This document outlines a large systematic review conducted by the UK's Health and Safety Executive to develop evidence-based management standards for work-related stress. The review aimed to answer four questions: (1) What proportions of the population are exposed to harmful levels of nine key work stressors? (2) What are the effects of these stressors on health, well-being and performance? (3) What are the mechanisms by which stressors have these effects? (4) What organizational activities reduce stress? The review provides an example of a large, rigorous systematic review conducted to inform policy and practice guidelines.
This presentation, presented to senior thesis students at UC Berkeley, reviews the uses of qualitative research methods such as ethnography in public health, walking students through methods, sampling, ensuring rigor, and analysis with CAQDAS software such as Atlas.ti
This document discusses ethics in health research. It provides an overview of the origins and principles of ethics, including teleological and deontological perspectives. It then discusses ethics specifically in the context of health research, including how research must be useful and avoid harm. The document outlines several historical examples of unethical human experimentation, such as the Nazi experiments and Unit 731 tests during WWII. It also discusses international efforts to establish ethical guidelines, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The core ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and respect for the environment are covered. Elements of informed consent and protections for vulnerable populations are also summarized.
This document defines surveillance and outlines its key elements and types. Surveillance involves the ongoing collection and analysis of health data to monitor diseases and health factors. It allows for the timely detection of disease outbreaks and evaluation of intervention strategies. The document discusses different definitions of surveillance from public health experts and organizations. It also covers the types of surveillance for different purposes, including outbreak detection and monitoring disease trends. Finally, it outlines steps for evaluating surveillance systems based on attributes like sensitivity, timeliness and whether appropriate actions are taken based on surveillance results.
HPSR stands for health policy and systems research. It seeks to understand how societies organize themselves to achieve health goals and how different actors interact in the policy and implementation processes to contribute to health outcomes. It is interdisciplinary, drawing from fields like economics, sociology, and public health. HPSR is distinguished by the issues and questions considered rather than disciplinary base. It focuses on both describing health systems and evaluating them, as well as analyzing policies and the policy-making process. The research considers multiple levels from macro to micro. A range of study designs can be used depending on the question.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in health research methodology. It discusses identifying research topics and prioritizing them based on relevance, feasibility, and other criteria. The document also covers analyzing problems, formulating clear problem statements, conducting literature reviews, and developing research objectives. The overall aim is to guide researchers in designing and planning rigorous, ethical health research studies.
This document discusses various topics related to health research including:
- Definitions of research and health research.
- Key attributes of good research include planning, accurate data collection, and proper unbiased interpretation.
- Health research serves to identify health challenges and provide solutions to improve health systems.
- Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are useful for understanding health issues.
Health is important for overall well-being and quality of life. Maintaining good physical and mental health requires making healthy lifestyle choices related to diet, exercise, stress management, and avoiding risky behaviors. Living a healthy lifestyle can help prevent disease and disability and allow people to stay active and independent as they age.
This document discusses various types of bias, confounding, and causation that can occur in epidemiological studies. It defines a confounder as a variable that is associated with the exposure and affects the outcome but is not in the causal pathway. Three main types of bias are described: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. Specific biases like recall bias, observer bias, and non-respondent bias are explained. Methods for controlling confounding like matching, stratification, and multivariate analysis are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing Hill's criteria for determining a causal association and threats to the internal and external validity of experimental studies.
This presentation, presented to senior thesis students at UC Berkeley, reviews the uses of qualitative research methods such as ethnography in public health, walking students through methods, sampling, ensuring rigor, and analysis with CAQDAS software such as Atlas.ti
This document discusses ethics in health research. It provides an overview of the origins and principles of ethics, including teleological and deontological perspectives. It then discusses ethics specifically in the context of health research, including how research must be useful and avoid harm. The document outlines several historical examples of unethical human experimentation, such as the Nazi experiments and Unit 731 tests during WWII. It also discusses international efforts to establish ethical guidelines, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The core ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and respect for the environment are covered. Elements of informed consent and protections for vulnerable populations are also summarized.
This document defines surveillance and outlines its key elements and types. Surveillance involves the ongoing collection and analysis of health data to monitor diseases and health factors. It allows for the timely detection of disease outbreaks and evaluation of intervention strategies. The document discusses different definitions of surveillance from public health experts and organizations. It also covers the types of surveillance for different purposes, including outbreak detection and monitoring disease trends. Finally, it outlines steps for evaluating surveillance systems based on attributes like sensitivity, timeliness and whether appropriate actions are taken based on surveillance results.
HPSR stands for health policy and systems research. It seeks to understand how societies organize themselves to achieve health goals and how different actors interact in the policy and implementation processes to contribute to health outcomes. It is interdisciplinary, drawing from fields like economics, sociology, and public health. HPSR is distinguished by the issues and questions considered rather than disciplinary base. It focuses on both describing health systems and evaluating them, as well as analyzing policies and the policy-making process. The research considers multiple levels from macro to micro. A range of study designs can be used depending on the question.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in health research methodology. It discusses identifying research topics and prioritizing them based on relevance, feasibility, and other criteria. The document also covers analyzing problems, formulating clear problem statements, conducting literature reviews, and developing research objectives. The overall aim is to guide researchers in designing and planning rigorous, ethical health research studies.
This document discusses various topics related to health research including:
- Definitions of research and health research.
- Key attributes of good research include planning, accurate data collection, and proper unbiased interpretation.
- Health research serves to identify health challenges and provide solutions to improve health systems.
- Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are useful for understanding health issues.
Health is important for overall well-being and quality of life. Maintaining good physical and mental health requires making healthy lifestyle choices related to diet, exercise, stress management, and avoiding risky behaviors. Living a healthy lifestyle can help prevent disease and disability and allow people to stay active and independent as they age.
