This document summarizes research assessing the performance of control loops using a minimum variance control algorithm (FCOR) and comparing it to an existing algorithm (PINDEX). The researchers implemented both algorithms in MATLAB to analyze simulated process data from MATLAB/Simulink models with and without valve stiction. They also analyzed process data from an Aspen HYSIS simulation of a distillation column. Across all the simulations and models, the FCOR and PINDEX algorithms produced generally similar results, indicating the control loops were performing poorly in cases where the performance index values were close to 0. The research thus validated that the developed FCOR algorithm worked effectively to evaluate control loop performance based on minimum variance.
Closed-loop step response for tuning PID fractional-order filter controllersISA Interchange
Analytical methods are usually applied for tuning fractional controllers. The present paper proposes an empirical method for tuning a new type of fractional controller known as PID-Fractional-Order-Filter (FOF-PID). Indeed, the setpoint overshoot method, initially introduced by Shamsuzzoha and Skogestad, has been adapted for tuning FOF-PID controller. Based on simulations for a range of first order with time delay processes, correlations have been derived to obtain PID-FOF controller parameters similar to those obtained by the Internal Model Control (IMC) tuning rule. The setpoint overshoot method requires only one closed-loop step response experiment using a proportional controller (P-controller). To highlight the potential of this method, simulation results have been compared with those obtained with the IMC method as well as other pertinent techniques. Various case studies have also been considered. The comparison has revealed that the proposed tuning method performs as good as the IMC. Moreover, it might offer a number of advantages over the IMC tuning rule. For instance, the parameters of the frac- tional controller are directly obtained from the setpoint closed-loop response data without the need of any model of the plant to be controlled.
On the fragility of fractional-order PID controllers for FOPDT processesISA Interchange
This paper analyzes the fragility issue of fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative controllers applied to integer first-order plus-dead-time processes. In particular, the effects of the variations of the controller parameters on the achieved control system robustness and performance are investigated. Results show that this kind of controllers is more fragile with respect to the standard proportional-integral-derivative controllers and therefore a significant attention should be paid by the user in their tuning.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijics
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and
robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal
curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc.
Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank
with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by
the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Closed-loop step response for tuning PID fractional-order filter controllersISA Interchange
Analytical methods are usually applied for tuning fractional controllers. The present paper proposes an empirical method for tuning a new type of fractional controller known as PID-Fractional-Order-Filter (FOF-PID). Indeed, the setpoint overshoot method, initially introduced by Shamsuzzoha and Skogestad, has been adapted for tuning FOF-PID controller. Based on simulations for a range of first order with time delay processes, correlations have been derived to obtain PID-FOF controller parameters similar to those obtained by the Internal Model Control (IMC) tuning rule. The setpoint overshoot method requires only one closed-loop step response experiment using a proportional controller (P-controller). To highlight the potential of this method, simulation results have been compared with those obtained with the IMC method as well as other pertinent techniques. Various case studies have also been considered. The comparison has revealed that the proposed tuning method performs as good as the IMC. Moreover, it might offer a number of advantages over the IMC tuning rule. For instance, the parameters of the frac- tional controller are directly obtained from the setpoint closed-loop response data without the need of any model of the plant to be controlled.
On the fragility of fractional-order PID controllers for FOPDT processesISA Interchange
This paper analyzes the fragility issue of fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative controllers applied to integer first-order plus-dead-time processes. In particular, the effects of the variations of the controller parameters on the achieved control system robustness and performance are investigated. Results show that this kind of controllers is more fragile with respect to the standard proportional-integral-derivative controllers and therefore a significant attention should be paid by the user in their tuning.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijics
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and
robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal
curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc.
Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank
with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by
the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Commissioning highly interactive process an approach for tuning control loopsEmerson Exchange
The size of the process equipment used in a pilot plant dictates a little buffering and interaction between process units. We examine a skid mounted high temperature CO2 recovery process with a high degree of process interaction. An effective tuning approach provided high performance control. A dynamic process simulation optimized performance by exploring various control strategies.
