The automatic control system plays a crucial role in industries for controlling the process operations. The automatic control system provides a safe and proper controlling mechanism to avoid environmental and quality problems. The control system controls pressure flow, mass flow, speed control, and other process metrics and solves robustness and stability issues. In this manuscript, The Hybrid controller approach like proportional integral (PI) and proportional derivative (PD) based fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using with and without gain scheduling approach is modeled for the compressor to improve the robustness and error response control mechanism. The PI/PD-based FLC system includes step input function, the PI/PD controller, FLC with a closed-loop mechanism, and gain scheduler. The error signals and control response outputs are analyzed in detail for PI/PD-based FLC’s and compared with conventional PD/PID controllers. The PD-based FLC with the Gain scheduling approach consumes less overshoot time of 74% than the PD-based FLC without gain scheduling approach. The PD-based FLC with the gain scheduling approach produces less error response in terms of 7.9% in integral time absolute error (ITAE), 7.4% in integral absolute error (IAE), and 16% in integral square error (ISE) than PD based FLC without gain scheduling approach.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimised control using Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller tuned usi...IJECEIAES
Time delays are generally unavoidable in the designing frameworks for mechanical and electrical systems and so on. In both continuous and discrete schemes, the existence of delay creates undesirable impacts on the underthought which forces exacting constraints on attainable execution. The presence of delay confounds the design structure procedure also. It makes continuous systems boundless dimensional and also extends the readings in discrete systems fundamentally. As the Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID) controller based on internal model control is essential and strong to address the vulnerabilities and aggravations of the model. But for an real industry process, they are less susceptible to noise than the PID controller.It results in just one tuning parameter which is the time constant of the closed-loop system λ, the internal model control filter factor. It additionally gives a decent answer for the procedure with huge time delays. The design of the PID controller based on the internal model control, with approximation of time delay using Pade’ and Taylor’s series is depicted in this paper. The first order filter used in the design provides good set-point tracking along with disturbance rejection.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimised control using Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller tuned usi...IJECEIAES
Time delays are generally unavoidable in the designing frameworks for mechanical and electrical systems and so on. In both continuous and discrete schemes, the existence of delay creates undesirable impacts on the underthought which forces exacting constraints on attainable execution. The presence of delay confounds the design structure procedure also. It makes continuous systems boundless dimensional and also extends the readings in discrete systems fundamentally. As the Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID) controller based on internal model control is essential and strong to address the vulnerabilities and aggravations of the model. But for an real industry process, they are less susceptible to noise than the PID controller.It results in just one tuning parameter which is the time constant of the closed-loop system λ, the internal model control filter factor. It additionally gives a decent answer for the procedure with huge time delays. The design of the PID controller based on the internal model control, with approximation of time delay using Pade’ and Taylor’s series is depicted in this paper. The first order filter used in the design provides good set-point tracking along with disturbance rejection.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijics
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and
robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal
curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc.
Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank
with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by
the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijcisjournal
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc. Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
Enhanced self-regulation nonlinear PID for industrial pneumatic actuatorIJECEIAES
The present article describes the improvement of Self-regulation Nonlinear PID (SN-PID) controller. A new function is introduced to improve the system performance in terms of transient without affecting the steady state performance. It is used to optimize the nonlinear function available on this controller. The signal error is reprocessed through this function, and the result is used to tune the nonlinear function of the controller. Furthermore, the presence of the dead zone on the proportional valve is solved using Dead Zone Compensator (DZC). Simulations and experiments were carried out on the pneumatic positioning system. Comparisons between the existing methods were examined and successfully demonstrated.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
Internal model controller based PID with fractional filter design for a nonli...IJECEIAES
In this paper, an Internal model Controller (IMC) based PID with fractional filter for a first order plus time delay process is proposed. The structure of the controller has two parts, one is integer PID controller part cascaded with fractional filter. The proposed controller has two tuning factors λ, filter time constant and a, fractional order of the filter. In this work, the two factors are decided in order to obtain low Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE). The effectiveness of the proposed controller is studied by considering a non linear (hopper tank) process. The experimental set up is fabricated in the laboratory and then data driven model is developed from the experimental data. The non linear process model is linearised using piecewise linearization and two linear regions are obtained. At each operating point, linear first order plus dead time model is obtained and the controller is designed for the same. To show the practical applicability, the proposed controller is implemented for the proposed experimental laboratory prototype.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Efficient speed governor for blower motoreSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents an efficient speed governor for the blower motor used in the air conditioning of electric vehicles (EV). Performance optimization of blowers offers tremendous potential for energy saving and hence the running cost. Pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is one of the most economical and widely used techniques in the motor control applications. SG 3525 device is used to generate the required PWM signals for the regulation of the blower motor speed. The PWM signal with 0-100% duty ratio control governs the semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs in controlling the supply voltage to the motor. The proposed control scheme governs the speed by varying the reference voltage to the SG 3525 and also protects the motor from high current as the scheme monitors the current flow through the motor indirectly via gate control signal of the semiconductor switches. Keywords: Pulse width modulation (PWM), Blower, Electric Vehicle (EV), SG 3525, MOSFET, Duty ratio.
FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER TUNING BASED ON IMC IJITCA Journal
In this work, a class of fractional order controller (FOPID) is tuned based on internal model control
(IMC). This tuning rule has been obtained without any approximation of time delay. Moreover to show
usefulness of fractional order controller in comparison with classical integer order controllers, an
industrial PID controller tuned in a similar way, is compared with FOPID and then robust stability of both
controllers is investigated. Robust stability analysis has been done to find maximum delayed time
uncertainty interval which results in a stable closed loop control system. For a typical system, robust
stability has been done to find maximum time constant uncertainty interval of system. Two clarify the
proposed control system design procedure, three examples have been given.
Controller Tuning for Integrator Plus Delay Processes.theijes
A design method for PID controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. Analytical expressions for PID controllers are derived for several common types of process models, including first order and second-order plus time delay models and an integrator plus time delay model. Here in this paper, a simple controller design rule and tuning procedure for unstable processes with delay time is discussed. Simulation examples are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed method
This paper presents an enhanced nonlinear PID (NPID) controller to follow a preselected speed profile of brushless DC motor drive system. This objective should be achieved regardless the parameter variations, and external disturbances. The performance of enhanced NPID controller will be investigated by comparing it with linear PID control and fractional order PID (FOPID) control. These controllers are tested for both speed regulation and speed tracking. The optimal parameters values of each control technique were obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a certain cost function. Results shows that the proposed NPID controller has better performance among other techniques (PID and FOPID controller).
Review on controller design in pneumatic actuator drive systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A pneumatic actuator is a device that converts compressed air into mechanical energy to perform varieties of work. It exhibits high nonlinearities due to high friction forces, compressibility of air and dead band of the spool movement which is difficult to manage and requires an appropriate controller for better performance. The purpose of this study is to review the controller design of pneumatic actuator recommended by previous researchers from the past years. Initially, the basic views of the pneumatic will be presented in terms of introduction to the pneumatic actuator and its applications in industries. At the end of this review, discussions on the design of the controllers will be concluded and further research will be proposed along with the improvement of control strategies in the pneumatic actuator systems.
Fuzzy gain scheduling control apply to an RC Hovercraft IJECEIAES
The Fuzzy Gain Scheduling (FGS) methodology for tuning the ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) traditional controller parameters by scheduling controlled gains in different phases, is a simple and effective application both in industries and real-time complex models while assuring the high achievements over pass decades, is proposed in this article. The Fuzzy logic rules of the triangular membership functions are exploited on-line to verify the Gain Scheduling of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller gains in different stages because it can minimize the tracking control error and utilize the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) minima criterion of the controller design process. For that reason, the controller design could tune the system model in the whole operation time to display the efficiency in tracking error. It is then implemented in a novel Remote Controlled (RC) Hovercraft motion models to demonstrate better control performance in comparison with the PID conventional controller.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
More Related Content
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DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijics
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and
robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal
curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc.
Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank
with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by
the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijcisjournal
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc. Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
Enhanced self-regulation nonlinear PID for industrial pneumatic actuatorIJECEIAES
The present article describes the improvement of Self-regulation Nonlinear PID (SN-PID) controller. A new function is introduced to improve the system performance in terms of transient without affecting the steady state performance. It is used to optimize the nonlinear function available on this controller. The signal error is reprocessed through this function, and the result is used to tune the nonlinear function of the controller. Furthermore, the presence of the dead zone on the proportional valve is solved using Dead Zone Compensator (DZC). Simulations and experiments were carried out on the pneumatic positioning system. Comparisons between the existing methods were examined and successfully demonstrated.
DESIGN OF CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (LFC) IN MULTI AR...IAEME Publication
This paper features the Differential Evolution (DE) by controller parameters tuning algorithm
and also an application of a multi source power system to a Load Frequency Control (LFC) by
having several sources of power generation techniques. At first, a single area multi-source power
system using integral controllers for every unit is taken and DE procedure is implemented to attain
the controller parameters. Several mutation procedures of DE are estimated and the control
parameters of DE for best obtained procedure are tuned by implementing numerous runs of
algorithm for every change in parameter. Multi-area multi-source power system is also discussed
and a HDVC link is also taken in accordance with the current AC tie line for the internal
connection between the areas. The two variables of Integrals which are to be enhanced using tuned
DE algorithm are proportional integral and proportional integral derivative.
