This document discusses visual field examination and interpretation of automated perimetry in glaucoma. It provides details on the physiology of the visual field and different types of visual field defects. It also describes various methods of visual field examination including kinetic and static perimetry as well as clinical techniques. Automated perimetry devices like Humphrey Field Analyzer and their advantages are discussed. Important aspects of visual field test interpretation including reliability indices, total and pattern deviation plots, and global indices are summarized.
This document discusses the visual field and visual field testing. It defines the visual field as the part of the environment that can be detected by a steady eye. It then discusses the physiological basis of the visual field and factors that can affect visual field testing results, such as stimulus characteristics and patient factors. The document also summarizes different types of visual field defects and explains common perimetry techniques and their advantages. It provides details on visual field test interpretation, including reliability indices, total and pattern deviation plots, and classification of results.
This document provides information about visual field testing. It discusses the anatomy of the visual field and hill of vision. It describes different types of perimetry tests including kinetic and static perimetry. It explains variables used in perimetry like stimulus intensity and size. It provides details about different visual field tests on Humphrey like point patterns, testing strategies, durations and printouts. It discusses analyzing visual field results including reliability indices and total and pattern deviation plots.
This document summarizes key aspects of perimetry testing. It defines the normal visual field and describes how perimetry can be used to detect functional vision loss and monitor disease progression. Two main types of perimetry are discussed: kinetic and static. Details are provided on testing strategies, stimuli brightness, interpreting results like total deviation and reliability indices. The document emphasizes the importance of perimetry in glaucoma and neurological diagnosis and management.
The document discusses automated perimetry, which quantifies sensitivity across the visual field. It describes key terminology like isopters, scotomas, and luminance. Different testing strategies are outlined, including threshold perimetry using SITA. Printout zones are explained, such as raw data, reliability indices, and global indices like mean deviation. Common defects are described. Visual field progression is monitored using GPA event and trend analysis.
The document summarizes various techniques for visual field testing, including kinetic perimetry, static perimetry, and newer automated techniques. Kinetic perimetry involves moving a stimulus towards fixation until it is perceived, while static perimetry presents stationary targets at varying luminances to find thresholds. Automated perimetry allows standardization, estimates reliability, and provides computerized analysis. Factors like refractive error, media clarity, and fatigue can influence results, which are analyzed using reliability indices, deviation plots, and global indices. Advances include techniques sensitive to short wavelengths, flicker, motion, and multifocal VEPs.
The document discusses visual field testing techniques including kinetic methods using moving targets and static methods using stationary targets. It describes common visual field parameters like isopters and various pathologies that can cause visual field defects like glaucoma. Standardized tests are discussed including the tangent screen test and different algorithms used for static threshold tests like SITA. Key aspects of visual field analyzer equipment and reliable interpretation of results are also covered.
Dr. Shreeji Shrestha provides an overview of perimetry, beginning with an introduction to the visual field and its importance in mapping disorders of the optic nerve and visual pathway. The document then discusses different types of perimetry, including kinetic, static, bedside, and formal perimetry. Key terms used in perimetry are defined, such as threshold, isopter, and decibel. Factors that can affect sensitivity are reviewed. Common visual field defects seen in conditions like glaucoma and their progression are described. Emerging techniques like short wavelength automated perimetry and frequency doubling technology are also summarized.
This document discusses the visual field and visual field testing. It defines the visual field as the part of the environment that can be detected by a steady eye. It then discusses the physiological basis of the visual field and factors that can affect visual field testing results, such as stimulus characteristics and patient factors. The document also summarizes different types of visual field defects and explains common perimetry techniques and their advantages. It provides details on visual field test interpretation, including reliability indices, total and pattern deviation plots, and classification of results.
This document provides information about visual field testing. It discusses the anatomy of the visual field and hill of vision. It describes different types of perimetry tests including kinetic and static perimetry. It explains variables used in perimetry like stimulus intensity and size. It provides details about different visual field tests on Humphrey like point patterns, testing strategies, durations and printouts. It discusses analyzing visual field results including reliability indices and total and pattern deviation plots.
This document summarizes key aspects of perimetry testing. It defines the normal visual field and describes how perimetry can be used to detect functional vision loss and monitor disease progression. Two main types of perimetry are discussed: kinetic and static. Details are provided on testing strategies, stimuli brightness, interpreting results like total deviation and reliability indices. The document emphasizes the importance of perimetry in glaucoma and neurological diagnosis and management.
