This document summarizes the industrial production of penicillin using Penicillium chrysogenum. It discusses that penicillin is produced by fermenting Penicillium fungi in a controlled, homogeneous environment. Bubble columns are commonly used as the fermentation reactor since they can efficiently mix and oxygenate the high viscosity broth. The optimum conditions for growth include a pH of 6.5, temperature of 20-24°C, sufficient oxygen supply, and a specific nutrient media formulation. After 7 days, growth is completed and penicillin production ceases, at which point filtration and solvent extraction are used to isolate the penicillin-sodium salt product.

1. Industrial Production of Penicillin using Penicillium chrysogenum

2. Pencillin
Group of antibiotics produced by the Penicillium fungi.
It is a group of closely related compounds, not a single compound.
Examples: Pencillin, Amoxicillin, ampicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin.

3. Fermentation:
Provide contained, controlled and homogeneous environment in which the fermentation can
proceed in a manner that is both safe and practical and which optimises the particular
objectives of the fermentation.
● Other primary factors include cost, reliability and safety.
● For reactor being designed for specific purpose, there are a number of important parameters
that will greatly affect performance:

4. Most penicillins form filamentous broths.
This means they can be difficult to mix due to their high viscosity. Also the increasing
viscosity of the broth can hinder oxygen transfer.

5. A solution for the viscosity and the filamentous growth of penicillium species could be bubble
columns (air lift reactors) which would distribute the oxygen equally and also to agitate the
medium.

6. Penicillin is an aerobic organism; oxygen supply is critical: reactor must have an efficient oxygen
supply system.
The optimum pH for penicillin growth is 6.5: maintain pH efficiently (pH controller and acid-base
reservoir).
Strain Stability problems (mutations): careful strain maintenance is required.
•Biomass doubling is about 6h: provisions must be made.
Optimal condition for Penicillin production

7. Media Formulation
● pH 6.5
● Temperature 20-24 °C
● Oxygen
● Nitrogen: corn steep liquor 8.5 %
● Glucose 1%
● 80% ethanol
● phenylacetic acid
● Probenecid
● Lactose 1%
● Calcium Carbonate 1%
● Sodium hydrogen phosphate 0.4%
● Antifoaming agent: vegetable oil

9. After about 40 hours, penicillin begins to be secreted by the fungus.
After about 7 days, growth is completed, the pH rises to 8.0 or above and penicillin production ceases
A Rotary vacuum filter is commonly employed for filtration as it is able to run in continuous mode in
any large scale operations.

10. Organic solvents such as amyl acetate butyl acetate are added to dissolve the penicillin present in
the filtrate.
The penicillin-sodium salt is obtained from the liquid material by basket centrifugation, in which
solids are easily removed .