This document discusses various types of bias, confounding, and causation that can occur in epidemiological studies. It defines a confounder as a variable that is associated with the exposure and affects the outcome but is not in the causal pathway. Three main types of bias are described: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. Specific biases like recall bias, observer bias, and non-respondent bias are explained. Methods for controlling confounding like matching, stratification, and multivariate analysis are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing Hill's criteria for determining a causal association and threats to the internal and external validity of experimental studies.
This document summarizes a journal club presentation on a study about premarital sexual behavior among male college students in Kathmandu, Nepal. The presentation includes a critical appraisal of the selected research article addressing its study design, methods, results, and conclusions. It provides an overview of the article authors, journal, methods used in the study, key findings on premarital sexual experiences and awareness among participants, and strengths of addressing an important public health issue.
Community diagnosis is vital in health planning, evaluation and needs assessment, several types of indicators are valid to be used for community diagnosis including Socio-economic, demographics, health system, and living arrangements.
National Health Policy of Nepal 2076 (ENGLISH)BPKIHS
The National Health Policy of Nepal-2076 outlines the country's vision, mission, goals, and policies for health. Its key points are:
The vision is for aware and healthy citizens. The mission is to ensure citizens' right to health through optimal resource use and cooperation. Goals include creating opportunities for all citizens to access health. There are 25 policy areas with over 100 strategies to restructure the health system according to the federal system and ensure universal health coverage through various programs and services. The policy addresses issues like non-communicable diseases, health workforce and services, and takes a more integrated approach than previous policies.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe what is qualitative research
Demonstrate the differences between Qualitative & Quantitative research
Understand the basic concepts of Qualitative studies:
Characteristics of qualitative research
Bias
Triangulation
Trustworthiness
This document summarizes a meeting discussing how to better incorporate communities into existing models of health system strengthening. The World Health Organization's six building blocks model was used as a starting point. Meeting participants reviewed each building block and considered how communities could be more explicitly included. They identified several key areas missing from current models, such as an emphasis on community-based health services and civil society engagement. The overall goal was to stimulate discussion on better representing communities and community health in global health frameworks and funding.
This document discusses different types of research classification. It describes how research can be classified based on the type of data (qualitative vs quantitative), availability of data (primary vs secondary), research setting (public health, clinical, pre-clinical), study design (observational vs analytic vs experimental), and research method (philosophical, historical, survey, experimental, case study). Clinical trials are also discussed, including phases 0 through 4. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are important to scientific research.
This document provides an overview of different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, experimental, correlational, and survey designs. For experimental design, it discusses concepts like independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and how random assignment is used. For correlational design, it explains how this design examines relationships between variables without manipulation or group assignment. Survey design is described as collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to describe characteristics of a population.
Screening involves applying a medical test to asymptomatic individuals to identify those at high risk of a disease. It aims to reduce disease burden through early detection and treatment before symptoms appear. For a disease to be suitable for screening, it must be life-threatening, treatable at an early stage, and have a high prevalence of pre-clinical cases. An ideal screening test is low-cost, easy to administer, valid, reliable, and reproducible. Screening programs must also be feasible and effective to justify their implementation.
Describing the performance of a diagnostic testAmany El-seoud
This document discusses various methods used to define diagnostic test results as normal or abnormal. It describes qualitative and quantitative tests, and issues with defining normals based on cultural opinions, percentiles, or presence of risk factors. Common statistical approaches like normal distribution curves and their limitations are explained. The document also covers predictive value, using multiple tests, and receiver operating characteristic curves to evaluate diagnostic tests.
Gender issues can impact health in several ways. Biologically, men and women have differences in chromosomes, hormones, physiology and risk factors for certain diseases. Socially, gender roles and inequalities influence access to resources and health outcomes. For many diseases like heart disease, stroke and tuberculosis, prevalence and mortality rates differ between men and women. Gender also affects exposure and vulnerability to conditions like malaria, HIV and road traffic accidents. Addressing gender in health policies, programs and research is crucial to promote equality and improve health for all.
Reproductive health, safemotherhood & family planningAmal Osman
This document discusses reproductive health, providing definitions and indicators. It covers safe motherhood and indicators related to it, such as the maternal mortality rate in Sudan being 509 per 100,000 live births. Family planning prevalence in Sudan is reported to be 11% overall, with higher rates in rural (20%) versus urban (3%) areas. The document also discusses Sudan's local situation regarding reproductive health, including strategies and initiatives to improve access to services.
This is the presentation by Dr. Padmal De Silva - Head of the Research Unit, National Institute of Health Sciences, Sri Lanka done on the inauguration of Medical Research Consortium. http://learnent.net/research-symposium-dgh-hambantota/
Public Health Questions and Answers for StudentsNayyar Kazmi
This document contains definitions and explanations of key epidemiological concepts and study designs. It discusses topics such as epidemiology and its uses, the epidemiological triad, retrospective and prospective study designs, case-control and cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, sampling methods, epidemic and pandemic diseases, prevalence and incidence rates, and primary and secondary cases.
While Web 2.0 technologies provide benefits to academic libraries and their users, there is no empirical data on their actual impact within libraries. To improve the use of these technologies and library services, more needs to be understood about librarians' perceptions of Web 2.0 technologies. Additionally, many academic libraries have incorporated Web 2.0 features into their websites to involve users and solicit feedback, but little research has explored the extent and purpose of adopting such features. Examining the practices of top academic institutions could provide guidance to other libraries on optimizing the benefits of these technologies.
This document discusses types of bias that can occur in epidemiological studies. It defines bias as a systematic error that can lead to conclusions that differ from the truth. The main types of bias discussed are selection bias, information bias, and confounding. Selection bias occurs when the study sample is not representative of the target population. Information bias relates to errors in measuring exposures or outcomes. Confounding occurs when an independent variable other than the exposure of interest influences the outcome. The document provides numerous examples of biases that can arise in specific study designs such as case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies.