The document discusses automated perimetry, which quantifies sensitivity across the visual field. It describes key terminology like isopters, scotomas, and luminance. Different testing strategies are outlined, including threshold perimetry using SITA. Printout zones are explained, such as raw data, reliability indices, and global indices like mean deviation. Common defects are described. Visual field progression is monitored using GPA event and trend analysis.
The document summarizes various techniques for visual field testing, including kinetic perimetry, static perimetry, and newer automated techniques. Kinetic perimetry involves moving a stimulus towards fixation until it is perceived, while static perimetry presents stationary targets at varying luminances to find thresholds. Automated perimetry allows standardization, estimates reliability, and provides computerized analysis. Factors like refractive error, media clarity, and fatigue can influence results, which are analyzed using reliability indices, deviation plots, and global indices. Advances include techniques sensitive to short wavelengths, flicker, motion, and multifocal VEPs.
The document discusses visual field testing techniques including kinetic methods using moving targets and static methods using stationary targets. It describes common visual field parameters like isopters and various pathologies that can cause visual field defects like glaucoma. Standardized tests are discussed including the tangent screen test and different algorithms used for static threshold tests like SITA. Key aspects of visual field analyzer equipment and reliable interpretation of results are also covered.
Dr. Shreeji Shrestha provides an overview of perimetry, beginning with an introduction to the visual field and its importance in mapping disorders of the optic nerve and visual pathway. The document then discusses different types of perimetry, including kinetic, static, bedside, and formal perimetry. Key terms used in perimetry are defined, such as threshold, isopter, and decibel. Factors that can affect sensitivity are reviewed. Common visual field defects seen in conditions like glaucoma and their progression are described. Emerging techniques like short wavelength automated perimetry and frequency doubling technology are also summarized.
This document discusses visual field testing and perimetry. It defines the visual field and describes common visual field defects. It then covers the indications, methods, and terminology of visual field testing. Specific details are provided on threshold testing strategies, reliability indices, and how to interpret visual field printout maps and global indices. Criteria for diagnosing glaucomatous visual field loss and detecting progression over time are also outlined.
Perimetry is the systematic measurement of the visual field using kinetic or static techniques. Kinetic perimetry involves moving a target within the visual field to map sensitivity, while static perimetry presents targets of varying intensities at fixed locations to determine thresholds. The Goldmann perimeter and Humphrey Field Analyzer are common devices that allow kinetic and static perimetry respectively. Perimetry is indicated for detection and monitoring of conditions like glaucoma that may cause visual field defects. It provides objective quantification of a patient's visual field to identify areas of reduced sensitivity.
This document provides an overview of visual field examination and interpretation of automated perimetry results. It discusses the different types of perimetry testing including kinetic, static, and automated threshold testing. Important testing parameters like reliability indices, total deviation plots, and glaucoma hemifield tests are explained. Common visual field defects seen in conditions like glaucoma are demonstrated. The summary emphasizes that visual field defects must be reproducible to confirm abnormalities and clinical correlation is important when interpreting results.
This document discusses perimetry, which is the systematic measurement of visual field function. It defines the visual field and describes how perimetry involves measuring a patient's differential light sensitivity across their visual field. The document outlines the history of perimetry devices like the Octopus and Humphrey field analyzers. It discusses different perimetry techniques, including kinetic perimetry using devices like Goldmann and static threshold perimetry using Humphrey. The document also covers perimetry indications, test strategies, point patterns for different disease stages, and elements included on perimetry reports.
There are several new developments in perimetry that test different subsets of retinal ganglion cells. Short wavelength perimetry assesses blue-yellow color opponent pathways mediated by K cells. Frequency doubling perimetry and motion perimetry primarily test M cells. High pass resolution perimetry and acuity perimetry mainly assess P cells. These targeted perimetry techniques may detect glaucomatous damage earlier than standard perimetry and provide a more detailed assessment of visual function.
This document defines perimetry and discusses the objectives, normal visual field parameters, common terms, and types of perimetry. It also describes automated static perimetry testing protocols, algorithms, stimulus intensity, and interpretations of visual field printouts including reliability indices, total deviation plots, and glaucoma hemifield tests. Factors that can cause errors in perimetry testing are also outlined.