Process Dynamics and Control (2007 Edition) (Hardbound)
By K. T. Jadhav
Size : B5, Pages: 428; Price : Rs. 390.00
Buy this book from : www.chinttanpublications.in
Recovery from a process saturation condition benefits of using delta v pid_plusEmerson Exchange
The PIDPlus option of the PID function block in the DeltaV v11.3 allows improved recovery from a process saturation condition. In this workshop the technical basis for the change in the PID are presented. The impact this has on the time required to get to setpoint is examined and the improvement in response for the surge control will be demonstration using a synamic compressor simulation.
Fuzzy based control using lab view for miso temperature processeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Introduction, Feature of Control System, Requirement of Good Control System, Types of Control System, Open-loop control system, Closed-loop control system, Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control System, Signal flow graph, Conversion of Block Diagrams into Signal Flow Graphs, and Questions.
Experimental evaluation of control performance of MPC as a regulatory controllerISA Interchange
Proportional integral derivative (PID) control is widely practiced as the base layer controller in the industry due to its robustness and design simplicity. However, a supervisory control layer over the base layer, namely a model predictive controller (MPC), is becoming increasingly popular with the advent of computer process control. The use of a supervisory layer has led to different control structures. In this study, we perform an objective investigation of several commonly used control structures such as “Cascaded PI controller,” “DMC cascaded to PI” and “Direct DMC.” Performance of these control structures are compared on a pilot-scale continuous stirred tank heater (CSTH) system. We used dynamic matrix control (DMC) algorithm as a representative of MPC. In the DMC cascaded to PI structure, the flow-loops are regulated by the PI controller. On top of that a DMC manipulates the set-points of the flow-loops to control the temperature and the level of water in the tank. The “Direct DMC” structure, as its name suggests, uses DMC to manipulate the valves directly. Performance of all control structures were evaluated based on the integrated squared error (ISE) values. In this empirical study, the “Direct DMC” structure showed a promise to act as regulatory controller. The selection of control frequency is critical for this structure. The effect of control frequency on controller performance of the “Direct DMC” structure was also studied.
Enhanced self-regulation nonlinear PID for industrial pneumatic actuatorIJECEIAES
The present article describes the improvement of Self-regulation Nonlinear PID (SN-PID) controller. A new function is introduced to improve the system performance in terms of transient without affecting the steady state performance. It is used to optimize the nonlinear function available on this controller. The signal error is reprocessed through this function, and the result is used to tune the nonlinear function of the controller. Furthermore, the presence of the dead zone on the proportional valve is solved using Dead Zone Compensator (DZC). Simulations and experiments were carried out on the pneumatic positioning system. Comparisons between the existing methods were examined and successfully demonstrated.
Modified smith predictor based cascade control of unstable time delay processesISA Interchange
An improved cascade control structure with a modified Smith predictor is proposed for controlling open-loop unstable time delay processes. The proposed structure has three controllers of which one is meant for servo response and the other two are for regulatory responses. An analytical design method is derived for the two disturbance rejection controllers by proposing the desired closed-loop complementary sensitivity functions. These two closed-loop controllers are considered in the form of proportional–integral-derivative (PID) controller cascaded with a second order lead/lag filter. The direct synthesis method is used to design the setpoint tracking controller. By virtue of the enhanced structure, the proposed control scheme decouples the servo response from the regulatory response in case of nominal systems i.e., the setpoint tracking controller and the disturbance rejection controller can be tuned independently. Internal stability of the proposed cascade structure is analyzed. Kharitonov’s theorem is used for the robustness analysis. The disturbance rejection capability of the proposed scheme is superior as compared to existing methods. Examples are also included to illustrate the simplicity and usefulness of the proposed method.
Disturbance Rejection with a Highly Oscillating Second-Order Process, Part I...Scientific Review SR
This research paper aims at investigating disturbance rejection associated with a highly oscillating
second-order process. The PD-PI controller having three parameters are tuned to provide efficient rejection of a
step input disturbance input. Controller tuning based on using MATLAB control and optimization toolboxes.
Using the suggested tuning technique, it is possible to reduce the maximum time response of the closed loop
control system to as low as 0.0095 and obtain time response to the disturbance input having zero settling time.