This document provides an overview of various research designs used in public health, including observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, as well as experimental designs like randomized controlled trials. It discusses key aspects of research design such as minimizing bias, ensuring adequate sample size and power, collecting and analyzing data appropriately, accurately reporting and interpreting results, and addressing limitations. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of rigorous research methodology in generating reliable evidence to inform public health practice and policy.
This document discusses critically appraised topics (CATs) and rapid evidence assessments (REAs) as tools for evidence-based practice in management. It provides an overview of what CATs and REAs are, which are shorter versions of systematic literature reviews. The document outlines the core principles of CATs, REAs, and systematic reviews, including being systematic, transparent, replicable, and synthesizing evidence. It also discusses how to structure a CAT and provides examples of CAT topics. Finally, it discusses how CATs and REAs can be used to inform decision making by considering practitioners' expertise, organizational data, scientific literature, and stakeholder values when identifying problems and solutions.
Bridging The Research-Practice Gap Through Evidence-Based Management And Systematic Review.
David Denyer and Rob Briner
Academy of Management Annual Meeting 2014, Philadelphia
This document summarizes a journal club presentation on a study about premarital sexual behavior among male college students in Kathmandu, Nepal. The presentation includes a critical appraisal of the selected research article addressing its study design, methods, results, and conclusions. It provides an overview of the article authors, journal, methods used in the study, key findings on premarital sexual experiences and awareness among participants, and strengths of addressing an important public health issue.
Community diagnosis is vital in health planning, evaluation and needs assessment, several types of indicators are valid to be used for community diagnosis including Socio-economic, demographics, health system, and living arrangements.
National Health Policy of Nepal 2076 (ENGLISH)BPKIHS
The National Health Policy of Nepal-2076 outlines the country's vision, mission, goals, and policies for health. Its key points are:
The vision is for aware and healthy citizens. The mission is to ensure citizens' right to health through optimal resource use and cooperation. Goals include creating opportunities for all citizens to access health. There are 25 policy areas with over 100 strategies to restructure the health system according to the federal system and ensure universal health coverage through various programs and services. The policy addresses issues like non-communicable diseases, health workforce and services, and takes a more integrated approach than previous policies.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe what is qualitative research
Demonstrate the differences between Qualitative & Quantitative research
Understand the basic concepts of Qualitative studies:
Characteristics of qualitative research
Bias
Triangulation
Trustworthiness
This document summarizes a meeting discussing how to better incorporate communities into existing models of health system strengthening. The World Health Organization's six building blocks model was used as a starting point. Meeting participants reviewed each building block and considered how communities could be more explicitly included. They identified several key areas missing from current models, such as an emphasis on community-based health services and civil society engagement. The overall goal was to stimulate discussion on better representing communities and community health in global health frameworks and funding.
This document discusses different types of research classification. It describes how research can be classified based on the type of data (qualitative vs quantitative), availability of data (primary vs secondary), research setting (public health, clinical, pre-clinical), study design (observational vs analytic vs experimental), and research method (philosophical, historical, survey, experimental, case study). Clinical trials are also discussed, including phases 0 through 4. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are important to scientific research.
This document provides an overview of different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, experimental, correlational, and survey designs. For experimental design, it discusses concepts like independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and how random assignment is used. For correlational design, it explains how this design examines relationships between variables without manipulation or group assignment. Survey design is described as collecting data through questionnaires or interviews to describe characteristics of a population.
Screening involves applying a medical test to asymptomatic individuals to identify those at high risk of a disease. It aims to reduce disease burden through early detection and treatment before symptoms appear. For a disease to be suitable for screening, it must be life-threatening, treatable at an early stage, and have a high prevalence of pre-clinical cases. An ideal screening test is low-cost, easy to administer, valid, reliable, and reproducible. Screening programs must also be feasible and effective to justify their implementation.
Describing the performance of a diagnostic testAmany El-seoud
This document discusses various methods used to define diagnostic test results as normal or abnormal. It describes qualitative and quantitative tests, and issues with defining normals based on cultural opinions, percentiles, or presence of risk factors. Common statistical approaches like normal distribution curves and their limitations are explained. The document also covers predictive value, using multiple tests, and receiver operating characteristic curves to evaluate diagnostic tests.
Gender issues can impact health in several ways. Biologically, men and women have differences in chromosomes, hormones, physiology and risk factors for certain diseases. Socially, gender roles and inequalities influence access to resources and health outcomes. For many diseases like heart disease, stroke and tuberculosis, prevalence and mortality rates differ between men and women. Gender also affects exposure and vulnerability to conditions like malaria, HIV and road traffic accidents. Addressing gender in health policies, programs and research is crucial to promote equality and improve health for all.
Reproductive health, safemotherhood & family planningAmal Osman
This document discusses reproductive health, providing definitions and indicators. It covers safe motherhood and indicators related to it, such as the maternal mortality rate in Sudan being 509 per 100,000 live births. Family planning prevalence in Sudan is reported to be 11% overall, with higher rates in rural (20%) versus urban (3%) areas. The document also discusses Sudan's local situation regarding reproductive health, including strategies and initiatives to improve access to services.
This is the presentation by Dr. Padmal De Silva - Head of the Research Unit, National Institute of Health Sciences, Sri Lanka done on the inauguration of Medical Research Consortium. http://learnent.net/research-symposium-dgh-hambantota/
Public Health Questions and Answers for StudentsNayyar Kazmi
This document contains definitions and explanations of key epidemiological concepts and study designs. It discusses topics such as epidemiology and its uses, the epidemiological triad, retrospective and prospective study designs, case-control and cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, sampling methods, epidemic and pandemic diseases, prevalence and incidence rates, and primary and secondary cases.