Internal model controller based PID with fractional filter design for a nonli...IJECEIAES
In this paper, an Internal model Controller (IMC) based PID with fractional filter for a first order plus time delay process is proposed. The structure of the controller has two parts, one is integer PID controller part cascaded with fractional filter. The proposed controller has two tuning factors λ, filter time constant and a, fractional order of the filter. In this work, the two factors are decided in order to obtain low Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE). The effectiveness of the proposed controller is studied by considering a non linear (hopper tank) process. The experimental set up is fabricated in the laboratory and then data driven model is developed from the experimental data. The non linear process model is linearised using piecewise linearization and two linear regions are obtained. At each operating point, linear first order plus dead time model is obtained and the controller is designed for the same. To show the practical applicability, the proposed controller is implemented for the proposed experimental laboratory prototype.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Efficient speed governor for blower motoreSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents an efficient speed governor for the blower motor used in the air conditioning of electric vehicles (EV). Performance optimization of blowers offers tremendous potential for energy saving and hence the running cost. Pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is one of the most economical and widely used techniques in the motor control applications. SG 3525 device is used to generate the required PWM signals for the regulation of the blower motor speed. The PWM signal with 0-100% duty ratio control governs the semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs in controlling the supply voltage to the motor. The proposed control scheme governs the speed by varying the reference voltage to the SG 3525 and also protects the motor from high current as the scheme monitors the current flow through the motor indirectly via gate control signal of the semiconductor switches. Keywords: Pulse width modulation (PWM), Blower, Electric Vehicle (EV), SG 3525, MOSFET, Duty ratio.
FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER TUNING BASED ON IMC IJITCA Journal
In this work, a class of fractional order controller (FOPID) is tuned based on internal model control
(IMC). This tuning rule has been obtained without any approximation of time delay. Moreover to show
usefulness of fractional order controller in comparison with classical integer order controllers, an
industrial PID controller tuned in a similar way, is compared with FOPID and then robust stability of both
controllers is investigated. Robust stability analysis has been done to find maximum delayed time
uncertainty interval which results in a stable closed loop control system. For a typical system, robust
stability has been done to find maximum time constant uncertainty interval of system. Two clarify the
proposed control system design procedure, three examples have been given.
Controller Tuning for Integrator Plus Delay Processes.theijes
A design method for PID controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. Analytical expressions for PID controllers are derived for several common types of process models, including first order and second-order plus time delay models and an integrator plus time delay model. Here in this paper, a simple controller design rule and tuning procedure for unstable processes with delay time is discussed. Simulation examples are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed method
This paper presents an enhanced nonlinear PID (NPID) controller to follow a preselected speed profile of brushless DC motor drive system. This objective should be achieved regardless the parameter variations, and external disturbances. The performance of enhanced NPID controller will be investigated by comparing it with linear PID control and fractional order PID (FOPID) control. These controllers are tested for both speed regulation and speed tracking. The optimal parameters values of each control technique were obtained using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on a certain cost function. Results shows that the proposed NPID controller has better performance among other techniques (PID and FOPID controller).
Review on controller design in pneumatic actuator drive systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A pneumatic actuator is a device that converts compressed air into mechanical energy to perform varieties of work. It exhibits high nonlinearities due to high friction forces, compressibility of air and dead band of the spool movement which is difficult to manage and requires an appropriate controller for better performance. The purpose of this study is to review the controller design of pneumatic actuator recommended by previous researchers from the past years. Initially, the basic views of the pneumatic will be presented in terms of introduction to the pneumatic actuator and its applications in industries. At the end of this review, discussions on the design of the controllers will be concluded and further research will be proposed along with the improvement of control strategies in the pneumatic actuator systems.
Fuzzy gain scheduling control apply to an RC Hovercraft IJECEIAES
The Fuzzy Gain Scheduling (FGS) methodology for tuning the ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) traditional controller parameters by scheduling controlled gains in different phases, is a simple and effective application both in industries and real-time complex models while assuring the high achievements over pass decades, is proposed in this article. The Fuzzy logic rules of the triangular membership functions are exploited on-line to verify the Gain Scheduling of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller gains in different stages because it can minimize the tracking control error and utilize the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) minima criterion of the controller design process. For that reason, the controller design could tune the system model in the whole operation time to display the efficiency in tracking error. It is then implemented in a novel Remote Controlled (RC) Hovercraft motion models to demonstrate better control performance in comparison with the PID conventional controller.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Hybrid controller design using gain scheduling approach for compressor systems
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2022, pp. 3051~3060
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp3051-3060 3051
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Hybrid controller design using gain scheduling approach for
compressor systems
Divya Muddenahalli Narasimhaiah1,2
, Chikkajala Krishnappa Narayanappa3
, Gangadharaiah
Soralamavu Lakshmaiah4
1
VTU Research Centre, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi, India
2
School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru, India
3
Department of Medical Electronics, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
4
Department of Electronics and Communication, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received May 20, 2021
Revised Dec 24, 2021
Accepted Jan 19, 2022
The automatic control system plays a crucial role in industries for
controlling the process operations. The automatic control system provides a
safe and proper controlling mechanism to avoid environmental and quality
problems. The control system controls pressure flow, mass flow, speed
control, and other process metrics and solves robustness and stability issues.