The effect of the proportional gain of the PD-PI controller on the control system dynamics is investigated for a
gain ≤ 100. The performance of the control system during disturbance rejection using the PD -PI controller is
compared with that using a second-order compensator. The PD-PI controller is superior in dealing with the
disturbance rejection associated with the highly oscillating second-order process
Controller Tuning for Integrator Plus Delay Processes.theijes
A design method for PID controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. Analytical expressions for PID controllers are derived for several common types of process models, including first order and second-order plus time delay models and an integrator plus time delay model. Here in this paper, a simple controller design rule and tuning procedure for unstable processes with delay time is discussed. Simulation examples are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed method
Commissioning highly interactive process an approach for tuning control loopsEmerson Exchange
The size of the process equipment used in a pilot plant dictates a little buffering and interaction between process units. We examine a skid mounted high temperature CO2 recovery process with a high degree of process interaction. An effective tuning approach provided high performance control. A dynamic process simulation optimized performance by exploring various control strategies.
Process Dynamics and Control (2007 Edition) (Hardbound)
By K. T. Jadhav
Size : B5, Pages: 428; Price : Rs. 390.00
Buy this book from : www.chinttanpublications.in
Recovery from a process saturation condition benefits of using delta v pid_plusEmerson Exchange
The PIDPlus option of the PID function block in the DeltaV v11.3 allows improved recovery from a process saturation condition. In this workshop the technical basis for the change in the PID are presented. The impact this has on the time required to get to setpoint is examined and the improvement in response for the surge control will be demonstration using a synamic compressor simulation.
Fuzzy based control using lab view for miso temperature processeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Introduction, Feature of Control System, Requirement of Good Control System, Types of Control System, Open-loop control system, Closed-loop control system, Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control System, Signal flow graph, Conversion of Block Diagrams into Signal Flow Graphs, and Questions.
Experimental evaluation of control performance of MPC as a regulatory controllerISA Interchange
Proportional integral derivative (PID) control is widely practiced as the base layer controller in the industry due to its robustness and design simplicity. However, a supervisory control layer over the base layer, namely a model predictive controller (MPC), is becoming increasingly popular with the advent of computer process control. The use of a supervisory layer has led to different control structures. In this study, we perform an objective investigation of several commonly used control structures such as “Cascaded PI controller,” “DMC cascaded to PI” and “Direct DMC.” Performance of these control structures are compared on a pilot-scale continuous stirred tank heater (CSTH) system. We used dynamic matrix control (DMC) algorithm as a representative of MPC. In the DMC cascaded to PI structure, the flow-loops are regulated by the PI controller. On top of that a DMC manipulates the set-points of the flow-loops to control the temperature and the level of water in the tank. The “Direct DMC” structure, as its name suggests, uses DMC to manipulate the valves directly. Performance of all control structures were evaluated based on the integrated squared error (ISE) values. In this empirical study, the “Direct DMC” structure showed a promise to act as regulatory controller. The selection of control frequency is critical for this structure. The effect of control frequency on controller performance of the “Direct DMC” structure was also studied.
Enhanced self-regulation nonlinear PID for industrial pneumatic actuatorIJECEIAES
The present article describes the improvement of Self-regulation Nonlinear PID (SN-PID) controller. A new function is introduced to improve the system performance in terms of transient without affecting the steady state performance. It is used to optimize the nonlinear function available on this controller. The signal error is reprocessed through this function, and the result is used to tune the nonlinear function of the controller. Furthermore, the presence of the dead zone on the proportional valve is solved using Dead Zone Compensator (DZC). Simulations and experiments were carried out on the pneumatic positioning system. Comparisons between the existing methods were examined and successfully demonstrated.
Modified smith predictor based cascade control of unstable time delay processesISA Interchange
An improved cascade control structure with a modified Smith predictor is proposed for controlling open-loop unstable time delay processes. The proposed structure has three controllers of which one is meant for servo response and the other two are for regulatory responses. An analytical design method is derived for the two disturbance rejection controllers by proposing the desired closed-loop complementary sensitivity functions. These two closed-loop controllers are considered in the form of proportional–integral-derivative (PID) controller cascaded with a second order lead/lag filter. The direct synthesis method is used to design the setpoint tracking controller. By virtue of the enhanced structure, the proposed control scheme decouples the servo response from the regulatory response in case of nominal systems i.e., the setpoint tracking controller and the disturbance rejection controller can be tuned independently. Internal stability of the proposed cascade structure is analyzed. Kharitonov’s theorem is used for the robustness analysis. The disturbance rejection capability of the proposed scheme is superior as compared to existing methods. Examples are also included to illustrate the simplicity and usefulness of the proposed method.
