Phytophthora ramorum, plant pathogens, Armillaria, Heterobasidion, Ophiostoma, Cronartium, forest pathology, dendrology, climate change, networks

1. Applied Ecology, Forest Pathogens
Mike Jeger & Marco Pautasso*
23 Nov 2009
*marpauta at gmail.com
1. Phytophthora ramorum
2. P. cinnamomi
3. P. alni
4. Armillaria spp
5. Heterobasidion spp
6. Cronartium ribicola
7. Ophiostoma spp

2. Sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum)
Source: Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California at Riverside

3. Sudden Oak Death in California (Oct 2009)
Source: SOD Mapper (red: confirmed; orange: to be confirmed)

4. Phytophthora ramorum in Northern California
Source: www.suddenoakdeath.org

5. Phytophthora ramorum eradication in Oregon
from: Rizzo et al. (2005) Annual Reviews of Phytopathology, Photo: Clive Brasier

6. Spatial scale and
Sudden Oak Death
from: Condeso & Meentemeyer (2007) Journal of Ecology
and: Mascheretti et al. (2008) Molecular Ecology

7. Phytophthora ramorum in England & Wales
Source: DEFRA

8. Phytophthora ramorum: epidemic simulation
Source: Harwood et al. (2010) Ecological Modelling

9. Jarrah forest dieback in SW Australia
due to Phytophthora cinnamomi
Source: CSIRO, Australia

10. Jarrah Forest
Dieback
(Phytopthora
cinnamomi),
SW Australia
Source: Department of
Conservation and Land
Management,
Western Australia

11. Phytophthora
cinnamomi in
Tasmania
Source: Department of
Primary Industries and
Water, Tasmania,
Australia

12. Dieback of Alnus
incana, 2004,
Southwestern
Rocky Mountains
From: Worrall (2009)
Plant Disease

13. Phytophthora
surveys
in Alaska
(Alnus decline)
From: Adams et al. (2008)
Plant Management Network

16. Pinus radiata
mortality associated
with Phytophthora
pinifolia sp. nov.,
Chile
From: Duran et al.
(2008) Plant Pathology

17. Distribution of trees and stumps colonized by
Armillaria ostoyae at a campground in Colorado
Worrall et al. (2004) Forest Ecology and Management

18. Distri-
bution of
genets of
Armillaria
spp in
forests of
Tessin
(CH)
Prospero et
al. (2003)
New
Phytologist

19. Armillaria/Heterobasidion in the Swiss National Park
from: Bendel et al. (2007) Mycological Research

20. Coarse-scale population structure of pathogenic
Armillaria, Blue Mountains, Oregon
Ferguson et al. (2003) Canadian Journal of Forest Research

21. Survey of Armillaria species in NY State
Bludgett and Worrall (1992) Plant Disease

22. Survey of Armillaria species in NY State
Distribution of sites in New York State
in which Armillaria was found
(empty squares) and in which Armillaria
was not found (black triangles)
Bludgett and Worrall (1992) Plant Disease

23. Armillaria records in
New Zealand
(A. limonea and A.
novae-zelandiae)
Source: ENSIS
Forest Biosecurity,
New Zealand

24. Distribution of
Armillaria
species
in Japan
Ota et al. (1998)
Plant Disease

25. Global distribution of the Heterobasidion
annosum complex (dark shaded areas)
light shaded areas = H. araucariae;
line drawing: H. insulare
From: Asiegbu et al. (2005) Molecular Plant Pathology

26. Decay caused by Heterobasidion on the surface
of an Abies sachalinensis stump (Japan)
From: Tokuda et al. (2007) Forest Pathology

27. Heterobasidion disease centre in a stand of Pinus
sylvestris, thinned 40 years ago (Lithuania)
From: Lygis (2005) Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae

28. Soil risk map for Heterobasidion annosum, SE USA
Source: Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture

29. Tree infected by white pine blister rust
(Cronartium ribicola)
Source: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service