While Web 2.0 technologies provide benefits to academic libraries and their users, there is no empirical data on their actual impact within libraries. To improve the use of these technologies and library services, more needs to be understood about librarians' perceptions of Web 2.0 technologies. Additionally, many academic libraries have incorporated Web 2.0 features into their websites to involve users and solicit feedback, but little research has explored the extent and purpose of adopting such features. Examining the practices of top academic institutions could provide guidance to other libraries on optimizing the benefits of these technologies.
This document discusses types of bias that can occur in epidemiological studies. It defines bias as a systematic error that can lead to conclusions that differ from the truth. The main types of bias discussed are selection bias, information bias, and confounding. Selection bias occurs when the study sample is not representative of the target population. Information bias relates to errors in measuring exposures or outcomes. Confounding occurs when an independent variable other than the exposure of interest influences the outcome. The document provides numerous examples of biases that can arise in specific study designs such as case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies.
This document provides an overview of various research designs used in public health, including observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, as well as experimental designs like randomized controlled trials. It discusses key aspects of research design such as minimizing bias, ensuring adequate sample size and power, collecting and analyzing data appropriately, accurately reporting and interpreting results, and addressing limitations. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of rigorous research methodology in generating reliable evidence to inform public health practice and policy.
This document discusses critically appraised topics (CATs) and rapid evidence assessments (REAs) as tools for evidence-based practice in management. It provides an overview of what CATs and REAs are, which are shorter versions of systematic literature reviews. The document outlines the core principles of CATs, REAs, and systematic reviews, including being systematic, transparent, replicable, and synthesizing evidence. It also discusses how to structure a CAT and provides examples of CAT topics. Finally, it discusses how CATs and REAs can be used to inform decision making by considering practitioners' expertise, organizational data, scientific literature, and stakeholder values when identifying problems and solutions.
Bridging The Research-Practice Gap Through Evidence-Based Management And Systematic Review.
David Denyer and Rob Briner
Academy of Management Annual Meeting 2014, Philadelphia
This document provides an overview of evidence-based practice and systematic reviews in organizational psychology. It discusses the origins and principles of evidence-based practice, how it aims to address issues with decision-making based on limited evidence. The document also covers common misconceptions about evidence-based practice, the role of practitioner expertise, and barriers to its adoption such as cognitive biases, fads, and lack of incentives. The overall goal is to communicate the main thinking behind evidence-based practice and how systematic reviews can be conducted.
Developing a Systematic Review Topic and Research Question - Dr Buna BhandariACSRM
The document provides guidance on developing research questions for systematic reviews. It discusses identifying gaps in existing literature, generating topic ideas, and developing focused questions using frameworks like PICO. Key points include:
- Systematic reviews aim to summarize all evidence on a research question in a transparent, replicable manner.
- Developing a clear, answerable research question is the foundation for any systematic review.
- Potential topics can come from reviewing literature, expertise, or consulting experts. Gaps in existing knowledge should be identified.
- Questions should be feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant. Frameworks like PICO can help formulate focused questions.
This document provides an overview of employee engagement from an evidence-based management perspective. It discusses the rise of employee engagement in practice and explores some key questions about what engagement means, how it can be measured, whether it predicts important outcomes, and if/how it can be improved. However, the document finds there is little high-quality evidence available to answer these important practical questions about engagement. It cautions that management fads and biases can influence practices more than evidence, and highlights the need for more rigorous research on engagement.
The document provides guidance on conducting research and summarizing research papers. It discusses the common research process, including the formulation, design and execution, and analytical phases. It also provides tips for critically reviewing research papers, such as identifying the study's hypotheses, methodology, findings, and conclusions. Guidelines are given for critiquing different aspects of research studies, like the problem statement, literature review, data collection and analysis. Overall, the document offers advice to help readers understand research studies and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses.
1) The document discusses research methods for business and provides an overview of key concepts. It aims to help students understand and develop a systematic approach to business research.
2) The objectives of the course are to formulate research questions, develop theoretical frameworks and hypotheses, and learn skills like research methodologies, data analysis, and interpretation.
3) Research is defined as a systematic process of gathering and analyzing data to make effective decisions. It must have a clear objective and facilitate decision making. Good research identifies problems factually and gathers the right information to make informed decisions.
The document discusses the key aspects and stages of the complete research process. It begins by defining what research is and is not, noting that research contributes new knowledge rather than just gathering or transporting existing facts. The main stages of the research process are then outlined, including problem discovery and definition, research design, sampling, data gathering, data analysis, and reporting conclusions. Various research types like descriptive, correlational, and explanatory research are also defined. The document emphasizes that research is a systematic and cyclical process aimed at increasing understanding of the topic being studied.
Calls for both practical and scholarly activities to be grounded more in actual evidence have become louder, especially in the last decade. Four domains in particular have embraced evidence-based thinking, resulting in the respective developments of evidence-based medicine, evidence-based management, evidence-based education and evidence-based policy. Despite the presumed benefits of drawing on different sources of evidence for decision-making in practice, whether in medicine, management, education or policy, this does not seem to prevail. Whilst one likely reason for this slow uptake could simply be down to practitioners not always having much time to consult the evidence-base in their day-to-day work, another reason might be that they are not aware of specific insights applicable to their domain of work or to practice in general.
This is where the workshop contributes:
Representatives from the four key domains engaged with evidence-based practice will share with the audience their latest insights and the consequences thereof for practice. Further, all speakers will discuss questions such as:
What do we have in common?
How can we learn from one another?
How can we combine insights from the four domains?
These will be discussed as part of a concluding panel.
Workshop organiser:
Dr Celine Rojon, University of Edinburgh, celine.rojon@ed.ac.uk
Evidence Based Wellness (Helping Human Resources Shop Better)Joel Bennett
Objectives:
+ Distinguish between programs that may be sold well and those that work
+ Identify the common and core elements of effective wellness programs
+ Be able to evaluate whether your current or prospective programs are meeting the standard
This program was presented to HR Professionals at HR SouthWest in October, 2012 (Presenter: Dr. Joel Bennett, learn@organizationalwellness.com)
Does executive coaching work? The questions every coach needs to ask and (at least try to) answer.