Disturbance Rejection with a Highly Oscillating Second-Order Process, Part I...Scientific Review SR
This research paper aims at investigating disturbance rejection associated with a highly oscillating
second-order process. The PD-PI controller having three parameters are tuned to provide efficient rejection of a
step input disturbance input. Controller tuning based on using MATLAB control and optimization toolboxes.
Using the suggested tuning technique, it is possible to reduce the maximum time response of the closed loop
control system to as low as 0.0095 and obtain time response to the disturbance input having zero settling time.
The effect of the proportional gain of the PD-PI controller on the control system dynamics is investigated for a
gain ≤ 100. The performance of the control system during disturbance rejection using the PD -PI controller is
compared with that using a second-order compensator. The PD-PI controller is superior in dealing with the
disturbance rejection associated with the highly oscillating second-order process
Controller Tuning for Integrator Plus Delay Processes.theijes
A design method for PID controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. Analytical expressions for PID controllers are derived for several common types of process models, including first order and second-order plus time delay models and an integrator plus time delay model. Here in this paper, a simple controller design rule and tuning procedure for unstable processes with delay time is discussed. Simulation examples are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed method
FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER TUNING BASED ON IMC IJITCA Journal
In this work, a class of fractional order controller (FOPID) is tuned based on internal model control
(IMC). This tuning rule has been obtained without any approximation of time delay. Moreover to show
usefulness of fractional order controller in comparison with classical integer order controllers, an
industrial PID controller tuned in a similar way, is compared with FOPID and then robust stability of both
controllers is investigated. Robust stability analysis has been done to find maximum delayed time
uncertainty interval which results in a stable closed loop control system. For a typical system, robust
stability has been done to find maximum time constant uncertainty interval of system. Two clarify the
proposed control system design procedure, three examples have been given.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijcisjournal
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc. Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Design and control of steam flow in cement production process using neural ne...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper a NARMA L2, model reference and neural network predictive controller is utilized in order to control the output flow rate of the steam in furnace by controlling the steam flow valve. The steam flow control system is basically a feedback control system which is mostly used in cement production industries. The design of the system with the proposed controllers is done with Matlab/Simulink toolbox. The system is designed for the actual steam flow output to track the desired steam that is given to the system as input for two desired steam input signals (step and sine wave). In order to analyze the performance of the system, comparison of the proposed controllers is done by simulating the system for the two reference signals for the system with and without sensor noise disturbance. Finally the comparison results prove the effectiveness of the presented process control system with model reference controller.
A Robust Fuzzy Logic Control of Two Tanks Liquid Level ProcessINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An attempt has been made in this paper to analyze the efficiency of Fuzzy Logic, PID controllers on Non Interacting Two Tanks (Cylindrical) Liquid Level Process. The liquid level process exhibits Nonlinear square root law flow characteristics. The control problem formulated as level in second tank is controlled variable and the inlet flow to the first tank is manipulated variable. The PID Controller is designed based on Internal Model Control (IMC) Method. The Artificial Intelligent Fuzzy logic controller is designed based on six rules with Gaussian and triangular fuzzy sets. MATLAB - Simulink has been used to simulate and verified the mathematical model of the controller. Simulation Results show that the proposed Fuzzy Logic Controller show robust performance with faster response and no overshoot, where as the conventional PID Controller shows oscillations responses for set point changes. Thus, the Artificial Intelligent FLC is founded to give superior performance for a Non linear problem like two tanks. This paper will help the method suitable for research findings concerning on two tank liquid level system.