30. Urediniospores of blister rust (Cronartium
ribicola) on the lower side of a Ribes leaf
Source: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service

31. Source: Canadian Government, Taskforce on Invasive Species

32. White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) surveys
Kearns & Jacobi (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research

33. White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) surveys
Kearns & Jacobi (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research

34. Surveys of Ribes, alternate host of Cronartium ribicola
Kearns et al. (2008) Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society

35. A conceptual model of the interactions of
whitebark pine at the treeline with blister rust
Tomback and Resler (2007) Physical Geography

36. Lifecycle of Dutch Elm Disease
From: Agrios (1988) Plant Pathology. 3rd ed.

37. China as the
origin
of Dutch
Elm Disease?
Brasier (1990)
Plant Pathology

38. Quantitative epidemiology of Dutch Elm Disease
Gibbs (1978) Annual Review of Phytopathology

39. Distribution of subspp novo-ulmi and americana
Brasier & Kirk (2001) Mycological Research

40. Damage due to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in Spain
Source: Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Medi
Ambient, Aigua, Urbanisme i Habitage

41. Damage due to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in Denmark
Source: Biopix, Denmark

42. Healthy elm trees in Princeton, New Jersey
Planted in the 1930's, these elm trees in Princeton, N.J., have not
succumbed to Dutch elm disease. Source: NYTimes (2004)

43. References
Dehnen-Schmutz K, Holdenrieder O, Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2010) Structural change in the international horticultural industry: some implications
for plant health. Scientia Horticulturae 125: 1-15
Harwood TD, Xu XM, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Shaw M (2009) Epidemiological risk assessment using linked network and grid based modelling:
Phytophthora ramorum and P. kernoviae in the UK. Ecological Modelling 220: 3353-3361
Holdenrieder O, Pautasso M, Weisberg PJ & Lonsdale D (2004) Tree diseases and landscape processes: the challenge of landscape pathology.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19, 8: 446-452
Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2008) Comparative epidemiology of zoosporic plant pathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology 122: 111-126
Lonsdale D, Pautasso M & Holdenrieder O (2008) Wood-decaying fungi in the forest: conservation needs and management options. European
Journal of Forest Research 127: 1-22
MacLeod A, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Haines-Young R (2010) Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant
health. Food Security 2: 49-70
Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Disease spread in small-size directed networks: epidemic threshold, correlation between
links to and from nodes, and clustering. J Theor Biol 260: 402-411
Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Finley A, Dorigatti I, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Harwood T, Jeger MJ, Xu XM, Holdenrieder O & Pautasso M (2011) Networks in
plant epidemiology: from genes to landscapes, countries and continents. Phytopathology 101: 392-403
Pautasso M (2009) Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Systematics & Evolution 11: 157-189
Pautasso M (2010) Worsening file-drawer problem in the abstracts of natural, medical and social science databases. Scientometrics 85: 193-202
Pautasso M et al (2010) Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews 85: 729-755
Pautasso M, Holdenrieder O & Stenlid J (2005) Susceptibility to fungal pathogens of forests differing in tree diversity. In: Forest Diversity and
Function (Scherer-Lorenzen M, Koerner Ch & Schulze D, eds.). Ecol. Studies Vol. 176. Springer, Berlin, pp. 263-289
Pautasso M, Moslonka-Lefebvre M & Jeger MJ (2010) The number of links to and from the starting node as a predictor of epidemic size in small-
size directed networks. Ecological Complexity 7: 424-432
Pautasso M, Xu XM, Jeger MJ, Harwood T, Moslonka-Lefebvre M & Pellis L (2010) Disease spread in small-size directed trade networks: the role of
hierarchical categories. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 1300-1309
Xu XM, Harwood TD, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Spatio-temporal analysis of an invasive plant pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) in England
and Wales. Ecography 32: 504-516