This presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of Basic BSc nursing students given by INC. for the better learning and knowledge please refer the books.

1. PERSONALITY
Mr. Sushil Humane MSN, RN

2. Introduction
• Personality is known by the conduct,
behaviour, activities, movements and
everything else concerning the individual
• ‘Personality' word is derived from Greek
word ‘Persona', the mask used by the actors
in Greek drama.
• Character: Judgement of individual based
upon the certain qualities
• Temperament: Hereditary emotional aspect
of personality

3. Definition
• Gordon Allport: Personality is the dynamic
organisation within the individual of those
psychophysical system that determine
his unique adjustment to his environment.
• Munn: Personality may be defined as
the most of the characteristic integration of
an individual's structure,
mode of behaviour, interests, attitude,
capacities, abilities and aptitude.

4. Concept and
definition
• Personality consist of the distinctive pattern of behavior including thoughts and
emotions that characterize each individuals adaptation to the situation of his or her
life. -Walter Michel 1976
• Personality is a sum of activities that can be discovered by actual observations over a
long enough period of time to give reliable information –Watson

5. Types of personality
• Humoral types
• Physical types
• Psychological types

6. Types of
personality
Humoral type
• Hippocrates (400 BC), the father of
medicine, classified peoples into
4 types depending upon their
temperament
• Sanguine-cheerful, vigorous, confident,
optimistic (blood)
• Phlegmatic- calm. Slow moving,
unexcitable, unemotional (mucus)
• Choleric-irritable, hot tempered (yellow
bile)
• Melancholic-depressed, morose (black
bile)

7. Hippocrates
classification

8. Types of personality
• Physical types/physiological type
1.E. Kretschmer (1925) divide people into 3 types based on body structure
• Asthenic-introvert, tall, thin, sensitive
• Athletic-active, aggressive, well developed muscular body.
• Pyknic- extrovert, round and fat
2. William Sheldon (1954) divide people into 3 types based on body build and behaviour.
• Endomorphic- plumb, soft, fat and round
• Mesomorphic- heavy set and muscular, physically active and noisy
• Ectomorphic- tall, thin and flat-chested, self-conscious, shy, found od
solitude and reserved

9. Kretschmer's
classification

10. Sheldon's
classification

11. Types of personality
Dr. karl jung’s classification of personality

12. Theories of personality
• Psychoanalytic theory
• Psychosocial theory
• Sullivan's theory of
personality development
• Cognitive development
theory
• Theory of moral
development

13. Psychoanalytical
theory
• Dr. Sigmand freud has givent the
psychoanalytical theory.
• Id, ego and superego are the structural
parts of personality
• Conscious, subconscious and
unconscious are the topoghraphical
components of personality

15. Psychosocial theory
• Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who
developed one of the most popular and
influential theories of development.
• While his theory was impacted by
psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's work,
• Erikson's theory centered on psychosocial
development rather than psychosexual
development.

17. Sullivan's theory of personality development
• The theory of personality developed by Harry Stack Sullivan
• based on the belief that people’s interactions with other people,
especially significant others, determine their sense of security, sense of self, and
the dynamisms that motivate their behavior.
• Personality is the product of a long series of stages in which the individual
gradually develops “good feeling” toward others and a sense of a good
me toward himself or herself.
• The individual also learns how to ward off anxiety and correct distorted
perceptions of other people, learns to verify his or her ideas through consensual
validation, and above all seeks to achieve effective interpersonal relationships on
a mature level.

19. Cognitive development theory
• Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children
move through four different stages of mental development.
• His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire
knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.
• Piaget believed that children take an active role in the learning
process, acting much like little scientists as they perform experiments,
make observations, and learn about the world.
• As kids interact with the world around them, they continually add
new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt previously
held ideas to accommodate new information.

21. Theory of moral development
• Thoery was developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg.
• His work modified and expanded upon Jean Piaget's previous work to
form a theory that explained how children develop moral reasoning.
• Piaget described a two-stage process of moral development.
• Kohlberg extended Piaget's theory, proposing that moral
development is a continual process that occurs throughout the
lifespan.
• His theory outlines six stages of moral development within three
different levels.