In this manuscript, The Hybrid controller approach like proportional integral
(PI) and proportional derivative (PD) based fuzzy logic controller (FLC)
using with and without gain scheduling approach is modeled for the
compressor to improve the robustness and error response control
mechanism. The PI/PD-based FLC system includes step input function, the
PI/PD controller, FLC with a closed-loop mechanism, and gain scheduler.
The error signals and control response outputs are analyzed in detail for
PI/PD-based FLC’s and compared with conventional PD/PID controllers.
The PD-based FLC with the Gain scheduling approach consumes less
overshoot time of 74% than the PD-based FLC without gain scheduling
approach. The PD-based FLC with the gain scheduling approach produces
less error response in terms of 7.9% in integral time absolute error (ITAE),
7.4% in integral absolute error (IAE), and 16% in integral square error (ISE)
than PD based FLC without gain scheduling approach.
Keywords:
Compressor
Fuzzy logic controller
Gain scheduling
Output response
Plant
Proportional integral derivative
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Divya Muddenahalli Narasimhaiah
VTU Research Centre, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University
Belagavi, Karnataka, India
Email: draophd@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Compressor systems are used to enlarge the air pressure (gas) by minimizing its volume
mechanically. The frequently compressed gas is air and oxygen, carbon dioxide, natural gas, and other
industrial gases. These compression systems used in many applications include pipeline transportation,
vehicular propulsion for military and civilian use, electrical power generation, aircraft transportation, and
other thermal plant industries. The compressor has a significant drawback with surge control and rotating
stall problems, which cause instabilities in mass flow and pressure conditions [1]. The proportional integral
derivative (PID) controller and fuzzy logic-based PI controllers overcome the operational surge problems in
the centrifugal compressor; the recycle (surge) values are controlled with PID and fuzzy-based PI controllers
to overcome the instability problems in the compressor system [2]. Different controlling techniques are
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2022: 3051-3060
3052
available as an intelligent controller in a hybrid braking system and electric motors, DC motors for
controlling purposes [3], [4]. The fault detection and isolation of surge are achieved by fuzzy logic modeling
for industrial centrifugal compressors and gas turbine modules [5], [6]. The different controllers, like PID,
fuzzy logic controller (FLC), PID based fuzzy controllers, are used in many applications. The electronic
throttle control (ETC) valve is optimized using PID type fuzzy factors with a genetic algorithm [7], and FLC
achieves the air conditioning control for energy saving [8]. The ETC for autonomous vehicles using
fractional-PI controllers [9], overshoot suppression for ETC using fuzzy based PI controller [10], level and
pressure process control are achieved by fuzzy-PID controllers [11].
The non-linear and highly uncertain system control is a complex and challenging task for designers.
These non-linear control systems are not modeled systematically, forcing unknown parameters to affect the
overall system performance. The fuzzy logic methods are introduced, which are functional and adequate to
solve the non-linearity system problems. The Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model is introduced in 1985, which
elaborates the non-linear system with few linear submodules using a fuzzy rule set. The non-linear system is
modeled with the help of these linear submodules, which are associated with a set of rules and are fuzzily
blended. The T-S model provides better-controlling capabilities by utilizing the possible linear control
methods. Advanced fuzzy dynamic systems have been developed to control the robust adaptive multiple
non-linear system models [12]–[14].
Automatic control devices are essential and used in most industries for process control operations.
Automatic process control is a significant part of industrial systems, which provides safe and proper control
to avoid quality and environmental problems. Many processing operations in industries include thermal
power plant, petroleum, and chemical industry for controlling mass flow, pressure flow, temperature, and
other similar performance metrics. In general, automatic process control has a typical controller, control
elements, process operation, and feedback mechanisms. The overview of the automatic control process
system is represented in Figure 1. It is used to maintain the actual value by calculating the existing value with
the actual value and obtaining the difference to start the action to minimize the error. The typical controller
provides the controlling mechanism of the process. The control elements receive the input from the controller
and perform the corresponding operation. The process is also known as a plant with an industrial compressor,
gas turbines, thermal power plant, and many more. The process generates the outputs, measurable and
converted to one form variable to the corresponding variable by measurement operation.
The error system (e) finds the difference between the reference valve (i) and the actual value (a).
The control system performance depends on the error signal, and it is represented as e (t)=i(t)–a(t). The main
aim of the controller is to reduce the error signal to exactly zero concerning time. The performance
parameters of the control system have a steady-state, stability, and transient response. The transient response
is calculated using rise time, delay time, peak time, settling time, overshoot, and error characteristics.