This document discusses visual field testing techniques used to evaluate the peripheral visual field. It describes common manual and automated methods, including confrontation, kinetic perimetry, and static threshold testing. The document provides details on visual field devices such as the Goldmann perimeter, Humphrey Field Analyzer, and Frequency Doubling Technology perimeters. It also reviews data analysis, common defects, and the use of visual field testing to evaluate conditions like glaucoma, neurologic diseases, and side effects of medications.
The document discusses the field of vision, including its anatomy and testing methods. It notes that the field of vision is like an island surrounded by blindness, with the fovea being the summit of highest sensitivity and the blind spot being the trough of zero sensitivity. It describes kinetic and static perimetry testing methods and different types of visual field defects seen in conditions like glaucoma and neurological disorders. Global indices, reliability indices, and corrected pattern deviation maps are used to analyze perimetry results. Factors affecting testing and new techniques like FDT perimetry are also mentioned.
This document discusses visual field testing methods. It defines the visual field as the area that can be seen simultaneously without moving the eyes. Common testing methods are described, including confrontation testing, Amsler grid, tangent screen, kinetic perimetry, and static perimetry. Traquair's representation of the visual field as a hill is introduced. Physiological features like the blind spot are explained. Automated static perimetry is now the standard due to its ability to systematically and objectively measure sensitivity across the visual field. Factors affecting perimetry results are also reviewed.
This document discusses static automated perimetry, which determines the threshold of the retina at fixed points to assess the visual field. It describes the retinal area that can be perceived, variables that affect perimetry tests, different test patterns used, classification of Humphrey field tests, strategies for presenting stimuli, analyzing results, and classifying visual field defects seen in glaucoma. Key points are that static perimetry determines the differential light sensitivity across the retina and compares results to age-normalized databases to detect losses.
This document discusses automated perimetry, which is used to evaluate the visual field. It begins by explaining the importance of perimetry in diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma and other conditions. It then defines key concepts like the visual field and hill of vision. The document discusses the components and procedures of automated perimetry testing, including factors that influence the results like stimulus characteristics, fixation monitoring, and testing strategies. It describes different perimetry tests and their applications in evaluating various eye diseases. In summary, the document provides an overview of automated perimetry, its role in eye care, and the technical aspects of performing this important visual field assessment test.
This document discusses visual field testing and perimetry. It defines visual field as the area that can be seen around a central point of fixation. Perimetry involves systematically measuring light sensitivity across the visual field using techniques like kinetic and static perimetry. Common perimetry devices include Humphrey, Octopus, and Goldmann perimeter. The document outlines stimulus parameters, test strategies, interpretation of results, and alternative perimetry techniques targeting different retinal pathways.
The document defines the visual field and describes methods for examining it, including confrontation testing, tangent screen testing, Amsler grid testing, static and kinetic perimetry, and Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) testing. It discusses the normal limits of the visual field and reliability indices used to evaluate HFA test results, such as fixation losses, false positives, and false negatives. Single field analysis results from the HFA including sensitivity values, gray scale maps, and total and pattern deviation plots are also summarized.
Low vision patient have serious visual problems that have caused serious visual loss.
1. Contrast sensitivity testing and visual field testing
2. subjective testing of patients with media loss
# potential acuity meter
# interferometry
# photostress recovery test
# glare test
# color vision test
# dark adaptometry
3. objective testing of retinal loss
# USG
ERG/EOG
Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to see fine detail and discriminate shapes and patterns. It is dependent on the retina and macula's ability to resolve fine spatial patterns. Visual acuity is measured using optotypes like letters of decreasing size or Landolt rings with gaps in different positions. Distance visual acuity is tested at 6 meters using a Snellen chart while near acuity uses Jaeger or N-charts at 40cm. Factors like stimulus size, contrast and observer related factors impact acuity. Clinical acuity measurements assess unaided, aided and pinhole vision and use notations like decimals, percentages or LogMAR scores.
The document discusses how to interpret visual field tests, specifically the Humphrey Visual Field test. It provides details on:
- The anatomy and physiology of the visual field and hill of vision.
- Types of perimetry tests including static, kinetic, threshold, and supra-threshold tests.
- Components and procedures of Humphrey Visual Field testing including stimuli, test patterns like 24-2 and 10-2, and testing types.
- What the test printout shows including reliability indices, threshold values, deviation maps, and gaze tracking records.