Rob Briner
January 9th 2013
DOP Annual Conference, Chester, UK
This document outlines the key steps and considerations for determining a research design, including identifying a research problem, assessing available information, developing a theoretical framework, and writing a research proposal. The main steps are to identify the research problem, determine the purpose of the research, develop a theoretical framework, define the research question/hypothesis, identify any limitations or delimitations of the study, and decide on an appropriate methodology. Good research requires a clear statement of objectives, an appropriate methodology, unbiased conduct, sufficient resources, and adherence to ethical standards.
Here are the key cognitive processes involved in learning:
- Perception (taking in information):
- Se: Directly experiencing and noticing facts and details from lessons.
- Si: Recalling previous related lessons and experiences to build on.
- Ne: Inferring relationships and patterns to generate new insights.
- Ni: Integrating information to envision implications and deeper meanings.
- Judgment (organizing information):
- Te: Structuring information logically and applying reasoning.
- Ti: Analyzing concepts and categorizing information into internal frameworks.
- Fe: Connecting with others to discuss and reinforce learning.
- Fi: Evaluating based on personal values to determine importance and fit.
The cognitive processes work
This chapter discusses the methodology for policy analysis. The analyst's basic procedure is to: 1) help the decision-maker determine their objectives, 2) search for possible alternatives to meet the objectives, 3) determine the consequences of each alternative, and 4) rank the alternatives according to the decision-maker's criteria. While this framework provides guidance, applying analysis to policy problems remains an art. Successful analysis requires continuous refinement of the problem formulation, alternatives considered, and models used to predict outcomes.
This document discusses research methodology and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in 12 sections. It defines research, discusses the objectives and motivation for research, and describes different types of research approaches. It also covers research methods versus methodology, the scientific research process, criteria for good research, and common problems researchers face in India.
The document discusses evidence-based management and provides examples of how managers can make better decisions using science-based principles, valid organizational facts, critical thinking, and considering ethical implications for stakeholders. Managers are encouraged to regularly consider available evidence when making decisions, acquire evidence relevant to their practice area, learn how to find and interpret evidence, become aware of their decision-making processes, and reflect on the ethical implications of decisions.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
Similar to Systematic Reviews and Research Synthesis, Part 1 (20)
1. The document discusses applying an evidence-based approach to solving organizational problems using Novartis as a case example.
2. The first step in evidence-based management is to clearly define the problem being addressed. Often, problems presented are vague and unclear.
3. The case focuses on people's performance in the workplace. Key assumptions about factors like feedback, meaningful work, and recognition were examined based on scientific literature.
4. Evidence showed these factors can positively impact performance when implemented appropriately. Novartis then applied these findings by developing tools and training, and conducting a randomized study to measure effects.
Introducing EBM to DCU: From small start to influencing Business School Curriculum Reform
Over time, Dr. Claire Gubbins introduced elements of evidence-based management (EBM) into modules for the Masters in HRM and Executive MBA programs at DCU. This included assignments analyzing scientific evidence and organizational data to answer HR questions. Feedback was positive. EBM was then expanded across the MBA program through additional workshops, data analytics training, and enhanced assignments. Based on success within programs and feedback, EBM is now being introduced as a curriculum reform across all undergraduate and postgraduate programs through a multi-year phased approach taught by multiple faculty.
The document discusses initiatives taken at the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI) to teach Evidence-Based Management (EBMgt). It describes a three stage process of incorporating EBMgt into undergraduate and graduate courses over time. Key aspects discussed include using a "pull" approach to teach research skills, incorporating library sessions, case competitions, and reflections on successes and challenges faced. EBMgt concepts have been integrated into courses such as research methods, strategy, and organizational behavior courses at both undergraduate and graduate levels using various techniques.
This document provides an overview of the hybrid Sobey Executive MBA (EMBA) program at Saint Mary's University, which uses an evidence-based management approach. The 16-month program includes both online and in-person modules covering topics such as accounting, finance, marketing, and strategy. Assessments include low-stakes formative checks, medium-stakes summative creative projects, and high-stakes techniques like completing a rapid evidence assessment. The program aims to prepare executives with evidence-based skills through its applied research projects and will continue innovating its hybrid delivery model and assessments.
The document outlines the teaching of evidence-based management (EBMgt) at the Australian National University (ANU) using an integrated curriculum approach. It introduces the EBMgt teaching team and their roles in developing the curriculum. Key aspects of the EBMgt curriculum include embedding critical thinking and metacognitive skills development across courses, using "spotlights" like mini critical appraisal tools (CATs) in most courses. The curriculum has evolved since 2016 to establish EBMgt as a core course and better align assessments and learning activities. Challenges include developing an EBP framework across programs and courses as well as priming pre-experience learners.
This document outlines learning activities to develop evidence-based practice (EBP) capabilities. It describes 8 EBP capabilities: Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Aggregate, Apply, Assess, and provides example learning activities for each. The activities include surfacing assumptions, mini-critical appraisal of texts (mini-CATs), evidence maps and gaps, developing implementation plans, and logic models. The goal is to help students identify problems, search and appraise evidence, develop solutions, and evaluate outcomes.
The document discusses several barriers students should be aware of when critically appraising organizational data, including: 1) the absence of a logic model, 2) garbage in/garbage out, 3) measurement errors, 4) small sample sizes, 5) confusing percentages and averages, 6) misleading graphs, and 7) issues with regression analysis like goodness of fit. It provides examples and definitions for each barrier to help students understand potential problems with organizational data and how to properly evaluate it.
The document summarizes Martin Walker's workshop on fads in information technology. It discusses how new technologies and methods are often labeled as magic or revolutionary before their true impacts and limitations are known. It provides blockchain, agile development, and digital transformation as examples of concepts that have been adopted as fads in some cases. The document emphasizes the importance of questioning new solutions, understanding the problems they aim to address, and having evidence that they are better than alternatives rather than blindly trusting proponents of new technologies.