The Rapid Growth of Different Controllers for BLDC Brushless DC Motor- A Reviewijtsrd
This paper presents the different strategies for regulating the speed of BLDC motor with the help of some higher and forward looking controllers. The BLDC motor is fresh trend in the advanced technical marketing because of its superlative performance. Therefore, to control the speed of motor, some progressive controllers are necessary. In this paper, various control techniques of fuzzy logic are described for brushless dc motor to study speed performance. These various control techniques are designed as a controller for procuring appropriate controlling actions to run the motor. Kumar Abhinay | Pramod Kumar Rathore "The Rapid Growth of Different Controllers for (BLDC) Brushless DC Motor- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49513.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49513/the-rapid-growth-of-different-controllers-for-bldc-brushless-dc-motor--a-review/kumar-abhinay
Comparison of Tuning Methods of PID Controllers for Non-Linear Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Modern days have seen vast developments in the field of controller’s .There are various controllers developed these days with various different specifications. But the only drawback is that, there is no fixed method for the tuning of these controllers, which is necessary for controlling of the system based on the variation of the input or for the changes in the system. In order to overcome this drawback, in this paper we have compared various tuning methods of PID controller for non-linear system. As a non-linear system we have taken the dc motor as a system. For the particular DC motor controller transfer function has been determined and control parameters such as Proportional Gain, Integral Time and Derivative time are identified. They are numerous methods of developing a Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) Controller, amongst them some methods are adopted in this paper and Comparisons of Time Domain specifications of those controllers has been carried out.
Design of a model reference adaptive PID control algorithm for a tank system IJECEIAES
This paper describes the design of an adaptive controller based on model reference adaptive PID control (MRAPIDC) to stabilize a two-tank process when large variations of parameters and external disturbances affect the closed-loop system. To achieve that, an innovative structure of the adaptive PID controller is defined, an additional PI is designed to make sure that the reference model produces stable output signals and three adaptive gains are included to guarantee stability and robustness of the closed-loop system. Then, the performance of the model reference adaptive PID controller on the behaviour of the closed-loop system is compared to a PI controller designed on MATLAB when both closed-loop systems are under various conditions. The results demonstrate that the MRAPIDC performs significantly better than the conventional PI controller.
Analysis and Modeling of PID and MRAC Controllers for a Quadruple Tank System...dbpublications
Multivariable systems exhibit complex dynamics because of the interactions between input variables and output variables. In this paper an approach to design auto tuned decentralized PI controller using ideal decoupler and adaptive techniques for controlling a class of multivariable process with a transmission zero. By using decoupler, the MIMO system is transformed into two SISO systems. The controller parameters were adjusted using the Model Reference Adaptive reference Control. In recent process industries, PID and MRAC are the two widely accepted control strategies, where PID is used at regulatory level control and MRAC at supervisory level control. In this project, LabVIEW is used to simulate the PID with Decoupler and MRAC separately and analyze their performance based on steady state error tracking and overshoot.
Comparison of PID Controller with Model Predictive Controller for Milk Pasteu...journalBEEI
Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controllers are used in many of the Industries for various process control applications. PID controller yields a long settling time and overshoot which is not good for the process control applications. PID is not suitable for many of the complex process control applications. This research paper is about developing a better type of controller, known as MPC (Model Predictive Control). The aim of the paper is to design MPC and PID for a pasteurization process. In this manuscript comparison of PID controller with MPC is made and the responses are presented. MPC is an advanced control strategy that uses the internal dynamic model of the process and a history of past control moves and a combination of many different technologies to predict the future plant output. The dynamics of the pasteurization process was estimated by using system identification from the experimental data. The quality of different model structures was checked using best fit with data validation, residual and stability analysis. Auto-regressive with exogenous input (ARX322) model was chosen as a model structure of the pasteurization process and fits about 80.37% with datavalidation. MPC and PID control strategies were designed using ARX322 model structure. The controller performance was compared based on settling time, percent of overshoot and stability analysis and the results are presented.
Performance analysis of a liquid column in a chemical plant by using mpceSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IMC Based Fractional Order Controller for Three Interacting Tank ProcessTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In model based control, performance of the controlled plant considerably depends on the
accuracy of real plant being modelled. In present work, an attempt has been made to design Internal
Model Control (IMC), for three interacting tank process for liquid level control. To avoid complexities in
controller design, the third order three interacting tank process is modelled to First Order Plus Dead Time
(FOPDT) model. Exploiting the admirable features of Fractional Calculus, the higher order model is also
modelled to Fractional Order First Order Plus Dead Time (FO-FOPDT) model, which further reduces the
modelling error. Moving to control section, different IMC schemes have been proposed based on the order
of filter. Various simulations have been performed to show the greatness of Fractional order modelled
system & fractional order filters over conventional integer order modelled system & integer order filters
respectively. Both for parameters estimation of reduced order model and filter tuning, Genetic Algorithm
(GA) is being applied.