Figure 1. An overview of automatic process control system
Most controllers are designed for gas turbines, ETC applications and not particularly for the
compressor system. Very few approaches are considered for the compressor system with lags of performance
constraints like robustness, Stability, control response, and error responses issues. The proposed approach is
used to improve the aforementioned issues, using a hybrid control mechanism and suitable to use further in a
particular compressor system. In this manuscript, an efficient PI and PD-based fuzzy logic controller is
modeled for compressor applications. This section explains the review of existing approaches towards
different controllers for different applications with limitations. Section 2 describes the controlling strategies
using PI/PD based FLC with gain scheduling. The discussion of simulation results with performance metrics
realization is carried in Section 3. Finally, the overall work is concluded in Section 4 with future work.
This section elaborates on the existing approaches of the different processes using different
controlling techniques with their limitations. Ahmad et al. [15] present the mixed fuzzy logic control method
to track a flexible-joint manipulator’s trajectory and vibration control. The tip angular position control is
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Hybrid controller design using gain scheduling approach for … (Divya Muddenahalli Narasimhaiah)
3053
calculated using PD-based FLC. Additionally, the non‐collocated PD-based FLC module is modeled for
vibration reduction of the flexible joint system with a suitable input scheme. The reduction of deflection
angle for vibration and time response of angular tip position are analyzed with suitable parameters. Kozák
[16] elaborates on the different controlling techniques from PID to model predictive control (MPC). The PID
controller’s usage in today and the future, PID tuning methods, gain scheduling methods, fuzzy-based PID
methods, advanced neural network-based PID method, and hardware realization of tuning methods and their
drawbacks are explained. The MPC modeling, classification, and analysis with field programmable gate array
(FPGA) hardware are discussed. Liying et al. [17] examine the electronic throttle valve (ETC) compensation
control method to improve the tracking realization. The non-linear compensation control system includes
PI-controller, ETC, and the pulse width modulation (PWM) position system.
Pan et al. [18] present the adaptive fuzzy H∞
tracking control (AFHC) model for guaranteed stable
tracking using PD-FLC than the sliding mode control (SMC) approach. The work analyzes the tracking
performance of two controllers. The existing AFHC methods are overcome with the AFHC module
incorporating the SMC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is designed for heavy-duty gas turbine plants by Iqbal et
al. [19] to overcome load fluctuations and set-point variations. The response of different modules is analyzed
using FLC and neural network controller. These controllers are acts as a speed controller in the turbine plant.
Pezzetti et al. [20] present different controlling methods for the helium cryogenic warm compressor station to
improve the transient and setup requirements. The control techniques include PID, FLC, and internal model
control (IMC) techniques are used in cryogenic systems to check the high and low-pressure control
variations. The ETC module is designed using the fuzzy sliding-mode controller (SMC) by Bai et al. [21],
which includes mathematical modeling of regular and fuzzy sliding mode controller of ETC and simulation
analysis of the plate angle and desired angle of the valve plate. Similarly, Yadav et al. [22] designed an
Intelligent ETC system using different controllers like PID, SMC-based PD, and FLC. The fuzzy based PID
gives better Overshoot and settling time than other approaches.
The optimal speed control for Hybrid electric vehicles is designed by Saeed et al. [23] using
different controllers like PID, pole placement (PP), state observer-based (OB), and linear-quadratic regular
(LQR) based controllers. Electric vehicles analyze the speed control process using stability factors,
observability, and controllability factors. Chao et al. [24] describe the comparative analysis of fuzzy-PID
over conventional PID controllers with constraints improvements. The optimized PID-based FLC for the
higher-order control system is designed by Bharti et al. [25]. The work analyzes the response of the plant
system using different controllers and also tabulate the performance metrics. The fractional-PID based FLC
is designed by Barbosa et al. [26]. This hybrid controller is fine-tuned with the help of a genetic algorithm to
improve the performance of the non-linear system. Somwanshi et al. [27] explain the speed control of DC
motor in LabView and analyze the fuzzy-PID and typical PID controller results with response time.
Prayitno et al. [28] explain the fuzzy gain scheduling approach for the position of the drone system
using a PID controller. The PID controller acts as the central controller of the drone system, which controls
the throttle, roll, and pitch. The three PID controllers are tuned by the scheduler and calculated by the fuzzy
logic module. The control response, square shape experiments, control signal waveforms (throttle, roll, and
pitch) are discussed in detail for the drone system. Shah et al. [29] present the PID-based temperature control
system are implemented for an electric kettle. The temperature control system includes PID and bang-bang
controllers, followed by a driver circuit (solid-state relay), heater, and electric kettle. The temperature control
system is implemented on microcontroller and connected to an electric kettle via computer. The water
temperature response inside the electric kettle at different degrees celsius are analyzed using PID controller.
Prabhakar et al. [30] present the non-linear adaptive cruise control system using fuzzy PD plus I controller to
provide set-point tracking performance with adaptive features. The fuzzy-based PD controller provides better
servo performance and solves the regulatory issues by integrating the integral (I) controller in the cruise
control system. Khamari et al. [31] present the hybrid fuzzy PD-PI controller with a modified moth swarm
algorithm (MMSA) is modeled for an electric vehicle system. The MMSA is used to provide the solution for
distributed power generation system with frequency control features. The present work better frequency
control mechanism than the existing similar approach for distributed power generation systems. Tran et al.
