enjoy

1. C. M. D. Hamo-ay
4 | Introduction to Psychology 107
Assignment. Please watch the movie entitled “Sybil”. A movie
where multiple personalities were showcased. Write your
analysis as to how her multiple personalities were developed.
Cite your proof in the movies.
UNIT 9: Personality
9.0 Learning Outcomes
At the end of accomplishing this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Describe the major personality theories, analyzing their philosophical background,
assumptions of human beings and methodology used.
2. Discuss the personality theories and its application to real-life situations.
3. Investigate specific personality issues in relation to principles derived from these
theories.
9.1 Introduction
Hello students! Have you ever come across with the
saying, my personality is who I really am but my attitude
depends on how you have treated me? Interesting isn’t it.
That is how amazing one’s personality is. Many people
have different sides to their personalities, appearing one
way to some and quite differently to others. Determining
who a person truly is falls to a branch of psychology that
seeks to understand the characteristic ways people
behave—personality psychology.
Personality embraces moods, attitudes, and opinions and is most clearly expressed in
interactions with other people. It includes behavioral characteristics, both inherent and
acquired, that distinguish one person from another and that can be observed in people’s
relations to the environment and to the social group. The Filipino personality on the other
hand speaks more of the unique characteristics of us Filipinos. We all know that Filipinos
are the most in demand workers abroad. Foreigners like Filipino characters, work ethics and
how we socialize with other people. We are good at pakikisama and would always consider
utang na loob from other people. These amazing concepts of personality of us Filipinos will
be discussed in the next topics.

2. C. M. D. Hamo-ay
4 | Introduction to Psychology 108
9.2. Discussion
Because the study of personality is so central to an understanding of human nature,
you might assume it has always occupied a prominent position in psychology. While there
are many different definitions of personality, most focus on the pattern of behaviors and
characteristics that can help predict and explain a person's behavior.
Explanations for personality can focus on a variety of influences, ranging from genetic
explanations for personality traits to the role of the environment and experience in shaping
an individual's personality. Gordon Allport’s landmark book, Personality: A Psychological
Interpretation, is generally considered to mark the formal beginning of the study of
personality.
The Nature and Meaning of Personality
Personality refers to individual
differences in characteristic patterns of
thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of
personality focuses on two broad areas: One is
understanding individual differences in
particular personality characteristics, such as
sociability or irritability. The other is
understanding how the various parts of a
person come together as a whole. Although we
recognize, for example, that a friend may be calm much of the time, we know that he or she
can become excitable, nervous, or panicky at other times. Thus, our personality can vary with
the situation.
The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona, which refers to a
theatrical mask worn by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise their
identities. At its most basic, personality is the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors that make a person unique. It is believed that personality arises from within
the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life.
Characteristics of Personality
So what exactly makes up a personality? Traits and patterns of thought and emotion play
important roles as well as the following fundamental characteristics of personality:

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4 | Introduction to Psychology 109
• Consistency: There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors.
Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations.
• Psychological and physiological: Personality is a psychological construct, but research
suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs.
• Behaviors and actions: Personality not only influences how we move and respond in our
environment, but it also causes us to act in certain ways.
• Multiple expressions: Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be
seen in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships, and other social interactions.
How Personality Develops
There are a number of theories about how personality develops, and different schools
of thought in psychology influence many of these theories. Some of these major perspectives
on personality include the following.
Type Theories
Type theories are the early perspectives on personality. These theories suggested that
there are a limited number of "personality types" that are related to biological influences,
including:
• Type A: perfectionist, impatient, competitive, work-obsessed, achievement-oriented,
aggressive, stressed
• Type B: low stress, even-tempered, flexible, creative, adaptable to change, patient,
tendency to procrastinate
• Type C: highly conscientious, perfectionists, struggle to reveal emotions (positive and
negative)
• Type D: feelings of worry, sadness, irritability, pessimistic outlook, negative self-talk,
avoidance of social situations, lack of self-confidence, fear of rejection, appearing gloomy,
hopelessness
Trait Theories
Trait theories tend to view personality as the result of internal characteristics that are
genetically based and include:
• Agreeable: cares about others, feels empathy, enjoys helping others

4. C. M. D. Hamo-ay
4 | Introduction to Psychology 110
• Conscientiousness: high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, goal-directed
behaviors
• Eager-to-please: accommodating, passive, and conforming
• Extraversion: excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of
emotional expressiveness
• Introversion: quiet, reserved
• Neuroticism: experiences stress and dramatic shifts in mood, feels anxious, worries about
different things, gets upset easily, struggles to bounce back after stressful events
• Openness: very creative, open to trying new things, focuses on tackling new challenges
*** Other theories of Personality will be introduced to you in your higher years in the study of
Psychology.
The Three Forces in the Study of Personality
According to Freud, the basic driving force of personality and behavior is known as
the libido. This libidinal energy fuels the three components that make up personality: the id,
the ego, and the superego.