Fuzzy based control using labview for miso temperature processeSAT Journals
Abstract This project aims at designing and implementing a fuzzy controller for Multiple Input Single Output temperature process. Temperature control of water in the tank is achieved by varying current to the heating rod and inlet flow rate by a fuzzy controller. The system consists of a tank, reservoir, variable speed pump, temperature sensor placed inside a heating tank containing the heating rod, voltage controlled current source and computer. Water is pumped into the tank from reservoir and RTD measures the current temperature. The signal from the temperature sensor is sent to the DAQ interfaced to the computer. LabVIEW software is used to acquire the input signal and send the output signal that is determined by the control algorithm. Fuzzy logic controller is designed in LabVIEW. Based on the set point temperature, the controller sets the appropriate current to the heating rod. If the required temperature is less than that sensed by the temperature sensor, the flow rate of water into the tank is controlled by a variable speed pump. While conventional controllers are analytically described by a set of equations, the FLC is described by a knowledge-based algorithm. Thus this system is highly efficient in both heating and reducing the temperature of the tank. A fuzzy logic controller gives faster response, is more reliable and recovers quickly from system upsets. It also works well to uncertainties in the process variables and it does not require mathematical modelling.
"Heart failure is a typical clinical accompanied by symptoms syndrome (e.g. shortness of breath, ankle swelling and fatigue) that lead to structural or functional abnormalities of the heart (e.g. high venous pressure, pulmonary edema and peripheral edema).
In recent years, the significant role of B-type natriuretic peptide has been revealed in the pathogenesis of heart disease and the use of the drug sacubitril/valsartan has started. It has a positive effect on the regulation of the level of B-type natriuretic peptide in the body. It is obviously seen from the the world literature that natriuretic peptides play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. For this reason, many studies suggest that the importance of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is recommended.
Due to this, we tried to investigate the effects of a comprehensive medication therapy with a combination of sacubitril/valsartan in the patients with chronic heart failure."
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdf
Performance assessment of control loops
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 2, November 2012
www.ijsr.net
Performance Assessment of Control Loops
Partha Saha1
, Chinmoy Basak Mukta2
, Dr M.A.A. Shoukat Choudhury3
1
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
sarothi16che@gmail.com
2
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
cmbasak@gmail.com
3
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Control,
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
shoukat@che.buet.ac.bd
Abstract: The main concern of this thesis is to assess control loop performance using minimum variance control by FCOR algorithm in
a convenient way by using only routine operating data and comparing the outcomes with an existing algorithm (named PINDEX). Only
by determining a performance factor of the feed-back control loop the controller performance could be assessed, even from thousands of
control loops in process industries. Minimum variance is the benchmark which indicates attainable minimum variance against the
actual variance of the control error. A performance index has been defined as the ratio of minimum variance to actual variance. Where,
a performance index value close to 1 indicates good control a value close to 0 indicates poor control. The performance index is always
bounded between 0 to1. The performance index calculation algorithm was implemented using MATLAB. A dynamic simulation study
was performed using Aspen HYSIS for generating process data and also by SIMULINK. Various cases such as noise corruption, stiction
and oscillation were introduced and the aftermath was studied and analyzed. Industrial data from an Ammonia plant (SAFCO) was also
analyzed. All the results are compared with previously developed algorithm. This thesis will help to outline a very simple but effective
way to detect performance of the controller in process systems.
Keywords: FCOR, SISO, Performance Index, Feed-back Controlling.
1. Introduction
In any chemical complex the foremost endeavor for any
chemical engineer is to-make money save money. In
process controlling it is very indispensable to get some
quick idea that all the controller in control loops
working satisfactorily or not. If this checking upon
collection of process data could be done within a very
short time then the frequency of online checking could
be enhanced. So it is very important to take decision
about replacing any existing controller or keeping it in
accordance with its performance factor. As a relevance
to this pragmatic demand, the main objective is to assess
control loops performance by applying minimum
variance control law, using closed loop process data.
According to minimum variance controlling minimum
variance is the benchmark which indicates attainable
minimum variance against the actual variance of the
control error. A performance index has been defined as
the ratio of minimum variance to actual variance of the
control loop. Thus performance index value close to 1
indicates good control while value close to 0 indicates
poor control. The performance index value is always
bounded between 0 to1. For performance index
evaluation, algorithm implemented using MATLAB.
