This document discusses different types of research classification. It describes how research can be classified based on the type of data (qualitative vs quantitative), availability of data (primary vs secondary), research setting (public health, clinical, pre-clinical), study design (observational vs analytic vs experimental), and research method (philosophical, historical, survey, experimental, case study). Clinical trials are also discussed, including phases 0 through 4. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are important to scientific research.
Introduction to meta-analysis (1612_MA_workshop)Ahmed Negida
Chapter 1: Introduction to Meta-analysis
- From the 1612 MA Workshop that will be held on 11th, December, 2016 at Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Workshop instructor: Mr. Ahmed Negida, MBBCh candidate
Research Methodology In Medical Research. This presentation gives an comprehensive overview of research methodology in biomedical research also includes different types of medical research and ethics in medical research.
This workshop is meant to be an introduction to the systematic review process. Further information about systematic reviews was available through a research guide. http://libguides.ucalgary.ca/content.php?pid=593664
This is a simple and general presentation about the health research which is prepared to present within staffs of Naulo Ghumti Nepal especially for EIHS staffs, objective if this presentation is to orient staffs about research.
Introduction to meta-analysis (1612_MA_workshop)Ahmed Negida
Chapter 1: Introduction to Meta-analysis
- From the 1612 MA Workshop that will be held on 11th, December, 2016 at Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Workshop instructor: Mr. Ahmed Negida, MBBCh candidate
Research Methodology In Medical Research. This presentation gives an comprehensive overview of research methodology in biomedical research also includes different types of medical research and ethics in medical research.
This workshop is meant to be an introduction to the systematic review process. Further information about systematic reviews was available through a research guide. http://libguides.ucalgary.ca/content.php?pid=593664
This is a simple and general presentation about the health research which is prepared to present within staffs of Naulo Ghumti Nepal especially for EIHS staffs, objective if this presentation is to orient staffs about research.
An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups to receive and not receive an experimental preventive or therapetuic procedure, maneuver, or intervention .
Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studiesDr Lipilekha Patnaik
Study design, Epidemiological study designA study design is a specific plan or protocol
for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups to receive and not receive an experimental preventive or therapetuic procedure, maneuver, or intervention .
Study designs, Epidemiological study design, Types of studiesDr Lipilekha Patnaik
Study design, Epidemiological study designA study design is a specific plan or protocol
for conducting the study, which allows the investigator to translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one.
This slide contains B.Pharm 8th Sem Biostatistics and research methodology, Unit-3.
Topic covered: Designing the methodology, Sample size determination and Power of a study, Report writing
and presentation of data, Protocol, Cohorts studies, Observational studies, Experimental studies,
Designing clinical trial, various phases.
Evidence based nursing practice is one of most important for perfect and accurate in terms of saving a life.this presentation covers almost all aspect of EBD
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
ويقدم فيها سردا تاريخيا لنظريات نشأة الخلق وخلق آدم وكيف ان نظرية التطور هي نظرية علمية وليس دينية لكن تم استغلالها لمحاربة الكنيسة
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptxDr Ghaiath Hussein
My talk @AUBMC Salim El-Hoss Bioethics Webinar Series. In this webinar, we have discussed the following points:
1- How armed conflicts affect the planning and conduct of research?
2- What is ethically unique about research during armed conflicts?
3- How did my doctoral project approach these ethical issues both at the normative and the empirical levels?
4- What are the lessons learned from the conflicts in the middle east (Sudan, Syria, Yemen, etc.) and how do they differ from the situation in Ukraine?
Acknowledgement: This talk is based on my doctoral thesis (http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/8580/), which was fully funded by Wellcome Trust, UK.
