Objective personality tests involve administering standardized questions to examinees who select from fixed response options. They are economical to administer to large groups and scoring is objective. However, they do not account for individual motives and cognitions, so people with similar scores may differ. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory identifies psychiatric diagnoses through items from prior tests and clinical experience assessing scales like depression, hysteria, and paranoia. Projective tests use unstructured stimuli to reveal examinees' needs, wishes, and conflicts through their open-ended responses, which are interpreted along multiple dimensions. Ethical testing requires competence, informed consent, confidentiality, and avoiding unfair disadvantages to minority groups.

1. PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT

7. Simulated MMPI Items Clinical Scales Simulated Items (Answered True) Hypochondriasis (Hs) “ At times I get strong camps in my (excessive concern with bodily functions) intestines.” Depression (D) “ I am often very tense on the job.” (Pessimism, hopelessness, slowing of action and thought) Hysteria (Hy) “ Sometimes there is a feeling like (Unconscious use of physical and mental problems to avoid conflicts or responsibility) something is pressing in on my head.” Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) “ I wish I could do over some of the (Disregard of social custom, shallowtemotions,inability to profit from experience) things I have done.” Masculinity-Femininity (Mf) “ I used to like to do the dances in gym (Items differentiating between traditional sex roles) class.”

8. Clinical Scales Simulated Items (Answered True) Paranoia (Pa) “ It distresses me that people have the (Abnormal suspiciousness, delusions of wrong ideas about me.” Grandeur or persecution) Psychasthenia (Pt) “ The things that run through my head (Obsessions, compulsiveness, fears, sometimes are horrible.” guilt, indecisiveness) Schizophrenia (Sc) “ There are those out there who want (bizarre, unusual thoughts or behavior, to get me.” withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions) Hypomania (Ma) “ Sometimes I think so fast I can’t (Emotional excitement, flight of ideas, keep up.” overactivity) Social Introversion (Si) “ I give up too easily when discussing (Shyness, disinterest in others, insecurity) things with others.”