2. About Methodology
A controller performance assessment technique has been
developed using the routine operating data for univariate
control loops, assuming that control objective is to
reduce process variance; this conventional approach is
termed as Minimum Variance Control. It is used
naturally as the benchmark standard against which
current control loop performance is assessed. It has been
acknowledged that a system with time delay d, a portion
of output variance is feedback control invariant and can
be estimated from routine operating data. This portion of
output variance equals the variance achieved under
minimum variance control; thus the method for the
estimation of the minimum variance from routine
operating data is established. Observed minimum
variance for any system means theoretically achievable
absolute lower bound of output variance to assess
control loop performance. Using minimum variance
control as the benchmark does not mean that one has to
implement such a controller on the actual process. This
benchmark control may or may not be achievable in
practice depending on several physical constraints.
However, as a benchmark, it provides useful
information such as how well the current controller and
how much potential there is to improve controller
performance further. If the controller indicates a good
performance measure relative to minimum variance
control, further tuning or re-designing of the control
algorithm is neither necessary nor helpful. In this case, if
further reduction of process variation is desired,
implementation of other strategies such as feed forward
control or re-engineering of the process itself may be
necessary. On the other hand, if the controller indicates
a poor performance measure, further analysis, such as
model analysis, robustness analysis, constraint analysis
etc may be necessary.
8
2. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 2, November 2012
www.ijsr.net
3. Experimental Work done
3.1 Performance Assessment of MATLAB (SIMULINK)
model (without stiction block)
Figure 1. MATLAB Simulink Process block for process
data generation.
According to the simulated process Figure 1 above process
data is generated. As noise was added into the model process
variable shows those uncorrelated noise of the model. Later
on plot of process variable with data points with was
generated to demonstrate the process behavior. The output of
the controller was also observed. Then process data was
taken for consideration by both the implemented algorithm
and the previously developed one.
Figure 2. Plot of process variable vs. time
Figure 3. Plot of controller output vs time
Figure 2 shows generated data at different data points.
Figure 3 shows controller output at different data points.
Controller is basically used to keep the process variable
within certain range. To do this controller variable constantly
changes with time.
3.1.1 Results
Results found form Pindex and FCOR algorithm are shown
below-
Pindex=0.1494
FCOR=0.1503
Performance index is found from study according to
minimum variance control law. It is evident from the result
that the control loop is performing poorly (as the index
values are close to 0). Both Pindex and FCOR algorithm
show similar results. It assures that developed algorithm
works nicely to evaluate the performance index of this
simulated process without valve stiction of the controller.
Afterwards, simulation was also considered using the stiction
model in the system to substantiate the proper functioning of
the developed algorithm.
3.2 Performance Assessment of MATLAB model (with
stiction block)
Figure 4. Plot of process variable vs. time along with valve
stiction to the previous SIMULINK model.
Figure 4 shows the generated data with number of data point.
Stiction model was used in the simulated simulink process,
which caused the process variable to oscillate. Above figure
demonstrate that oscillation pattern of the process clearly.
3.2.1 Results
Results fund form Pindex and FCOR algorithm are shown
below-
Pindex=0.1500
FCOR=0.1231
Performance index is found from study according to
minimum variance control law. This time it is also evident
that the control loop is performing poorly. As performance
index of both loop is less than 0.5 or close to zero. Both
Pindex and FCOR algorithm show similar results with the
assurance of the proper functioning of the developed
algorithm.
3.3 Performance Assessment of ASPEN HYSIS
Simulated process
Simulation process of a distillation column was
demonstrated by HYSIS modeling, it was about an overhead
circuit for a distillation column using more detail than just
the condenser module. Column pressure control was
achieved primarily by bypassing some of the overhead vapor
around the condenser. PIC-101 was used to control the
overhead accumulator pressure using the bypass. The top
tray pressure was controlled by PIC-100, which essentially
maintains a constant pressure drop between the top tray and
the overhead accumulator. If the system overpressures, PIC-
102 vents to flare. The reflux rate was on flow control, with
the overhead accumulator level being controlled by the
product rate. There was a temperature control at the bottom
of the column, and level control for the sump.
9
3. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 2, November 2012
www.ijsr.net
3.3.1 Performance Assessment of Different Loops
Figure 5 shows different process data generated by the
simulation developed in Aspen HYSIS. PIC-100 controlled
the distillate flow rate. Oscillation was added to this
controller by a transfer function block. This stream was
cooled by a heat exchanger and then feed to the condenser.