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1. The id is the aspect of personality present at birth. It is the most primal part of the
personality and drives people to fulfill their most basic needs and urges. This aspect of
personality is entirely unconscious and includes instinctive and primitive behaviors. The
id is driven by the pleasure principle, if these needs are not satisfied immediately, the
result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should
produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink . The id's impulses can be satisfied through
a process of delayed gratification.
2. The ego is the aspect of personality charged with controlling the urges of the id and
forcing it to behave in realistic ways. The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious,
and unconscious mind. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to
satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways.
3. The superego is the final aspect of personality to develop and contains all of the ideals,
morals, and values imbued by our parents and culture. This part of personality attempts
to make the ego behave according to these ideals. The ego must then moderate between
the primal needs of the id, the idealistic standards of the superego and reality.
The superego has two parts:
1. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents
and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences,
punishments, or feelings of guilt and remorse.
2. The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for behaviors that the ego aspires to.
The Filipino Personality
What we will be studying are the forces and factors that
shape your personality. We will consider some basic questions
about the nature of personality—for example, whether we are
born with a certain type of personality or learn it from our
parents, whether personality is influenced by unconscious forces,
or whether personality can change after our childhood years. It is
also important to keep in mind that the culture in which we live
is one of the most important environmental factors that shapes
our personalities.
Filipinos have been described as friendly, outgoing,
sensitive, easily offended, nosy, garrulous, direct, hospitable,

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feisty, irreverent, good natured, clever, witty, gregarious, happy, generous, easy to laugh,
gracious, easy to befriend, casual, fun loving, sensitive and hospitable. Personal and family
honor are stressed, as well as dignity and pride. Education is highly valued and families
make great sacrifices to educate their children. Hiya (shame) is instilled in Filipinos at an
early age. To be shamed is the greatest form of disgrace.
Filipinos have a strong sense of family and community. We are very sociable and like
to talk and hang out with family and friends. We, too, love to fool around, gossip, make jokes
and tease one another. Rumors spread quickly. Some say Filipinos are happy-go-lucky
people who are often pessimistic about today but always optimistic that tomorrow will be
better.
The Filipino of behavior and/or personality is the recurring pattern or commonality
of experience as regards majority of the societal values. One can deduce the philosophical
and psychological insights to explain social behavior. The ideal in phenomenology is first
hand knowledge because of personal observations and dependent on the findings of social
psychologists and social scientists. Filipino Personality is more of the following traits and
characteristics.
1. Harmonizing Spirits – involved the Filipino’s time orientation and Filipino’s relations with his
fellowmen.
2. Concrete Thinking – Filipino arrives psychologically at truth not the logical way as the
characteristics of Western thinking.
3. Non-Scientific Mentality, Subject-object – Filipino does not distinguish between object and subject
for he thinks harmony and holistic way explains why he is often hurt when his work is criticized.
4. The Poetic Mind – as discussed earlier, Filipinos like flowery speeches.
Just for you to know. Accomplish the activity in table 1.1 and write your insights about
the traits that you believe you have as to how it has helped develop your personality at
present. Look also online for a free personality test, try it and present your result in
class.