- What abnormalities are looked for in glaucoma, neurological diseases, and retinal diseases and how the test helps in diagnosis and monitoring of these conditions.
How to interpret the visual field printout
Learn basic terms of visual field analysis
How to diagnose glaucomatous field defect
How to diagnose neurological field defect
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
This document discusses visual field testing and perimetry. It defines the visual field and describes common visual field defects. It then covers the indications, methods, and terminology of visual field testing. Specific details are provided on threshold testing strategies, reliability indices, and how to interpret visual field printout maps and global indices. Criteria for diagnosing glaucomatous visual field loss and detecting progression over time are also outlined.
Perimetry is the systematic measurement of the visual field using kinetic or static techniques. Kinetic perimetry involves moving a target within the visual field to map sensitivity, while static perimetry presents targets of varying intensities at fixed locations to determine thresholds. The Goldmann perimeter and Humphrey Field Analyzer are common devices that allow kinetic and static perimetry respectively. Perimetry is indicated for detection and monitoring of conditions like glaucoma that may cause visual field defects. It provides objective quantification of a patient's visual field to identify areas of reduced sensitivity.
This document provides an overview of visual field examination and interpretation of automated perimetry results. It discusses the different types of perimetry testing including kinetic, static, and automated threshold testing. Important testing parameters like reliability indices, total deviation plots, and glaucoma hemifield tests are explained. Common visual field defects seen in conditions like glaucoma are demonstrated. The summary emphasizes that visual field defects must be reproducible to confirm abnormalities and clinical correlation is important when interpreting results.
This document discusses perimetry, which is the systematic measurement of visual field function. It defines the visual field and describes how perimetry involves measuring a patient's differential light sensitivity across their visual field. The document outlines the history of perimetry devices like the Octopus and Humphrey field analyzers. It discusses different perimetry techniques, including kinetic perimetry using devices like Goldmann and static threshold perimetry using Humphrey. The document also covers perimetry indications, test strategies, point patterns for different disease stages, and elements included on perimetry reports.
There are several new developments in perimetry that test different subsets of retinal ganglion cells. Short wavelength perimetry assesses blue-yellow color opponent pathways mediated by K cells. Frequency doubling perimetry and motion perimetry primarily test M cells. High pass resolution perimetry and acuity perimetry mainly assess P cells. These targeted perimetry techniques may detect glaucomatous damage earlier than standard perimetry and provide a more detailed assessment of visual function.
This document defines perimetry and discusses the objectives, normal visual field parameters, common terms, and types of perimetry. It also describes automated static perimetry testing protocols, algorithms, stimulus intensity, and interpretations of visual field printouts including reliability indices, total deviation plots, and glaucoma hemifield tests. Factors that can cause errors in perimetry testing are also outlined.
This document discusses visual field testing techniques used to evaluate the peripheral visual field. It describes common manual and automated methods, including confrontation, kinetic perimetry, and static threshold testing. The document provides details on visual field devices such as the Goldmann perimeter, Humphrey Field Analyzer, and Frequency Doubling Technology perimeters. It also reviews data analysis, common defects, and the use of visual field testing to evaluate conditions like glaucoma, neurologic diseases, and side effects of medications.
The document discusses the field of vision, including its anatomy and testing methods. It notes that the field of vision is like an island surrounded by blindness, with the fovea being the summit of highest sensitivity and the blind spot being the trough of zero sensitivity. It describes kinetic and static perimetry testing methods and different types of visual field defects seen in conditions like glaucoma and neurological disorders. Global indices, reliability indices, and corrected pattern deviation maps are used to analyze perimetry results. Factors affecting testing and new techniques like FDT perimetry are also mentioned.
This document discusses visual field testing methods. It defines the visual field as the area that can be seen simultaneously without moving the eyes. Common testing methods are described, including confrontation testing, Amsler grid, tangent screen, kinetic perimetry, and static perimetry. Traquair's representation of the visual field as a hill is introduced. Physiological features like the blind spot are explained. Automated static perimetry is now the standard due to its ability to systematically and objectively measure sensitivity across the visual field. Factors affecting perimetry results are also reviewed.