From graph and calculated index it is clearly evident that the
loop was performing very badly. PIC-101 also controlled a
part of distillate flow stream. LIC-100 controlled the level of
condenser. Valve stiction was added to this controller. FIC-
100 controls the reflux ratio of the distillation column.
Though there were some noise in the loop but the controller
is performing satisfactorily. TIC-100 controlled the heat duty
of the reboiler. This loop was very sensitive as this
controlled the different temperature of the distillation
column. From result it is evident that controller is
performing according to desire. Level indicator controller
named by LIC-101 was also performing well.
Figure 5. Plot of Controlled Variable Data of Simulated
distillation column by HYSIS.
3.3.2 Results
According to minimum variance control law, table 1 shows
that control loops FIC-100, LIC-101, LIC-102, PIC-101, and
TIC-100 are performing satisfactorily as their performance
indexes are closed to 1 for the considered distillation
column. But performance index of PIC-100 loop is very
much less than 0.5. This indicates that the controller is
performing badly. This is the causal outcomes, as at this
control loop oscillation was introduced while simulation was
performed. This is a significant demonstration of the
developed way that it will work relevantly even in real
process with the existing oscillations in system.
Table 1. Results showing performance index of different
control loops of HYSIS simulation.
Above table clearly shows the compatibility of the FCOR
algorithm for any real process simulation with oscillation
and noise inherent with the process systems.
3.4 Process Data Analysis of SAFCO Plant
Process data from SAFCO was tested against both of the
control loop performance assessment algorithms. Figure 6
shows 21FIC105.PV control loop data for a flow control
loop as an example of several loops in that fertilizer plant.
Figure 6. Plot of process variable vs time
3.4.1 Results
It can be seen from the table 2 is that there are 3 flow
indicator controllers and rest of the controllers are mainly
pressure indicator controller. If all the controllers are
analyzed then it can be seen that flow indicator controller is
performing well than the pressure indicator controller in
SAFCO. It can also be seen that pindex result shows that
some of the index results are very close to zero which means
the controller is performing very poorly. This completely
supports the developed algorithm, which strengthens the
pragmatic convenient use for any real process plant like
fertilizer cpmplex.
Table 2. Results showing performance index of different
control loops of the SAFCO plant
10
4. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 1 Issue 2, November 2012
www.ijsr.net
4. Outcomes and Findings
This project is basically based on closed loop univariate
system for single input and single output (SISO) process to
find out whether is the existing controller is working
satisfactory or not. By comparing the performance index of
the target loops with the theoretical standard the plant
operator can identify the faulty loops only by analysis the
routine operating data. Future work could be extended to
multivariate system for multiple inputs and multiple outputs
(MIMO) process. Topics of further research adjunct to
adjoincy matix with Minimum variance control, Controller
Auto-Tuning Based on Control Performance Monitoring,
Online performance assessment, Automation of the
controller diagnosis. By only analyzing closed loop data,
unsatisfactory loops can be identified easily from thousands
of control loops. In modern process systems there are strong
incentives for automated control performance monitoring
(CPM) and it’s assessments for process control loops or the
controller. Although several CPM techniques have been
applied successfully already, they also have several
shortcomings. First, most of the existing techniques assess
control system performance but do not diagnose the root
cause of the poor performance. A second shortcoming is that
assessment formulation for MIMO process is complicated
and usually restricted to unconstrained control systems,
monitoring strategies for MPC systems are a subject of
current research all over the world.
References
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Shah, S.L.;", Modelling valve stiction, Control
Engineering Practice, 13, 5, 641-658, 2005,
Elsevier
[2]"Ljung, L.; ",System identification - Theory for the
User,1999,Prentice-Hall
[3]"Huang, B.; Kadali, R.;","Dynamic modeling,
predictive control and performance monitoring: A
data-driven subspace approach",374,2008,Springer
Verlag
[4]“Manu Huttunen; Olli Pyrhnen; Riku Pllnenc; Ari
Koponen;” Real-time simulation environment for
control loop performance monitoring using matlab.
2012
[5]"Desborough, L ;Harris,T ;" "Performance
Assessment Measure for Univariate Feedback
Control" Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, 70, 1186-1197, 1992
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