This document discusses building organizational capacity for evidence-based practice through effective onboarding. It defines onboarding as a process for integrating new employees into their roles and an organization's culture. The case focuses on a company called "Bright Co." that is struggling with new hire productivity and turnover. To address this, the company aims to provide new hires with an efficient onboarding process to help them feel confident and able to contribute within 30 days. Common onboarding issues are identified through surveys of HR, supervisors, and new hires. Potential solutions discussed include immersing new hires in the culture through activities, empowering them with guidance and training, and measuring the onboarding process through surveys and integration with HR systems.
This document discusses evidence-based HR consulting and provides three examples. It summarizes the key findings from research on assessing potential, faultlines and diversity, and leadership development. For assessing potential, it analyzed hundreds of studies to identify the most predictive traits. For faultlines, it reviewed evidence that faultlines can harm team performance and developed an assessment tool. For leadership development, it audited an organization's programs based on reviews of what develops leaders most effectively. The document advocates using evidence to guide HR practices and solutions.
This document discusses evidence-based decision making in organizations. It begins by defining evidence-based practice as the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of the best available evidence from multiple sources to increase the likelihood of a favorable outcome. It then addresses some common myths about what evidence-based practice is and isn't. The document examines the classic argument for why organizations need evidence-based decision making, which is that it can help overcome biases, fads, and failures in decision making. However, it also notes potential challenges to this argument, such as whether decision making is truly dysfunctional or whether leaders feel successful without evidence-based practices. It concludes by considering alternative ways to promote evidence-based management beyond the classic "why
This document provides tips for introducing evidence-based management (EBMgt) into an organization without upsetting colleagues and bosses. It advises asking open-ended questions to understand existing views rather than confronting people with contradictory evidence. It also suggests taking small, incremental steps by focusing on one or two EBMgt aspects at a time, enhancing understanding of science through practical examples, and increasing accountability while avoiding an overly fundamentalist approach.
Key Note of the EHMA 2016 Annual Conference in Porto
In this key note, Rob Briner and Eric Barends from the Center for Evidence Based Management will discuss the basic principles of EBMgt and consider why while most people agree with the principles of EBMgt, few organisations are able to take advantage of its potential benefits. Utilising interactive social media tools
Rob and Eric will demonstrate how EBMgt can be used to separate the wheat from the chaff.
Talent Management – What’s the Evidence?
With Rob Briner & Eric Barends
28th April 2016, 3:00PM-5:00PM, IMI Conference Centre, Dublin 16
In this session, Rob Briner, Prof. of Organisational Psychology, University of Bath and Eric Barends, MD, Centre for Evidence-Based Management, put talent management under the microscope. They challenge some of the traditional thinking behind talent management shaped almost 20 years ago by The War for Talent – including the idea that potential can readily be identified in complex roles and that the best organisations have the best people.
Big data, evidence-based, predictive analytics, today these terms are all over the place. Is this just another fad or an irreversible trend? An increasing group of HR leaders relies on science, critical thinking and data analyses to make decisions.
Evidence-based HR, however, is still perceived by many as too time-consuming, narrow or impractical. Meanwhile, evidence-based practice is becoming mainstream in many other disciplines (like medicine). This is the momentum for pioneering HR leaders to seize the opportunity and make a difference with evidence. As part of an inclusive approach, valuing different perspectives.
We will enter into the dialogue about the why, the what, and most of all the how of evidence-based HR. How to get started and how to blend it with softer, less tangible HR practices? A pragmatic introduction, with realistic ambitions and openness towards other approaches.
The Case for Competition: Learning About Evidence-Based Management Through Case Competition
Presentation by Tina Saksida, UPEI
AOM Annual Meeting, 2015, Vancouver
More from Center for Evidence-Based Management (20)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. Systematic Review and Research
Synthesis
252
10:15AM to 1:15PM
Organizers: David Denyer, Cranfield U.; Rob B. Briner, U. of London
Primary Sponsor: Research Methods
2. Agenda
• Evidence-based management (EBMgt)
• Systematic review
• Examples of systematic reviews
• Research synthesis
• Disseminating using syntheses
4. The aims of the PDW are as follows:
1. To demonstrate how to produce a systematic review and
research synthesis in a fragmented field, like management
research, that is pluralistic in both theory and method.
2. To model appropriate systematic review processes for
management and organization studies and criteria for
choosing among alternatives
3. To present different approaches to research syntheses
including aggregative, interpretative, explanatory and
integrative approaches.
4. To show how systematic reviews and research syntheses can
inform research, policy and practice.
5. To present ways in which systematic reviews and research
syntheses can be disseminated through web-based
technologies.
7. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EBMgt
Some basic assumptions:
• Research produced by management scholars could be
useful to organizations
• Drawing on available evidence (including research
produced by academics) is likely to improve decisions
• Organizations do not appear to be strongly aware of
nor use research findings
• EBMgt is a potentially useful way of thinking about
how we summarize research evidence and incorporate
it (along with other things) into decision-making
7
8. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EBMgt
Almost every Academy of Management
presidential address for the past 20 years has
focused on this issue
• Hambrick - What if the Academy actually mattered?
• Huff - Mode1/2 knowledge production
• Van de Ven - Co-production of knowledge, engaged
scholarship
• Bartunek - Collaborative research
• Pearce - What do we know and how do we really know
it?