This document discusses static automated perimetry, which determines the threshold of the retina at fixed points to assess the visual field. It describes the retinal area that can be perceived, variables that affect perimetry tests, different test patterns used, classification of Humphrey field tests, strategies for presenting stimuli, analyzing results, and classifying visual field defects seen in glaucoma. Key points are that static perimetry determines the differential light sensitivity across the retina and compares results to age-normalized databases to detect losses.
This document discusses automated perimetry, which is used to evaluate the visual field. It begins by explaining the importance of perimetry in diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma and other conditions. It then defines key concepts like the visual field and hill of vision. The document discusses the components and procedures of automated perimetry testing, including factors that influence the results like stimulus characteristics, fixation monitoring, and testing strategies. It describes different perimetry tests and their applications in evaluating various eye diseases. In summary, the document provides an overview of automated perimetry, its role in eye care, and the technical aspects of performing this important visual field assessment test.
This document discusses visual field testing and perimetry. It defines visual field as the area that can be seen around a central point of fixation. Perimetry involves systematically measuring light sensitivity across the visual field using techniques like kinetic and static perimetry. Common perimetry devices include Humphrey, Octopus, and Goldmann perimeter. The document outlines stimulus parameters, test strategies, interpretation of results, and alternative perimetry techniques targeting different retinal pathways.
The document defines the visual field and describes methods for examining it, including confrontation testing, tangent screen testing, Amsler grid testing, static and kinetic perimetry, and Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) testing. It discusses the normal limits of the visual field and reliability indices used to evaluate HFA test results, such as fixation losses, false positives, and false negatives. Single field analysis results from the HFA including sensitivity values, gray scale maps, and total and pattern deviation plots are also summarized.
Low vision patient have serious visual problems that have caused serious visual loss.
1. Contrast sensitivity testing and visual field testing
2. subjective testing of patients with media loss
# potential acuity meter
# interferometry
# photostress recovery test
# glare test
# color vision test
# dark adaptometry
3. objective testing of retinal loss
# USG
ERG/EOG
Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to see fine detail and discriminate shapes and patterns. It is dependent on the retina and macula's ability to resolve fine spatial patterns. Visual acuity is measured using optotypes like letters of decreasing size or Landolt rings with gaps in different positions. Distance visual acuity is tested at 6 meters using a Snellen chart while near acuity uses Jaeger or N-charts at 40cm. Factors like stimulus size, contrast and observer related factors impact acuity. Clinical acuity measurements assess unaided, aided and pinhole vision and use notations like decimals, percentages or LogMAR scores.
The document discusses how to interpret visual field tests, specifically the Humphrey Visual Field test. It provides details on:
- The anatomy and physiology of the visual field and hill of vision.
- Types of perimetry tests including static, kinetic, threshold, and supra-threshold tests.
- Components and procedures of Humphrey Visual Field testing including stimuli, test patterns like 24-2 and 10-2, and testing types.
- What the test printout shows including reliability indices, threshold values, deviation maps, and gaze tracking records.
- What abnormalities are looked for in glaucoma, neurological diseases, and retinal diseases and how the test helps in diagnosis and monitoring of these conditions.
How to interpret the visual field printout
Learn basic terms of visual field analysis
How to diagnose glaucomatous field defect
How to diagnose neurological field defect
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
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with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
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PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
2. VISUAL FIELD
• That part of environment wherein a steadily fixating eye can
detect visual stimulus.
• BASIS - presence of Photoreceptors and corresponding
visual pathways upto the periphery of retina away from point
of fixation i e fovea.
• IMPORTANCE – Reflects topographic sensitivity of various
foci on retina and corresponding visual apparatus.