[32] describe the fuzzy gain scheduling (FGS) control system for remote control hovercraft. The FCS
approach is used for tuning the PID controller by scheduling the controlled gains. The PID controller outputs
are used in hovercraft motion to analyze the surge, sway, and steering yaw control responses. Zhang et al.
[33] present a reconfigurable adaptive control technique for a cabin pressure control system (CPCS). The
control technique is used to compensate for the faults in sensors and actuators in CPCS. The control system
works with a closed-loop structure, improving the stability and updating the online faults without using the
identification process. Urrea et al. [34] discuss the different control strategies for robotic arm systems using a
multi-level inverter. The control strategies like the gain scheduling approach with trenches and interpolation,
fuzzy logic with adaptive control mechanisms are used to find a robotic arm's position with high-frequency
reduction.
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2. PROPOSED CONTROLLING STRATEGIES
The conventional controller’s overview, fuzzy logic controller design model, and hybrid controller
strategies with a gain scheduling approach are discussed in this section in detail.
2.1. Conventional controllers
The conventional PID controllers are mainly used in many industrial controlling applications
because of their robust performance, smooth operation, and simplicity. The PD/PID controllers are suitable
and adopted in lower and second-order control systems. For tuning the P, I, and D constant values, the
Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) method is used. The tuned values are considered for PD/PID controllers. PD and PID
are considered for process control operations by tuning the KP, KI, and KD constants in the design work. The
typical compressor system (process) and its transfer function are considered for different controller designs to
improve the efficiency of the process. The transfer function of the compressor plant (process) is represented
in (1).
𝐺(𝑠) =
1
𝑠3+3𝑠2+3𝑠+1
(1)
The fuzzy logic controller using the gain scheduling approach is used to improve the controller performance
parameters. The hybrid approach of PI and PD-based FLC controller is designed in this next section to
overcome the conventional controller’s control parameters.
2.2. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC)
Fuzzy logic is a logical system and is controlled by fuzzy control. the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is
one of the best solutions for industrial control applications. The FLC achieves better performance metrics
than conventional PID controllers. The FLC has many advantages over other controllers includes easy to
understand; it can be tolerant of the indistinct data values. The FLC has five significant components along
with the plant, namely, fuzzification, knowledgebase (Database), evaluation, ruleset, and defuzzification are
represented in Figure 2. Fuzzification is a process of converting crisp (absolute) value to linguistic (fuzzy)
value. The fuzzification receives the PI/PID controller’s data values as crisp inputs into fuzzy systems
(variables). The fuzzy variables are noticed by linguistic values, which are subsets or fuzzy sets. The fuzzy
sets are addressed by membership functions, including oversized, small, low, and high. The rule evaluation
makes the decision logic to control the fuzzy rule stored by the rule base. The rule base is essential for
process performance improvements. The basic fuzzy set with AND, OR, and NOT are used to evaluate fuzzy
rules. Defuzzification is the reverse operation of fuzzification, which is used to convert fuzzy values to crisp
values. The knowledge-base has been used to stores the fuzzy set membership functions of the fuzzifier and
defuzzifier.
Figure 2. FLC configuration with process
2.2.1. Fuzzy variables
The fuzzy interface system (FIS) is designed for FLC using Mamdani in Simulink. The first and
second input variables of the FLC is defined as (2) and (3):
𝐸(𝑖) = 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝐺(𝑠) (2)
𝐶𝐸(𝑖) = 𝐸(𝑖) − 𝐸(𝑖 − 1) (3)
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where i=1 to 7, Sref is Step input, G(s) transfer function output, E(i-1) is previous error input with derivation
(D) or integration (I) for PD-FLC and PD-FLC system. The difference between the step input and transfer
function Plant output gives the error value of the controller.
2.2.2. Membership functions
The error (E), change in error (CE), and FLC output (O) are normalized to the display range [-1 to 1]
using a set of fuzzy membership functions for the given universe of discourse. The E and CE use a
combination of triangular shaped and Trapezoidal shaped membership functions. In contrast, FLC output (O)
uses only triangular-shaped membership functions. The hybrid combination of the membership function
improves the robustness, control response, less steady-state Error, and less overshoot time for the given
system. The rule-base is activated effectively based on the FLC inputs within the universe of discourse. The
seven fuzzy (linguistic) variables (FV) are used as E and CE, which includes negative big (NB), positive big
(PB), negative medium (NM), positive medium (PM), negative small (NS), positive small (PS), and zero
(ZO). The decision logic is evaluated with the human knowledge base into a fuzzy set by fuzzy rules. The
FIS has the membership function, which includes E, CE are input variables, and output (O) variables are
represented in Figures 3(a) to (c). The 3D surface viewpoint of the PI and PD-FLC controller’s E and CE
membership function is illustrated in Figure 3(d).