• Rousseau - Evidence-based Management
8
9. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EBMgt
Evidence-based management (EBMgt) draws on but is not the same
as evidence-based medicine (more later)
EB Medicine is “integrating individual clinical expertise with the best
available external…evidence from systematic research” in
decision-making
Not about acting only on the basis of good evidence but rather about
combining:
What the practitioner already knows from their previous
training, experience and current understanding of the
particular context/problem
WITH
The best available external evidence about the issues they are
dealing with
9
10. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EBMgt
“Evidence-based management is about making
decisions through the conscientious, explicit,
and judicious use of four sources of
information: practitioner expertise and
judgment, evidence from the local context, a
critical evaluation of the best available
research evidence, and the perspectives of
those people who might be affected by the
decision.” (Briner, Denyer, Rousseau, 2009)
10
13. LITERATURE REVIEWS IN
MANAGEMENT
How many here have had training in reviewing literature?
Are we really “standing on the shoulders of giants”?
Do you recognize these sort of unqualified statements?
• “Previous studies have shown that…”
• “It has been demonstrated that…”
But how many studies? Demonstrated how? Did other
studies find something else?
Very few systematic reviews in management
13
15. WHAT QUALITIES SHOULD
LITERATURE REVIEWS HAVE?
Comprehensive? Focused?
Reader-friendly? Exploratory?
Informative? Inclusive? (of different types
Balanced? of evidence)
Insightful? Transparent?
Critical? Accurately referenced?
Rigorous? Objective?
Accessible? Replicable?
User led? Interesting?
Up-to-date? Standardized?
15
16. WHAT IS A SYSTEMATIC
REVIEW?
It’s research on existing research
With a clear, explicit and replicable methodology
• Clear review question
• Search strategy
• Quality criteria
Allows us to draw reliable conclusions about what we know
and do not know about a given question or problem
16
17. Evidence-based
SYSTEMATIC
practice process REVIEW
1. problem
formulation;
2. locating
Practice- studies; What do Informs
Existing research we practice
relevant studies 3. study know?
selection Informs
question What we future
and
evaluation; do not research
know? questions
4. analysis
and
synthesis;
5. reporting of
the results
18. THE QUESTIONS SRs ANSWER
For any given specific problem:
What do we know?
What do we not know?
What are we not sure about?
How do we know we know or don’t know or are not sure
that…?
What is the basis for our claims? (e.g., How much evidence?
What quality?)
18
19. WHAT SORT OF QUESTIONS
CAN BE ADDRESSED IN A SR?
Each would require much more specificity
Does team-building work?
Can you improve emotional intelligence?
Do increases in EI lead to performance improvements?
Does management development improve the
performance of managers?
Does employee engagement predict organizational
performance?
Is 360 degree feedback effective?
Can potentially great leaders be identified?
Is coaching effective?
19
21. WHAT SORT OF QUESTIONS
CAN BE ADDRESSED IN A SR?
Does team-building work?
• What is meant by ‘team’? And what is not included as a ‘team’?
• What kind of teams?
• In which particular contexts or settings?
• What is ‘team building’? And what is not ‘team building’?
• What does ‘work’ mean?
• ‘Work’ compared to any other team intervention? No intervention?
• What outcomes are relevant?
• What are the mechanisms, processes and theory which might
account for possible effects of team building on outcomes?
• What time periods are relevant for observing any possible effects?
• What about possible negative effects or harm?
• What types of data from what sorts of designs would in principle
provide good quality, medium quality and poor quality evidence?
21
22. IDENTIFYING A TOPIC AND
SPECIFIC REVIEW QUESTIONS
What general area or topic do you want to focus on?
Why?
What specific review question will you address? Is it
specific enough?
Where is this question from? Why is it important or
interesting?
Who is the review for? Practitioners? Researchers?
Both?
What type of SR do you want to do?
What about a Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA)?
22
23. MAKING DECISIONS ABOUT
SEARCH STRATEGY
What sources of evidence?
What sources will you include or exclude and why?
How iterative can you be?
• Test the question doing some simple searches
• Does the question work?
• Does the search strategy work?
23
24. Once a body of evidence has been
collated….
How relevant is this to what we are seeking to
understand or decide?
How representative is this of the population that
concerns us?
How reliable, how well-founded theoretically,
empirically is it?
‘These are tough but necessary tests for evidence based policy and
practice’ Solesbury 2004
26. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Explicit systematic: Explicit use of rigorous method - can vary as
least as much as the range of methods in primary research
Implicit systematic: rigorous method but not stated
False systematic: described as systematic but with little evidence of
explicit rigorous method
Argument/thematic: a review that aims to explore and usually
support a particular argument or theme with no pretension to use
an explicit rigorous method (though thematic reviews can be
systematic)
Expert or ad hoc review: informed by the skill and experience of the
reviewer but no clear method so open to hidden bias.
Rapid evidence assessment: a rapid review that may or may not
be rigorous and systematic. If it is systematic then in order to be
rapid it is likely to be limited in some explicit aspect of scope.
(Gough 2007)
26
27. SRs IN MANAGEMENT
Keupp & The Past and the Future of Journal of
Gassmann International Management
(2009) Entrepreneurship: A Review
and Suggestions for
Developing the Field
Walker A systematic review of the Corporate
(2010) corporate reputation Reputation Review
literature: Definition,
measurement, and theory
Joyce, Flexible working conditions Cochrane Database
Pabayo, and their effects on of Systematic
Critchley & employee health and Reviews
Bambara wellbeing
(2010)
27
28. Flexible working conditions and their effects on
employee health and wellbeing (Joyce et al, 2010)
Background: Flexible working conditions are increasingly popular in
developed countries but the effects on employee health and
wellbeing are largely unknown.
Objectives: To evaluate the effects (benefits and harms) of flexible
working interventions on the physical, mental and general health
and wellbeing of employees and their families.
Search strategy: Our searches (July 2009) covered 12 databases
including the Cochrane Public Health Group Specialized Register,
CENTRAL; MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL; PsycINFO; Social
Science Citation Index; ASSIA; IBSS; Sociological Abstracts; and
ABI/Inform. We also searched relevant websites, hand searched
key journals, searched bibliographies and contacted study
authors and key experts.