Resolution – Acuity
differential light sensitivity and contrast
colour
flicker
motion
8. PHYSIOLOGICAL BLIND SPOT
Corresponding to optic nerve head
15 deg temporal to point of fixation
Span – 5 deg horizontal
-- 7 deg vertical
Two thirds below the horizontal
meridian
9. COLOUR FIELD
• Point at which passing from periphery to centre, the
colour first becomes evident
• Peripheral to the limit, the object is perceptible but
appears grey
• First red and green are used followed by blue and yellow
• Extent of field for objects of same size and intensity
white > yellow > blue > red > green
11. • SCOTOMA : focal region of abnormally decreased
sensitivity surrounded by an area of normal sensitivity
ABSOLUTE
RELATIVE
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
• DEPRESSION : is an area of reduced sensitivity without
a surrounding area of normal sensitivity
appears as denting of isopters
12. • Generalized depression
(both peripheral and central contraction)
e g cataract
• Peripheral Contraction – retinitis pigmentosa
• Temporal contraction - age
17. KINETIC
• Test object of particular size and intensity is passed from
non seeing area to seeing area along a particular
meridian at the rate of 3 – 5 deg per sec
• Repeated every 15 – 30 deg
• To find points in the visual field of equal sensitivities –
ISOPTER (Groenouw) marking
• Intensity and size of stimulus is varied to mark various
isopters
• Thus 2 D Contour map of the hill of vision is made
• Extent of scotomas and blind spot marked from inside
out
18. STATIC
• The location, size and duration of stimulus is kept constant
and the luminance is gradually increased until seen
• Actual estimation of sensitivity ( THRESHOLD ) of each
point is made out
• SUPRA THRESHOLD stimulus used for screening
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IMPORTANT :
one eye is tested at a time, other is occluded
fixation of the patient has to be steady and is
monitored throughout the test
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20. PROJECTION OF LIGHT
In patients with very poor vision –> HM + to PL +
e g dense cataracts
-dark room, other eye occluded
-patients are constantly instructed to look straight to avoid
tendency to deviate eye towards light source
-light shown onto 4 quadrants from 30-50 cm and switched
on and off
-Patient tells about the direction of light source
Accurate in all quad
Inaccurate in some quad
Inaccurate in all quad
21. HAND IDENTIFICATION
Other eye is occluded
Patient fixates on the nose of
examiner
Examiner keeps both hands on either
side of eye 50 cm away
One hand absent or indistinct –
hemianopic defect
Either palms or fingers of both hands
missing / faint – altitudinal defect
22. FINGER COUNTING
Varying no of fingers are held in each
quadrant, 1 m and 45 deg from
fixation
If unable to count, fingers are brought
closer to fixation, until patient sees
(kinetic)
23. RED DESATURATION
Can be confirmed kinetically
Patient has to indicate when color
appears to change
Can also be used to compare the
two eyes in case of optic
neuropathy
24. CONFRONTATION
(kinetic)
Patient‟s and examiner at same level
Compares the visual field of eye of
patient with opposite eye of the
examiner in a plane perpendicular
to line of gaze
Red pin is particularly useful for
neurological cases
GROSS PERIMETRY
(kinetic)
Follows facial contour
25. AMSLER GRID
For Central 10 deg ( static )
Other eye occluded
Near correction given
Chart at held 28-30 cm – each small square subtends angle of 1
deg
Patient fixates at central dot – tells whether all corners are seen
simultaneously and about lines- parallel, distorted, missing
Can be used for mapping blind spot – patient fixates at edge of
grid
29. BJERRUM’s SCREEN ( CAMPIMETRY)
• Patient sits at 1 or 2 m from flat screen
• Kinetic and static
• For central 30 deg only
• Done under subdued lighting
30. GOLDMANN’s PERIMETER
• Bowl type
• Standardization
• Both kinetic and static
• Peripheral as well as central
31. AUTOMATED PERIMETRY
standard automated perimetry
HUMPHREY FIELD ANALYZER
OCTOPUS
• STATIC perimetry
• Measurement of threshold values
• STATPAC (HFA)- Comparison to normative data
• Inbuilt program for analysis – diagnosis and progression
32. ADVANTAGES
• Removal of examiner variability
• More sensitive to subtle field defects
• Reproducibility
• Retests abnormal points automatically
• Gives reliability parameters like
fixation monitoring – HEIJL KRAKAU method
Gaze tracking
False positive
False negative
33. SHORT COMINGS
• EXPENSIVE
• Learning curves
• Difficult to follow by older debilitated patients especially
neurological problems
• Not infallible – only 1 % of field is actually examined
• Diagnosis and management decisions based on
correlation with other clinical findings
A well performed tangent screen examination is better than
poorly carried out automated perimetry
In neurological patients, clinical methods may be the only
possible assessment techniques
34. • WHITE ON WHITE
• BACKGROUND ILLUMINATION - 31.5 asb
• STIMULUS SIZE – GOLDMANN - III
• DURATION OF SPOT EXPOSURE 0.2s
35. PROGRAMS / PATTERNS
30-2 – gold standard
24-2
10-2
MACULAR
Nasal step program – additional 12 locations upto 50 deg nasal
peripheral 60 and 60-4 prog
Estermann test – for binocular 120 deg field
36.