2.2.3. Fuzzy rules
To design the rule base, The fuzzy rules are categorized into seven basic fuzzy sets and are: Error
input E(i): {NB, NM, NS, ZO, PS, PM, PB}, Change in error input CE(i)={NB, NM, NS, ZO, PS, PM, PB}
and FLC output O(i)={NB, NM, NS, ZO, PS, PM, PB}. The fuzzy rule set for the compressor plant is
tabulated in Table 1. The E, CE, The Mamdani fuzzy interface system (FIS) are used in the current FLC
design. The fuzzy variables PS, PM, and PB are in the range of [0, 1], ZO is the range of [-0.2 to 0.2], and
NB, NM, and NS are in the range of [-1 to 0] under the universe of discourse. Based on the display range, the
big and small inputs are categorized in rule set inference.
There are 49 rules used for two inputs (E and CE) with 7 fuzzy variables. The fuzzy rules are framed
by analyzing the PD/PID controller performance by tuning the controller constants. The nth
-order rule base
(R) for the given FLC with two inputs (E and CE) is shown in (4):
Rn: IF (error is E(i)) AND (Change in Error is CE(i)) then (FLC output is O(i) (4)
where n is set to 1, 2, …Nmax for the nth
fuzzy rule set. E(i), CE(i), and O(i)=1,2,3,4,5,6,7 are basic fuzzy rule
sets. The 49 rules are used in the rule base, which converts the two inputs to a single output. Finally, the
fuzzification outputs in the ruleset are transformed into the crisp output format using the centroid method in
the de-fuzzification process.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 3. Membership functions plots for error, change error (CE), output variables, and surface view of FLC
(a) FLC error input, (b) FLC change in error input, (c) FLC output, and (d) surface view of FLC
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Table 1. The fuzzy rule set for the compressor plant
Output
Error (E)
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
Change
in
Error
(CE)
NB NB NB NB NB NM NS ZO
NM NB NB NB NM NS ZO PS
NS NB NB NM NS ZO PS PM
ZO NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
PS NM NS -ZO PS PM PB PB
PM NS ZO -PS PM PB PB PB
PB ZO PS PM PB PB PB PB
2.3. PI/PD based FLC with gain scheduling approach
Gain scheduling (GS) is a process of monitoring the plant’s operating conditions by simply
changing the controller's parameters. It is mainly used to assist changes in plant gain. The GS provides a
non-linear feedback signal and has a linear controller, which monitors the operating conditions in a
pre-programmed way. Thus, the GS is used to compensate for the known non-linearities and significant
parameter changes of the plant. In general, The GS provides linearization for non-linear processes,
measurement of auxiliary variables, and non-linear transformations. In this work, The PI/PD-based fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) with gain scheduling for a compressor plant is represented in Figure 4. The design
includes Step input, PI/PD-based controller followed by FLC with gain scheduling, non-linear valve, and
process.
Figure 4. Modeling of PI/PD based FLC with gain scheduling (GS)
The FLC controller output is fed through the gain scheduling approach to compensate for
non-linearity before being applied to the non-linear valve and process. The non-linear valve is assumed to
have u2
, and it is greater than zero. The gain scheduling with 2-line segments (a, b) are used to compensate
the non-linearity of the valve and Plant, and it is represented in the (5) and (6):
𝑏 = 0.433𝑎 ; 0 < 𝑎 < 3 (5)
𝑏 = 0.0538𝑎 + 1.158 ;3 < 𝑎 < 10 (6)
The 2-line segments (a and b) are lies in between a=0 and a=10. Therefore, to reduce the non-linearity of the
Plant, increase the line segments in gain scheduling.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The PI and PD-based FLC models are designed using a gain scheduling approach for the
compressor system. The work is carried out using the MATLAB Simulink environment. The simulation
results of both PI and PD-based FLC without and with gain scheduling approach are represented. The
Performance parameters for the same are discussed in detail. The PI-FLC model generates the error signal,
and the error integral is represented in Figures 5(a) and 6(b) and Figures 6(a) and 6(b), respectively, for
without and with gain scheduling. Similarly, the error derivative is generated by PD-FLC is represented in
Figures 5(c) and 6(c), respectively, for without and with gain scheduling.