28
29. Flexible working conditions and their effects on
employee health and wellbeing (Joyce et al, 2010)
Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCT), interrupted
time series and controlled before and after studies (CBA), which
examined the effects of flexible working interventions on
employee health and wellbeing. We excluded studies assessing
outcomes for less than six months and extracted outcomes
relating to physical, mental and general health/ill health measured
using a validated instrument. We also extracted secondary
outcomes (including sickness absence, health service usage,
behavioral changes, accidents, work-life balance, quality of life,
health and wellbeing of children, family members and co-workers)
if reported alongside at least one primary outcome.
Data collection and analysis: Two experienced review authors
conducted data extraction and quality appraisal. We undertook a
narrative synthesis as there was substantial heterogeneity
between studies.
29
30. Flexible working conditions and their effects on
employee health and wellbeing (Joyce et al, 2010)
Main results: Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Six CBA studies reported on
interventions relating to temporal flexibility: self-scheduling of shift work (n = 4),
flexitime (n = 1) and overtime (n = 1). The remaining four CBA studies evaluated a
form of contractual flexibility: partial/gradual retirement (n = 2), involuntary part-time
work (n = 1) and fixed-term contract (n = 1). The studies retrieved had a number of
methodological limitations including short follow-up periods, risk of selection bias
and reliance on largely self-reported outcome data. Four CBA studies on self-
scheduling of shifts and one CBA study on gradual/partial retirement reported
statistically significant improvements in either primary outcomes (including systolic
blood pressure and heart rate; tiredness; mental health, sleep duration, sleep quality
and alertness; self-rated health status) or secondary health outcomes (co-workers
social support and sense of community) and no ill health effects were reported.
Flexitime was shown not to have significant effects on self-reported physiological
and psychological health outcomes. Similarly, when comparing individuals working
overtime with those who did not the odds of ill health effects were not significantly
higher in the intervention group at follow up. The effects of contractual flexibility on
self-reported health (with the exception of gradual/partial retirement, which when
controlled by employees improved health outcomes) were either equivocal or
negative. No studies differentiated results by socio-economic status, although one
study did compare findings by gender but found no differential effect on self-
reported health outcomes.
30
31. Flexible working conditions and their effects on
employee health and wellbeing (Joyce et al, 2010)
Authors’ conclusions: The findings of this review
tentatively suggest that flexible working interventions
that increase worker control and choice (such as self
scheduling or gradual/partial retirement) are likely to
have a positive effect on health outcomes. In contrast,
interventions that were motivated or dictated by
organizational interests, such as fixed-term contract
and involuntary part-time employment, found equivocal
or negative health effects. Given the partial and
methodologically limited evidence base these findings
should be interpreted with caution. Moreover, well-
designed intervention studies are needed to delineate
the impact of flexible working conditions on health,
wellbeing and health inequalities.
31
32. PART 3: EXAMPLE OF AN SR
First example: Not really a systematic
review
Second example: Large systematic review
conducted for UK’s Health & Safety
Executive
32
33. First example
(but NOT a systematic review)
Stress interventions
• Primary (reduce presence of ‘stressors’)
• Secondary (preventative - training)
• Tertiary (treating harmed individuals)
For decades virtually all writers claimed primary interventions are
effective
Similar claims at the start of many papers:
• It has been shown that…
• It is well-established that…
• Previous research has demonstrated that…
• There is mixed evidence that…
• All meaningless without systematic reviews
33
34. First example
(but NOT a systematic review)
Reviewed 12 job redesign studies (Briner
& Reynolds, 1999)
Most designed to increase autonomy
34
35. Wall et al (1986):
Manufacturing; autonomous workgroups;
18 and 30 month follow-ups
Variable Outcome
Intrinsic satisfaction Increase
Extrinsic satisfaction Increase short-term
Job motivation No effect
Org. commitment No effect
Mental health No effect
Performance No effect
Turnover Increase
Disciplinary dismissals Increase
35
37. Griffin (1991);
Bank tellers; increase responsibility and authority,
24 and 48 month follow-ups
Variable Outcome
Satisfaction Increase short-term
Org. commitment Increase short-term
Performance Increase
Absenteeism No effect
Propensity to quit No effect
37
38. First example
(but NOT a systematic review)
All showed exactly same pattern of results
• Some things get better
• Some things get worse
• Some stayed the same
How can it be generally claimed that primary
interventions are effective?
Where or what is the evidence for this widely-
made claim?
38
39. Review of existing supporting scientific
knowledge to underpin standards of good
practice for key work-related stressors –
Phase 1
Full text available from:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/
rr024.pdf
39
40. Context
Health and Safety Executive similar to
NIOSH responsible for guidelines,
checking adherence to legislation,
factory inspections, research
Wanted to develop management standards
for ‘stress’
Under pressure to do something
40
41. The Work Characteristics for
Review
Workload Proactive support
Work scheduling Reactive Support
Work design Conflict at the individual
Physical environment and/or team level
Skill discretion (bullying and/or
harassment)
Decision authority
41
42. The Review Questions
What proportions of the population are exposed
to harmful levels of each of the nine stressors?
What are the effects of the nine stressors on
health, well-being and performance?
What are the mechanisms by which stressors
have these effects?
What organisational activities reduce stress?
42
43. Four review questions
(A) What (B) What are the (C) What are the (D) What
proportions of effects of the nine mechanisms organisational
the population stressors on through which activities reduce
are exposed to health, well-being stressors have the levels of each
harmful levels and organisational effects on health, of the nine
of each of the performance? well-being and stressors and
nine stressors? organisational what are the
performance? subsequent effects
on health, well-
being and
organisational
performance?
Nine stressors
1) Poorly designed/managed workload
2) Poorly designed/managed work
scheduling
3) Poorly designed/managed work design
4) Poorly designed/managed physical
environment
43