific body part by blocking nerve impulses between that area and the central nervous system. Local anesthetics block sodium channels in nerves to prevent action potential generation and conduction.
pharmacology of peptic ulcer disease
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers as open sores that develop in the stomach or upper small intestine. The main causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori bacteria, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is a rare condition characterized by tumors that produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, triggering overproduction of gastric acid. The document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcers, including antibiotics to treat H. pylori infections and acid-reducing drugs like proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor blockers.
pharmacology of symphathetic system
This document discusses drugs that affect the sympathetic nervous system. It begins by describing the autonomic nervous system and sympathetic division. Sympathomimetic drugs mimic the effects of endogenous agonists like epinephrine and norepinephrine. These drugs can directly activate adrenergic receptors or act indirectly. Examples of direct-acting agonists include epinephrine and dopamine. Epinephrine increases heart rate and contractility while constricting some vessels and dilating others. It also has effects in the lungs, kidneys, liver, and adipose tissue. Beta-adrenoceptors are coupled to G proteins to increase cAMP and calcium entry, enhancing contraction. These drugs have therapeutic uses but also side effects like anxiety
pharmacology of parasymphathtic
The document discusses drugs that act on the parasympathetic nervous system. It begins with an overview of the nervous system and autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter and targets muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine binding activates G proteins which trigger intracellular signaling cascades via second messengers like cAMP. This leads to effects like decreasing heart rate, increasing intestinal secretions and motility, and stimulating urination. Pilocarpine is used to treat dry mouth by activating muscarinic receptors in salivary glands.
pharmacology of opioids analgesics
This document summarizes information about opioid analgesics and morphine. It discusses how opioid analgesics work by binding to opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It provides details on the types of opioid receptors and pain pathways. It then focuses specifically on morphine, describing its mechanism of action, types of administration, effects, indications, contraindications, and side effects like dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Tolerance can develop with repeated use requiring increased dosages to achieve the same effect.
analgesics
This document discusses drugs used to treat pain and inflammation. It defines acute and chronic pain, as well as neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Nociceptors detect painful stimuli. NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis to reduce pain and inflammation. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs also reduce inflammation. NSAIDs can cause side effects like ulcers, bleeding, and kidney damage, so should be used carefully.
drugs acting on autonomic nervous system
This document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, specifically cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs. It begins by explaining that cholinergic drugs act on acetylcholine receptors, while anticholinergic drugs block these receptors. Acetylcholine is described as the neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system. Examples of direct and indirect acting cholinergic drugs are provided. Clinical uses and effects of specific cholinergic drugs like Bethanechol and Pilocarpine are summarized. Common anticholinergic drugs such as Atropine are also discussed in detail, outlining their mechanisms and therapeutic uses in conditions like peptic ulcer disease and asthma. Side effects of anticholinergic over
Amino acid meatbolism and urea cycle
All tissues have some capability for synthesis of the non-essential amino acids, amino acid remodeling, and conversion of non-amino acid carbon skeletons into amino acids and other derivatives that contain nitrogen. However, the liver is the major site of nitrogen metabolism in the body.
More from Khyber Medical university (14)
Recently uploaded
How to choose the best dermatologists in Indore.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Patellar Instability: Diagnosis Management
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Cervical Disc Arthroplasty ORSI 2024.pptx
Indication and installation of a mobile cervical disc prosthesis. Benefits of the PRODISC C VIVO mobile disc prosthesis (Centinel Spine)
What is Obesity? How to overcome Obesity?
Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
Muskan
mpharm
2nd semester
Guru Gobind Singh college of pharmacy, yamunanagar, haryana
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS)
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS). Parc Taulí. Sabadell
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
SENSORY NEEDS B.SC. NURSING SEMESTER II.
Sensation is the neurological process by which we become aware of surrounding environment.
Recently uploaded (20)
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
pharmacology of anti histamines
- 1. Dr. Haji Bahadar Assistant Professor Khyber Medical University-IPMS
- 3. Autocoids Short acting endogenous chemicals produced usually as a result of an inflammatory response. Examples: Bradykinin, Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and histamine histamine is Involved in inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions. Histamine
- 4. Conditions That Release Histamine 1. Tissue injury: Any physical or chemical agent that injures tissue, skin or mucosa are particularly sensitive to injury and will cause the immediate release of histamine from mast cells(stored). 2. Allergic reactions: exposure of an antigen to a previously sensitized (exposed) subject can immediately trigger allergic reactions. If sensitized by IgE antibodies attached to their surface membranes will degranulate when exposed to the appropriate antigen and release histamine 3. Drugs and other foreign compounds: morphine, antimalarial drugs, dyes, antibiotic penicillines etc.
- 5. Effects of histamine Decreased peripheral vascular resistance (mediated by H1 receptor ( flushing, headache!) Increased vascular permeability, especially capillaries, local edema (H1) Stimulation of nerve endings (pain! Bronchioles: it causes contraction of nonvascular smooth muscle. Asthmatics may experience marked bronchial constriction.
- 6. Anaphylaxis Type I allergic response (immediate hypersensitivity reaction) Mediated by IgE antibodies IgE binds to receptors on mast cells and basophils Fab portion of antibody binds antigen and causes (moderate to massive) release of: histamine leukotrienes prostaglandins
- 7. Common causes of anaphylactic reacton IgE-mediated Anaphylaxis Peanuts, seafood, eggs, milk, grains Venoms Foreign proteins Some exercise-induced bronchospasm
- 8. Signs symptoms and treatment Decreased blood pressure Decreased cardiac output Bronchoconstriction and increased pulmonary secretions Pruritis Treatment: Epinephrine - not initially antihistamines (epinephrine is a physiological antagonist of histamine, not a pharmacological antagonist) (alpha-1 vasoconstriction, beta-1 increased HR, beta-2 bronchodilation) Inhibit the release of histamine (e.g., cromolyn) Pharmacological antagonism (antihistamines)
- 9. Antihistamines Those drugs which block histamine receptors two types: H1 and H2 blockers
- 10. Histamine 1 receptor blockers Advantages of second generation antihistaminics • They have no anticholinergic side effects • Do not cross blood brain barrier (BBB), hence cause minimal or no drowsiness and sedation • Do not impair Psychomotor performance
- 12. Clinical uses Allergic reactions Motion sickness Vomiting
- 13. Side effects; self study