37. MACULA PROGRAM :16 locations
within the central 5° with 2° spacing.
Each location is tested three times
40. SWEDISH INTERACTIVE TESTING ALGORITHM (SITA)
SITA STANDARD ( Bracketing strategy based)
SITA FAST ( FASTPAC based)
Analyzes patients response and responds accordingly
Decreases overall no of stimuli presented, hence test
duration
Paces the test according to patients speed
Doesn‟t estimate Short term Fluctuations
41. • Selection of adequate test
• Proper environment
• Comfortable sitting position
• Adequate size of pupil >3mm
• Adequate Near correction
• Proper explanation – running of demonstration
• Reassurance – not all points will be seen
- test can be paused by keeping the response
button pressed
42.
43. Patient data
• Name, DOB, eye
• Vision, refraction,
• Pupil diameter
Test data
• Date and time
• Program and strategy
• Background
illumination
• Test
size, color, duration, i
nterval
ZONE 1 : REPRODUCIBILITY
44. ZONE 2 : RELIABILITY
• Fixation monitor
• Fixation target – central, small
diamond, large diamond, bottom LED
• Test duration
• Reliability indices
Fixation losses ( Heijl Krakau) <20 %
Gaze tracking
False positives < 33%
(trigger happy)
False negatives < 33 %
Foveal threshold
45.
46. ZONE 3 : GREY SCALE
• Based on actual threshold values at each location
• General identification
• Patient information
47. ZONE 4 :TOTAL DEVIATION PLOT
• Numerical plot – indicates by how
much decibels is each point depressed
compared to mean value in normal
population of similar age
• Probability plot- grey scale indicates
the probability of occurrence of the
deviation in normal population
Generalized depression due to media
opacities, refractive error, miosis may
hamper appearance of a pattern
48. ZONE 5 : PATTERN DEVIATION
PLOT
• Numerical - calculated by adjustment for
generalized depression or elevation of
visual field
• Thus brings out pattern
• Probability plot
• Significance - ANDERSON‟S CRITERIA
49. ZONE 6 : GLOBAL INDICES
single numbers to denote whole field
• MEAN DEVIATION : average loss of sensitivity from
normal age matched population along with probability
calculated from total deviation plot
• PATTERN STANDARD DEVIATION : range over which
change of sensitivity at all the points has occurred, along
with probability
compensates for effect of generalized depression or
elevation of field on mean deviation value
local defects affect PSD > MD
• SHORT TERM FLUCTUATIONS
• CORRECTED PATTERN STANDARD DEVIATION
50. ZONE 7 : GLAUCOMA HEMIFIELD TEST
• PLAIN ENGLISH LANGUAGE MESSAGE
• Comparison of 5 clusters of points in
superior hemifield with mirror images in
inferior hemifield
51. OUTSIDE NORMAL LIMITS
all cluster pairs differ @ p < 1% OR
1 cluster pair differs @ p < 0.5%
BORDERLINE
hemifields differ @ p < 3%
GENERAL REDUCTION OF SENSITIVITY
overall field depressed @ p < 0.5%
ABNORMAL HIGH SENSITIVITY
overall field elevated( best 15 % points) @ p < 0.5 %
WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS
52. ANDERSON and PATELLA CRITERIA
• 3 or more congrous „non edge points‟ in typical arcuate area
on 30-2 program
depressed @ p< 5 % with at least one point @ p<1 %
•PSD / CPSD @ p< 5%
•GHT – outside normal limits
Must be demonstrated on 2 field tests
63. SHORT WAVELENGTH AUTOMATED PERIMETERY
“BLUE ON YELLOW”
detects glaucomatous defects 3-5 years earlier than SAP
high fluctuation rates
64. FREQUENCY DOUBLING
PERIMETRY
Based on frequency doubling
illusion
Test stimulus – series of white
and black bands flickering at
25 Hz ( low spatial frequency
& high temporal frequncy)
Detects damage to
Magnocellular Ganglion cells
C – 20 17 points – screening
N – 30 19 points – diagnosis
n management
65. RANDOM DOT MOTION PERIMETRY
Patient has to tell direction in which dots are moving
HIGH PASS RESOLUTION PERIMETRY
Test resolution and not mere threshold detection