23. Development of
personality
Mr. Sushil Sudarshan humane MSN RN

24. Introduction
• Development refers to the
progressive series of changes in
physical and psychological aspect
in orderly predictable pattern.
Domains of development
• Physical development
• Cognitive development
• Psychological development

25. Development of
personality
• Infancy (0-1 year)
Nursing responsibilities
• Touching the infant is the way of communication
• provide personal attention as possible
• Observation is the key
• Interpret the needs through crying and body language
• Assisting, teaching and advising the mother
Physical
development
Cognitive
development
Psychological
development
Respond to noise,
feeding and other
stimuli
Sit, stand , walk
Readiness for
the
environmental
stimuli
Trust vs mistrust

26. Development
of
personality
• Early childhood- toddler: 18 to 36
months
• Autonomy vs shame and doubt
• Toilet training
• Gross motor skill develops
• Learning about environment
• Sense of autonomy
• Child learn to speak many words

27. Development
of
personality
• Middle childhood(Preschool):3 to
6 years
• Initiative vs guilt
• Identification of same sex
parents
• Initiative in play activities
• Oedipus and Electra complex
development

28. Development of
personality
• Latency or later childhood
(school child): 6 to 12 years
• Industry vs inferiority
• Sexual interest is repressed
• Gang formation and fierce gang
loyalty

29. Development
of
personality
• Puberty and adolescent: 12 to 18
years
• Identity vs role confusion
• Sexual changes/ puberty
• Try to take control over the social
environment and free from family
bound
• Develop sense of identity regarding
occupational, familial and social roles.

30. Development
of
personality
• Young adulthood: 20 to 40 years
• Intimacy vs isolation
• Choosing a mate is a major task
• Establishing home and accepting
the responsibilities
• Role changes

31. Development of
personality
• Mature adulthood or middle age:
40 to 60 years
• Generativity vs stagnation
• Transitional stage from young to
old age

32. Development
of
personality
• Old age or senescent: 65 years to death
• Integrity vs despair
• Dignity and sense of order and meaning
to life
• Person looks back in life and try to find
the peace
• Health is main concern
• Grief can be felt

33. Factor affecting
development of
personality
Mr. Sushil Sudarshan humane MSN. RN

34. Factors affecting personality development
Environmental factors Biological factors Mental and
psychological factors

35. Factors
affecting
personality
development
Environmental factors
a) Heredity
b) Influence of home
c) order of birth- The first born child
may be dominating
d) Only child-may become a problem
child
e) School and pear group
f) Community and social role
g) TV, cinema, radio and newspaper

36. Factors
affecting
personality
development
Biological factors
A) endocrinal glands and personality
• Thyroid gland
• Adrenal gland
• Sex gland
B) blood glucose level
C) externally imposed biological conditions
• Drugs and alcoholism
• Diseases
• Diet

37. Factors
affecting
personality
development
• Mental or psychological factors

38. Psychometric
assesment of
personality
• Interview method
• Observation method
• Prsonality inventories( rating scale and
questionnair)
• Projective technique
• Situational tests

39. Interview method
Goal directed face to
face interaction
Types- Structured
and Unstructured
Highly subjective
technique
Verbal and behavioral
observation
Can be used for the
job interviews

40. Observation
method
Individual is
observed in
various
situations(work
or play)
Individual is
directly
observe for the
personality
The observer
can be one of
more person
More limited to
the individual

41. Personality
inventories
• Printed form containing statements,
questions or adjectives which apply to
human behavior.
• Reaction of the individual to various
items scored and evaluated
• Less time consuming and easy to administer
• Minnesota mltiphasic personality
inventory (MMPI)
• Used in various fields

42. Projective technique
• Individual responce to unstructure stimuli reveal a subjects underlying
motives, attitude, fears and aspirations.
• Individual is presented to pictures, inkblot or incomplete sentence
• Commn techniques: Rorschache inkblot test, Thematic apperception test,
World association or free association test, Sentence completion test.

43. Situational
test
• Real life situations where individual perform
certain activities.
• On the basis of behaviour the individual
is judged