The conventional PD and PID controllers and PI-FLC and PD-FLC’s control output response are
compared without and with gain scheduling represented in Figures 7(a) and 7(b). The step time is set to 1 as
an input to the controller and followed by a process. The output response is controlled by feedback PI-FLC
and PD-FLC controllers and is working based on the operation of the compressor system. The system output
rises at 1.48 sec and 4.26 sec for PI-FLC and PD-FLC without GS, respectively. The PI-FLC output response
settles at 12.24 sec, and similarly, PD-FLC takes a 9.4 sec settling time. Thus, the PD-FLC output response
without GS has less overshoot than the conventional PD and PID controller. The system output rises at
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1.475 sec and 4.19 sec for PI-FLC and PD-FLC with GS, respectively. The PI-FLC output response settles at
10.07 sec, and similarly, for PD-FLC takes a 9.27 sec settling time. The PD-FLC with-GS output response
has less overshoot than the PI-FLC and conventional PD, PID controller with-GS. The PD-FLC with GS
gives better control response output than other controllers.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 5. Error signal generation using of FLC controller-without gain scheduling (a) error signal, (b) error
integral, and (c) error derivative
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 6. Error signal generation using of FLC controller-with gain scheduling, (a) error signal, (b) error
integral, and (c) error derivative
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(a) (b)
Figure 7. Comparison of control output response of different controllers (a) without gain scheduling and
(b) with gain scheduling
The different performance parameters, like rising time (RT), settling time (ST), maximum overshoot
(OS), peak value, and peak time, is calculated based on the control response output of different controllers
without and with GS are tabulated in Table 2. The fuzzy logic Based controllers with GS has less overshoot
than conventional PID controllers with and without GS. On the other hand, the Peak time is relatively high in
the FLC controller than the PID controller because of the process (plant) transfer function. The PI-based FLC
and PD-based FLC with Gain scheduling approach consume less overshoot time of 35.6% and 74%,
respectively, than the PI-based FLC and PD-based FLC without gain scheduling approach.
Table 2. Performance analysis of output response using different controllers
Parameters
Controllers without Gain Scheduling Controllers with Gain Scheduling
PD PID PI-FLC PD-FLC PD PID PI-FLC PD-FLC
Rise Time (RT) 0.6 0.85 1.48 4.26 1.12 1.2 1.475 4.19
Settling Time (ST) 7.01 8.47 12.24 9.4 9.64 7.97 10.07 9.27
% Overshoot (OS) 31.61 42.1 44.36 0.014 61.74 26.6 28.53 0.0036
Peak Time (PT) 3 4 5 19 5 4 5 15
Peak Value 1.18 1.42 1.4 0.97 1.84 1.2 1.27 1
The error analysis regarding simulation time for the control response output using different
controllers with and without gain scheduling is tabulated in Table 3. The error analysis includes integral time
absolute error (ITAE), integral absolute error (IAE), and integral square error (ISE) parameters. The different
controllers with a gain scheduling approach utilize fewer error responses than the different controllers
without a gain scheduling approach. The error response of PD-based FLC with the gain scheduling approach
improves 7.9% in ITAE, 7.4% in IAE, and 16% in ISE than PD-based FLC without gain scheduling
approach.
Table 3. Error analysis of the output response using different controllers
Parameters
Controllers without Gain Scheduling Controllers with Gain Scheduling
PD PID PI-FLC PD-FLC PD PID PI-FLC PD-FLC
ITAE 79.21 3.12 2.935 17.54 10.65 0.338 5.157 16.15
IAE 4.335 1.23 0.147 0.85 0.6972 0.129 0.257 0.787
ISE 0.7671 0.544 6.06E-03 0.018 0.0026 0.0063 0.0018 0.015
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this manuscript, The PI/PD-based fuzzy logic controller using the gain scheduling approach is
designed to improve performance constraints for the compressor plant. The PI/PD based fuzzy logic
controller has a compressor plant with a closed-loop system, The PI-based FLC receives P and I constant as
inputs, and similarly, PD-FLC receives P and D constants as an input to the fuzzy system and based on the
Fuzzy rule set, the system output is obtained. The conventional PD/PID controller is also designed for
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comparison purposes. A control output response, controller output, and error signal output are also
represented for all the controllers without gain scheduling. The PI/PD-FLC with GS has less overshoot, better
rise time, settling time, and better error response than the conventional PID controllers with and with GS. In
the future, Performance constraints are still improved by using artificial neural networks (ANN) for
compressor systems.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Divya Muddenahalli Narasimhaiah completed her B.E. in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Bangalore University in 2001, Masters in Electronics
VTU Belgaum in 2007. She is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in Aerospace Electronics. Her
areas of interest are Aerospace Electronics and Signal Processing. She can be contacted at
emai: draophd@gmail.com.
Chikkajala Krishnappa Narayanappa received Ph.D. from Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi, in 2014 and M. Tech in Biomedical Instrumentation
from Mysore University in 1996. He is currently working as Associate Professor at the
Department of Medical Electronics, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, since
2000. His research interests include Signal & Image processing and Control Systems. He is
the member of ISTE, IETE and BMESI. He is also a fellow at The Institution of Engineers
(India). He can be contacted at email: c_k_narayanappa@msrit.edu.
Gangadharaiah Soralamavu Lakshmaiah completed B.E. in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Kuvempu University in 1997, M. Tech in Digital
Electronics and Advanced Communication from KREC, Surathkal in 2002. Currently, he is
pursuing a Ph.D. in the area of VLSI signal processing. His areas of interest are Analog and
Digital VLSI and VLSI Signal Processing. He can be contacted at emai: Gdhar@msrit.edu.