7. C. M. D. Hamo-ay
4 | Introduction to Psychology 113
Social acceptance differs from social approval, the fact that the latter includes a positive
expression of liking which does not seem necessary to social acceptance among Filipinos.
Modalities of Social Acceptance includes:
3. Smooth Interpersonal Relations (SIR) – SIR is
acquired and prescribed primarily as enumerated
below:
✓ Pakikisama – from the root word “sama”
(accompany, go- along with).
✓ Euphemism – stating of an unpleasant truth,
opinions, or request as pleasantly as possible.
✓ Go-Between – embarrassment, complaint, or
decision is often conveyed via a middleman so
that to avoid the shame (hiya) of a face-to-face
encountered.
4. “Sensitivity to Personal affront (insult) or “Amor Propio”- Filipino grants a measure of social
acceptance to those he/she deals with and in the very display of courtesy himself/herself
gains or enhances his acceptance as good member of society.
5. “Sakop” System in Family, Relatives, Peers, Officemates and other groups.
Searching for Human Universals in Personality Structure
A great deal of modern personality
psychology is influenced by, and attempts to
answer, the following five philosophical
questions about what really determines
personality:
✓ Freedom versus determinism: How much, if
any, of an individual’s personality is under their
conscious control?
✓ Heredity versus environment: Do internal
(biological) or external (environmental) influences play a larger role in determining personality?
✓ Uniqueness versus universality: Are individuals generally more alike (similar to each other) or
different (unique) in nature?
✓ Active versus reactive: Is human behavior passively shaped by environmental factors, or are
humans more active in this role?
✓ Optimistic versus pessimistic: Are humans integral in the changing of their own personalities (for
instance, can they learn and change through human interaction and intervention)?

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4 | Introduction to Psychology 114
Are the Big Five Traits Universal?
McCrae and his colleagues have also found that the big five traits are also remarkably
universal. One study that looked at people from more than 50 different cultures found that
the five dimensions could be accurately used to describe personality. Based on this research,
many psychologists now believe that the five personality dimensions are not only universal;
they also have biological origins.
The Big Five Model, also known as the Five-Factor Model, is the most widely accepted
personality theory held by psychologists today. The theory states that personality can be
boiled down to five core factors, known by the acronym CANOE or OCEAN.
Unlike other trait theories that sort
individuals into binary categories
(i.e. introvert or extrovert), the Big Five
Model asserts that each personality trait is
a spectrum. Therefore, individuals are
ranked on a scale between the two extreme
ends.

9. C. M. D. Hamo-ay
4 | Introduction to Psychology 115
9. 3 References
Feldman, R. S. (2013b). Psychology and Your Life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 233.
Milagros F. Frando, and Elmerando T. Mores. (2014).General Psychology, Simplified,
Revised Edition
North, A & Hargreaves, David & McKendrick, Jennifer. (1999). The Influence of In-Store
Music on Wine Selections. Journal of Applied Psychology. 84. 271-276. 10.1037/0021-
9010.84.2.271.
Sarah Mae Sincero (Oct 15, 2012). Motivation and Emotion. Retrieved Apr 20, 2021 from
Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/motivation-and-emotion
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/outcome-sensation-
and-perception/
9.4 Acknowledgment
The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were taken from
the references cited above and google.com.

10. C. M. D. Hamo-ay
4 | Introduction to Psychology 116
Assessment No. 9 Personality Date:
_______________
Name: ________________________________________ Year & Section: ____________________
I. Identification: Please identify what is being asked in the following items below.
1. This refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and
behaving.
2. This Latin word for personality refers to a theatrical mask worn by performers in order to
either project different roles or disguise their identities.
3. The type of personality is said to be perfectionist, impatient, competitive, work-obsessed,
achievement-oriented, aggressive, and stressed.
4. People who have feelings of worry, sadness, irritability, pessimistic outlook, negative self-
talk, avoidance of social situations, lack of self-confidence, fear of rejection, appearing
gloomy, hopelessness tend to have this type of personality.
5. This tend to view personality as the result of internal characteristics that are genetically
based.
6. Individual with this trait experiences stress and dramatic shifts in mood, feels anxious,
worries about different things, gets upset easily, and struggles to bounce back after stressful
events.
7. It is the basic driving force of personality and behavior.
8. This energy fuels the three components that make up personality: the id, the ego, and the
superego.
9. They have been described as friendly, outgoing, sensitive, easily offended, nosy,
garrulous, direct, hospitable, feisty, irreverent, good natured, clever, witty, gregarious,
happy, generous, easy to laugh, gracious, easy to befriend, casual, fun loving, sensitive and
hospitable.
10. This aspect of personality charged with controlling the urges of the id and forcing it to
behave in realistic ways.
11. It is the final aspect of personality to develop and contains all of the ideals, morals, and
values imbued by our parents and culture.
12. It is the aspect of personality present at birth.
13. This includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society.
14. The ego operates based on this principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic
and socially appropriate ways.
15. This includes the rules and standards for behaviors that the ego aspires to.