Research or Not Research? This Is Not the Question for Public Health Emergencies
November 17, 2021 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm EST
Speaker:
Ghaiath Hussein, Assistant Professor, Medical Ethics and Law, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
About this Seminar:
Public health emergencies, whether natural or man-made, local or global, in peacetime or during armed conflicts are always associated with the need to collect data (and sometimes biological samples) about and from those affected by these emergencies. One of the central questions in the relevant literature is whether the activities that involve the collection of data and/or biological samples are considered ‘research’, with the subsequent endeavour to define what ‘research’ is and whether they should be submitted for ethical approval or not. In this seminar, I will argue that this is not the central question when it comes to research/public health/humanitarian ethics. Using the findings of a systematic review on the research conducted in Darfur and findings from a qualitative project that aimed at defining what constitutes ‘research’ in public health emergencies I will, alternatively, present what I refer to as the ‘ethical characterization’ of these research-like activities and how they can be ethically guided.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Different Types of health research
1. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
RESEARCH
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
1
Lecture 3
Level 8
Year 4
2. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
OBJECTIVES
• Explain classification of research
• Discuss different types of research
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
2
3. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Classification of Research
There are varieties of ways through which we may classify it into
different categories.
(A) On the basis of nature of information:
On the basis of nature of information we can classify the research into
two types;
(i) Qualitative Research: When information is in the form of qualitative
data.
(ii) Quantitative Research: When information is in the form of
quantitative data.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
3
4. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Classification of Research
(B) On the basis of utility of content or nature of subject matter of
research:
On the basis of these criteria we can categorize the research into
two categories.
(i) Basic/ Fundamental /pure or Theoretical Research: Its utility is
universal.
(ii) Experimental or Applied Research: Its utility is limited.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
4
5. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Classification of Research
(C) On the basis of approach of research:
We may classify research into two different categories.
(i) Longitudinal Research: Examples of this category are historical,
Case study and Genetic research.
(ii) Cross-Sectional Research: Examples of this category are
experimental and Survey Research.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
5
6. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Classification of Research
(D) On the basis of method of research :
On the basis of research method we may classify a research into
five different categories.
(i) Philosophical Research: It is purely qualitative in nature and we
are focusing on the vision of others on the content of research.
(ii) Historical Research: It is both qualitative as well as quantitative
in nature and deals with past events.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
6
7. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Classification of Research
(D) On the basis of method of research cont. :
(iii) Survey Research: It deals with present events and is quantitative in
nature. It may further be sub-divided into; discretional, correlational and
exploratory type of research.
(iv) Experimental Research: This is purely quantitative in nature and deals
with future events.
(v) Case-Study Research: It deals with unusual events. It may be qualitative as
well as quantitative in nature depending upon the content.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
7
8. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Different types of research
According to the type of data
Quantitative
• Uses the analysis of numerical data
• Involves large number of participants representative of the population of interest
• Aims at using statistics to explain the observations
• Uses various instruments to collect data (questionnaires, monitors, other tools)
Qualitative
• Data are in the form of words, pictures, and objects
• Involves small number of participants
• Aims at providing a complete and detailed description
• Researcher serves as data-gathering instrument
Both the qualitative and the quantitative research methods are governed by the scientific principles.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
8
9. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Different types of research
According to availability of data at the beginning of research
Primary
• Data does not exist at the beginning of the study and a researcher has
to collect the data using appropriate methods
Secondary
• Secondary analysis of existing epidemiological data
• Synthesis of existing research
• Main method is a systematic review with or without meta-analysis
(a statistical technique used to pool data from independent studies)
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
9
10. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Different types of research
According to research setting
Public health
• Considers factors affecting health of a population
Clinical research
• Pertains to the assessment of safety and effectiveness of medications and diagnostic
procedures and devices
• It is conducted on humans in four phases, ending with post-marketing surveillance
Pre-clinical research (microbiology, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, etc.)
• Research in basic science, precedes clinical trials
• Involves animal experiments, human tissue, or cell lines
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
10
11. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
11
Phases of clinical Trial
Phase 0:
From the work bench to humans is the agent hitting its target?
Phase 1
Deciding on dose considering dose limiting toxicity and
maximum tolerance dose.
