2. Meaning
• Latin word – persona
-the mask worn by the actors while playing their
role in the drama
PERSONALITY
• P – Perception capacity
• E – Emotional maturity
• R – responsiveness to the situation
• S – Sociability
• O – Originality
• N – Neutrality
• A – Appearance (external)
• L – Leadership feeling
• I – Integrated
• T – Tendency
• Y – Young (in thinking)
3. INTRODUCTION AND
CONCEPT
The word personality comes from the Latin root persona,
meaning "mask."
According to this root, personality is the impression we
make on others; the mask we present to theworld.
Personality is defined as "a unique set of traits and
characteristics, relatively stable over time.“ The definition
further suggests that personality does not change from day
to day.
It can be understood in terms of a person’s behaviour, actions,
postures, words, attitudesand opinions.
4. Definitions
• Personality is defined as the characteristic
sets of behaviours, cognitions and emotional
patterns that evolve from biological and
environmental factors.
Or
• Personality refers to individual differences in
characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling
and behaving.
5. Definitions
J.B. Watson (1930) : “ Personality is the sum of
activities that can be discovered by actual observations
over a long enough period of time to give reliable
information.”
M. Prince (1929): Personality is the sum total of all
biological
tendencies,
innate dispositions, impulses,
appetites, and instincts of the
individual and the dispositions and tendencies
acquired byexperience.”
6. After analyzing 49 definitions by eminent persons,
Allport (1948) defined “Personality is the dynamic
organization within the individual of those
psychophysical systems that determine his unique
adjustment to hisenvironment.”
7. It is relatively stable but dynamic in nature.
Helps in adjusting the individual with the
environment
It is consistent.
It is unique
• It is whole rather than its parts
• It comprises of heredity and environment
• It is made up of traits
• It is organized
Characteristics and Nature of
Personality
8. Development of Personality
Physique
• Pituitary Gland
Chemique
Environment
• Thyroid Gland
• Adrenal Gland
• Sex Gland
• Home
• School
• Society
• Cultural Difference
Learning
9. Classification of factors is such as,
Personal factors such as physique, sex, nervoussystem
Environmental factors such as home and family,school,
societyetc.
Anotherclassification
1. Biological factors
2. Social and cultural (Environmental factors)
3. Psychological factors
Factors influencing Personality
Development
21. 3. Psychological factors
Intelligence and mental functioning – it helps in
making adequate adjustments and in collecting facts
and understanding relationships.
Level of aspiration and achievement motivation –
these factors determine our reactions in various
situations and thus affect our personality growth and
direction.
Will power – An individual with a considerable
amount of will power will be able to make decisions
more quickly than others.
22. COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
• Some psychologists have tried to describe personality in
terms of traits.
• A trait is some particular quality of behaviour which
characterises the individual in a wide range of his
activities, and which is fairly consistent over a period
of time.
• These traits are described as components of
personality. (Trait perspective)
23.
24. The Trait Perspective
The “Big Five” Personality Factors
Trait Dimension Description
Emotional Stability Calm versus anxious
Secure versus insecure
Self-satisfied versus self-pitying
Extraversion Sociable versus retiring
Fun-loving versus sober
Affectionate versus reserved
Openness Imaginative versus practical
Preference for variety versus
preference for routine
Independent versus conforming
Warmth Soft-hearted versus ruthless
Trusting versus suspicious
Helpful versus uncooperative
Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized
Careful versus careless
Disciplined versus impulsive
27. Perfectionists
Perfectionists: are realistic, conscientious and
principled
nurturing and
Ex: Narayan Murthy – Infosys.
Helpers – are warn, concerned,
sensitive to other people’s needs
Ex: Mother Teresa.
Achievers – are energetic, optimistic, self assured
and goal oriented
Ex: Sachin Tendulkar
Romantics – have sensitive feelings and are warm
and perceptive
Ex: M. F. Hussain – great Indian Painter
Observers – have a need for knowledge and are
introverted, curious, analytical and insightful.
Ex: Amartya Sen - Great economist
28. Questioners – are responsible and trustworthy.
Ex: Shabana Azmi
Adventurers – are energetic, lively and optimistic.
They want to contribute to the world
Ex: Vijay Mallya - NRI businessman.
Asserters – are direct, self-reliant, self confident
and protective.
Ex: T. N. Seshan - Chief Election Commissioner.
Peacemakers – are receptive, good-natured and
supportive. They seek union with others and the
world around them
Ex: Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
31. Type theory
1. Hippocrates’ Classification
Choleric Emotionally weak, bodily strong
and easily tempted
Melencholic Emotionally and bodily weak –
Pessimist
Phlegmatic Emotionally strong – able to
control his emotions - bodily
weak – lazy type – always happy
Senguine Bodily strong – Energetic –
control type – an optimist
32.
33. 2. Kretschmer’s Classification
Body Type Body Characteristics Personality Characteristics
Pyknic Fat types, in whom
fat is more than
muscle
Social and helping to
others
Athletic Healthy, balance
between muscles
and bone
development
Energetic, optimist can
adjust to any situation
Asthenic Thin, and lean tall,
no muscle, only
bone
Unsociable, shy,
pessimist and always
alone
34.
35. 3. Sheldon’s Classification
Body Type Body Characteristics Personality
Characteristics
Endomorphy No muscle
development etc.
prominent stomach
Takes everything easy,
sociable and
affectionate
Mesomorphy Balance between
development of
stomach and bones
Likes to work,
interested in
adventurous activities
Ectomorphy Weak, tall, thin Pessimist, unsociable
and alone
38. Jung Theory
Extraversion - *Extraversion* is the tendency to
look to the outside world, especially people, for
one's pleasures. Extraverts are usually outgoing
and they enjoy social activities, but they are
uncomfortable when they are alone.
Introversion - *Introversion* refers to a tendency
to prefer the world inside oneself. The more
obvious aspects of introversion are shyness, a
distaste forsocial functions, and a loveof privacy.
39.
40. Trait theory
1. AllportTheory
2. Cattell 16 PF (personality factors) theory
41. 1. Allport theory
He identified 17953 terms to definepersonality.
Aftercareful analysis he found 4541 terms todefine an
individual
42. Allport Trait theory cont..
Personality: A Psychological Interpretation (1937)
Allport defined Trait as “ a generalized and
focalized neuropsychsic system with the capacity
to render many stimuli functionally equivalent,
and to initiate and guide consistent forms of
adoptive and expressive behavior (Allport,1937).
43. Classification of traits (Allport)
Cardinal traits : the traits ruling the personality of the
individual e.g sense of humour
Central traits : easily detected traits that
all people have a certain number. E.g. shyness,
timidity, honesty
Secondary traits : Less important, style of walking, etc
44. 2. Cattell 16 PF theory
171 basic traits
Common traits: it is found widely distributed in
general population . E.g- Honesty,cooperation
Unique traits : these traits are possessed by particular
persons. e.g- emotionalstability
Surface Traits : easily recognized. e.g-Curisioty,
Source traits : it determines thebehavior
45.
46.
47. Type –cum-trait theories
Traits arecombined to form super traits
This theory tries to synthesize the type and trait
approaches.
The Eysenck theory of personality reflects this
type.
63. This can identify:
Value system
Emotional reaction to a critical situation
Moods and characteristic behaviour traits.
Maturity in handling a crisis.
Ability to adjust himself to the stress of
day-to-day executive lifestyle.
Self-confidence, personal ambition,
emotional control and sociability etc.
71. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a
psychological test that assesses personality traits and
psychopathology. It is primarily intended to test people who are
suspected of having mental health or other clinical issues.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
was developed in 1937 by clinical psychologist Starke R.
Hathaway and neuropsychiatrist J. Charnley McKinley at
the University of Minnesota.
Today, it's the most frequently used clinical testing
instrument and is one of the most researched
psychological tests in existence. While the MMPI is not a
perfect test, it remains a valuable tool in the diagnosis and
treatment of mental illness.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98. MEMORY WORDS LIST
• NINE
• SWAP
• CELL
• RING
• LUST
• PLUGS
• LAMP
• APPLE
• TABLE
• HOLD
• BANK
• FIRE
• WORM
• CLOCK
• HORSE
• COLOUR
• BABY
• SWORD
• DESK
• ARMY
99.
100.
101. STORY COMPLETION TEST
• In this beginning of the story is given to the subject
and ask him/her to complete it with their thoughts
and imaginations.
Eg: It was 11 PM. Seema was about to shut the door
and retire for the day. Then she saw Bono, her pet dog,
in the garden. When she went out to bring Bono inside,
she saw Bono frantically digging. Seema screamed when
she saw…………………………………………..
107. Assist in diagnosis:-
Assist in the formulation of psychopathology and in the
identification of areas of stress.
Determine the nature of the deficits.
Assess the severity of psychopathology and response of
treatment.
Toassess general characteristics of the individual.
Easy to get information and is more scientifically
consistent.
Used for forensic evaluation, family court issues, or
criminal charges.
Assess level of functioning or disability.