Phase 2
Drug activity , safety and feasibility evaluation
Phase 3
Clinical outcomes compared to a control arm
Phase 4
Post marketing surveillance- long term safety
12. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Different types of research
According to study design
I- Observational
• Does not involve interventions on the part of the investigator
• Descriptive (examine patterns of diseases and risk factors)
II- Case reports and case series
• Describe the experience of a single patient or a group of patients with a similar diagnosis
• Routine data
• Prevalence surveys
• Clinical audit uses research methods but does not necessarily constitute the scientific method of research
• Advantages of descriptive studies: useful for hypothesis formulation
• Disadvantages of descriptive studies: lack of comparison group, case reports cannot be used to test the
presence of a statistical
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
12
13. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Different types of research
III- Analytic (examines the associations between risk factors and diseases)
A. Cross-sectional
• Exposure and outcome assessed at the same time
• Prevalence of diseases and risk factors in a population
• Advantages: relatively quick, easy, and inexpensive, can study multiple exposures
and outcomes
• Disadvantages: temporal sequence and causal association between exposure and
outcome cannot be established
• examples: Health Survey for England (UK) and National Health and Nutrition
examination Survey (US) are both being conducted as a series of cross-sectional
examination
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
13
14. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Different types of research
B - Case-control
• Subjects are selected on the basis of having a disease (cases , controls)
• Groups are compared with respect to the proportion of having a history of exposure
• advantages: relatively quick and inexpensive; suitable for the evaluation of the
diseases with long latent periods and for rare diseases; can assess multiple risk factors
for a single disease
• Disadvantages: cannot directly calculate the incidence of disease unless the study is
population-based; difficult to establish temporal sequence and causal association
between exposure and outcome; prone to recall bias; inefficient for rare exposures
• Example: INTERHEART study (a global case-control study of risk factors for acute
myocardial infarction)
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
14
15. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Different types of research
C- Cohort
• Can be prospective (disease has not occurred at the beginning of the study) and retrospective (disease has occurred at
the time the study is initiated)
• Subjects are selected on the basis of having the exposure and are followed up over time to assess the outcome
• Direct measurement of disease incidence
• Advantages: can directly calculate the incidence of disease among exposed and non-exposed; can elucidate temporal
relationship between exposure and outcome; bias in exposure assessment is minimized (prospective studies)
• Disadvantages: expensive and time-consuming (especially if prospective); inefficient for rare diseases; requires
availability of adequate records (retrospective); losses to follow-up may substantially affect the validity of the results
• Examples: Nurses’ Health Study, Health professionals Follow-up
Study, atherosclerosis risk in Communities Study,
Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
15
16. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Different types of research
IV- Experimental
• Involves interventions
• Randomized clinical trials
• Efficacy (explanatory) trials—tests the efficacy of a treatment (or an
intervention) among highly selected participants and under controlled
conditions
• Effectiveness (pragmatic) trials—tests the efficacy of a treatment
(or an intervention) under real conditions among participants who were
not highly selected and provides useful information about the practice
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
16
17. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
Different types of research
IV- Experimental cont.
• Are deemed to be the gold standard in clinical research
• Resembles a controlled experiment in the laboratory
• Subjects are enrolled on the basis of their exposure (treatment) status
• Random allocation of the treatment in a sufficiently large sample size
• Provides greater assurance about the validity of the findings than
observational studies
• Advantages: provides the most direct epidemiologic evidence on which to
judge whether an exposure prevents or causes a disease
• Disadvantages: ethical concerns; costs; feasibility; non-compliance
• examples: Clinical Trial of estrogen plus progestin in post-menopausal women.
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
17
18. Research Methodology and
Evidence Based Healthcare (EBHC481)
REFERANCE BOOK
WRITTEN AND COMPILED BY DR. EMAN ABD ALHALIM MD, PHD
18
Oxford Handbook of
Clinical and Healthcare Research
Sumantra (Shumone) Ray, et al
2016
ISBN 978–0–19–960847–8
Oxford University Press 2016
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford,
OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom