A selection of UK national parks, Peak Districts, Exmoor, South Downs, Dartmoor, New Forest, Snowdonia, Lake District, Scholarships, Summer Schools. A selection of US national parks: Yosemite, Yellowstone, Everglades,
The document summarizes a presentation given by Charlie Brandt on ocean energy and renewable resources. It discusses how population growth and economic activity are increasing global energy demand, particularly in developing nations like China and India. This is driving up coal prices and electricity costs. It then outlines the potential of ocean renewable resources like hydrokinetic, offshore wind, and algal biofuels to provide large amounts of clean energy near coastal demand centers.
Presentation made at the TELDAP International Conference in Taiwan, 2nd march 2010. Addresses issues of climate change on biodiversity distribution, and means of adatpation in the case of agrobiodiversity.
This document discusses the role of protected areas in biodiversity conservation. Some key points made are: 1) Despite protected area initiatives, biodiversity is still being lost, as protected areas are not sufficient on their own. 2) The UK's protected areas are not an ecologically coherent network. 3) Conservation must involve people and consider ecosystem services to value nature. The document proposes developing a future vision for protected areas and nature conservation at different spatial scales through better integration of wider countryside measures and the ecosystem approach.
Final Project, GIS Certificate, U C Riverside Extension, Final Project. Inventoried Roadless Areas, Old Growth Forest and Western Spotted Owl Habitat in Washington State
Tools for integrating conservation priorities with conservation opportunities...Aberdeen CES
1. Land clearance continues to be an issue in Australia, with over 130,000 square kilometers of forests converted to agricultural land globally between 2000-2010. In South Australia's agricultural region, only 29.5% of native vegetation remains.
2. The study examines the relationship between conservation priority and opportunity on private farmland in South Australia's Murray-Darling Basin region through a landholder survey. Landholders were classified as disengaged, moderately engaged, or highly engaged in conservation based on native vegetation planting.
3. Results show highly engaged landholders had higher education, more off-farm income, and were more motivated by environmental factors than disengaged landholders. Moderately engaged landholders
This document discusses several key issues related to biodiversity conservation. It begins by defining biodiversity and explaining its importance for ecological balance. It then outlines some of the main threats to biodiversity, known as the "HIPPO factors" - habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, population growth, and overexploitation. The document also discusses reasons for maintaining biodiversity from both biological and human perspectives. It provides examples of endangered species like African elephants and orangutans and reasons for their endangerment. Finally, it outlines several methods used to protect endangered species, including zoos, botanic gardens, seed banks, and national parks.
This document discusses biodiversity and threats to it. It begins by defining biodiversity and describing it at three levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. It then outlines several major threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss, climate change, pollution, overexploitation, invasive species, and disease. It provides more detail on habitat loss, describing the causes from human activities like agriculture, resource harvesting, and development. Habitat loss is a primary driver of species extinction worldwide. The document also discusses poaching and how it negatively impacts species survival and ecosystem balance. It notes man-wildlife conflicts have increased due to competition over limited resources and describes some of the efforts to mitigate these conflicts.
This document analyzes private land conservation opportunities in Alberta's Bow Valley to help maintain habitat connectivity for wildlife. The Bow Valley provides important habitat and a movement corridor between protected areas, but development is fragmenting the landscape. The report identifies priority private lands for conservation through easements, land swaps, or acquisitions to enhance habitat connectivity between parks and reserves and allow wildlife to move through the valley. Mapping of wildlife movement and habitat data was used to identify new potential wildlife corridors and priority lands for conservation.
The document summarizes a presentation given by Charlie Brandt on ocean energy and renewable resources. It discusses how population growth and economic activity are increasing global energy demand, particularly in developing nations like China and India. This is driving up coal prices and electricity costs. It then outlines the potential of ocean renewable resources like hydrokinetic, offshore wind, and algal biofuels to provide large amounts of clean energy near coastal demand centers.
Presentation made at the TELDAP International Conference in Taiwan, 2nd march 2010. Addresses issues of climate change on biodiversity distribution, and means of adatpation in the case of agrobiodiversity.
This document discusses the role of protected areas in biodiversity conservation. Some key points made are: 1) Despite protected area initiatives, biodiversity is still being lost, as protected areas are not sufficient on their own. 2) The UK's protected areas are not an ecologically coherent network. 3) Conservation must involve people and consider ecosystem services to value nature. The document proposes developing a future vision for protected areas and nature conservation at different spatial scales through better integration of wider countryside measures and the ecosystem approach.
Final Project, GIS Certificate, U C Riverside Extension, Final Project. Inventoried Roadless Areas, Old Growth Forest and Western Spotted Owl Habitat in Washington State
Tools for integrating conservation priorities with conservation opportunities...Aberdeen CES
1. Land clearance continues to be an issue in Australia, with over 130,000 square kilometers of forests converted to agricultural land globally between 2000-2010. In South Australia's agricultural region, only 29.5% of native vegetation remains.
2. The study examines the relationship between conservation priority and opportunity on private farmland in South Australia's Murray-Darling Basin region through a landholder survey. Landholders were classified as disengaged, moderately engaged, or highly engaged in conservation based on native vegetation planting.
3. Results show highly engaged landholders had higher education, more off-farm income, and were more motivated by environmental factors than disengaged landholders. Moderately engaged landholders
This document discusses several key issues related to biodiversity conservation. It begins by defining biodiversity and explaining its importance for ecological balance. It then outlines some of the main threats to biodiversity, known as the "HIPPO factors" - habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, population growth, and overexploitation. The document also discusses reasons for maintaining biodiversity from both biological and human perspectives. It provides examples of endangered species like African elephants and orangutans and reasons for their endangerment. Finally, it outlines several methods used to protect endangered species, including zoos, botanic gardens, seed banks, and national parks.
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This document analyzes private land conservation opportunities in Alberta's Bow Valley to help maintain habitat connectivity for wildlife. The Bow Valley provides important habitat and a movement corridor between protected areas, but development is fragmenting the landscape. The report identifies priority private lands for conservation through easements, land swaps, or acquisitions to enhance habitat connectivity between parks and reserves and allow wildlife to move through the valley. Mapping of wildlife movement and habitat data was used to identify new potential wildlife corridors and priority lands for conservation.
The document summarizes protected areas in the UK and provides context on international conventions and targets for protected area coverage. Some key points:
1) The UK has designated over 6,600 Sites of Special Scientific Interest and hundreds of other protected areas covering around 8% of land and inland water.
2) The UK Overseas Territories include very large Marine Protected Areas around places like South Georgia and the Chagos Archipelago.
3) Protected areas must be designed and managed as ecologically coherent networks to effectively conserve biodiversity in the face of environmental change.
This presentation was given by Professor Alastair Driver, Catchment restoration specialist and ecologist, at the EPA's October 2017 Catchment Science and Management Course. You can find more information about catchment management at www.catchments.ie
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This document discusses how human activities impact biodiversity through habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution, climate change, and invasive species. It provides examples of each threat, including habitat loss in the Amazon rainforest over time, air pollution levels in Europe, and the spread of an invasive fire blight epidemic in Switzerland. It also summarizes research on the relationship between human population density or size and measures of biodiversity at global, national, and local scales.
South Downs National Park in England was established in 2011 and contains the White Cliffs of Dover as well as wartime history sites and hiking trails. Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park in Scotland is home to mountains, lakes, and varied scenery reminiscent of Scottish fairytales. Northumberland National Park in England contains Roman ruins, Hadrian's Wall, and attractions for both historians and nature lovers. Lake District National Park in northwest England offers villages, forests, mountains and lakes alongside hikes, walks and distillery visits.
The document discusses several National Parks located in Great Britain. It describes The Brecon Beacons National Park located in mid-Wales, covering 519 square miles and featuring its highest summit Pen Y Fan. It also outlines The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads National Park, known for its tidal waters and wildlife reserves, and The New Forest National Park located in Hampshire, home to ancient oak trees and rare birds. Finally, it discusses The Lake District National Park, containing Britain's largest lakes and fells like Scafell Pike, offering beautiful scenery for walks and bike rides.
The United Kingdom has 14 national parks across England, Wales, and Scotland. National parks are protected areas of outstanding natural beauty where development is restricted. Each park is managed by its own National Park Authority to conserve the area's natural resources and beauty while also promoting public access. The parks face issues like erosion, traffic, and damage from tourism but protect important landscapes, with the Lake District being the largest English national park. Scotland has two national parks and aims to balance conservation and sustainable development and use of resources.
National Parks are protected areas of beautiful countryside where natural beauty and wildlife are legally protected. They allow public access for recreation and enjoyment of the scenery. National Parks were established in the UK after the 1949 National Parks Act, with the first parks designated in 1951. Private landowners own around 80% of the land across National Parks, with ownership varying slightly between individual parks.
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The document describes 35 of the most amazing national parks from around the world. It provides a brief 1-2 sentence description of each park highlighting iconic landscapes, wildlife, activities, or cultural features. Some of the parks mentioned include Arenal Volcano National Park in Costa Rica, Iguazu National Park spanning Argentina and Brazil, Yosemite National Park in the US, Etosha National Park in Namibia, and Banff National Park in Canada.
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This paper was presented at the Institute of Fisheries Management 7th Specialist Conference, on the theme "Forestry and Fisheries - Where Next?". The event took place at Rheged, Penrith, Cumbria, England on 21-23 April 2015.
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Canada's forest size is 4.4 million km2, which is 10% of the world’s forest, and the total forest size of Asia. 46 national parks/reserves are distributed in this vast land.
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This document discusses network analysis methods for studying seed exchange networks in agrobiodiversity conservation. It provides examples of network analysis applications in natural, technological, and social networks. The key concepts of network structure, homogeneity, symmetry, and giant components are introduced. Simple models are described for analyzing spread and establishment within networks using concepts like persistence probability and transmission probability. Challenges are noted around applying these network-based approaches to studying seed circulation systems.
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17. UK National Parks
Second for money
spent by visitors
(~500 million £/yr)
Pembrokeshire Peak District
South Downs
Exmoor
Dartmoor New Forest Source: UK National Parks
20. UK National Parks
~25,000 inhabitants,
4.3 million visitors/yr,
~2200 km2
Snowdonia
Peak District
Pembrokeshire
South Downs
Exmoor
Dartmoor New Forest Source: UK National Parks
22. UK National Parks
2nd for number of
inhabitants and
visitors
Lake District
Peak District
Snowdonia
Pembrokeshire
South Downs
Exmoor
Dartmoor New Forest Source: UK National Parks
27. UK National Parks
Loch Lomond North
Yorkshire
Moors
Lake District
Peak District
Snowdonia
Pembrokeshire
South Downs
Exmoor
Dartmoor New Forest Source: UK National Parks
29. UK National Parks
~10% of the UK area
Cairngorms
Loch Lomond
Northumberland
North Yorkshire Moors
Lake District North Yorkshire Dales
Peak District
Snowdonia
Broads
Pembrokeshire Brecon
Beacons
South Downs
Exmoor
Dartmoor New Forest Source: UK National Parks
45. Five botanic gardens in the UK
PLANT AREA
NAME PLACE ESTABLISHED
SPECIES (HA)
Bodelva,
Eden Project ~5000 50 1997
Cornwall
Wales National Llanarthne,
~4000 60 2000
Botanic Garden Wales
Edinburgh Royal Edinburgh,
~12500 26 1670
Botanic Garden Scotland
Oxford University Oxford,
~8000 1.8 1621
Botanic Garden England
Chelsea Physic
London ~5000 1 1673
Garden
Source: BGCI
46. Species richness vs. % of protected area
1. Link country with n of plant species
Brazil 1,600
Britain 3,200
Canada 5,600
Italy 20,000
USA 56,000
60
1. Link country and % of terrestrial
number of countries
50
protected area
40
Brazil 15
30
China 22
Germany 27 20
UK 30 10
USA 56 0
less 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 more
than than
1% 30%
proportion of protected area
Source: UNEP, 2008
47. Are protected areas effective at preserving
biodiversity?
Many protected areas tend to be located in
relatively remote/inaccessible regions
Sometimes protected areas
become tourist attractions
Protected area networks have often been
created without international coordination
51. Random sample of 100 papers per year
on ‘species richness’ in WOS (1991-2004)
from: Lonsdale et al. (2008) European Journal of Forest Research
52. Which institutions other than National Parks
aim to protect biodiversity?
* Government Departments
* Research Institutes
* Foundations and charities
* NGOs
* Private individuals
53.
54.
55.
56.
57. What can the single individual do to stop
the loss of biodiversity?
Habitat fragmentation, degradation and loss
Water, air and soil pollution
Species introductions
Climate change
Trade, travel, transportation and tourism
59. [1015 mol/cm2; Jan 2003- Jun 2004]
Air pollution due to urbanization: NO2
source: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/EarthObservation/pollution_europe_hires.jpg
60. Species movements in a globalized world
passengers
From: Hufnagel et al. (2005) PNAS (air) & Kaluza et al. (2010) Interface (sea)
61. Climate change and plant distribution shifts
From: Denis Loustau (2006) Climate change impacts on extensively
managed forest: a modelling approach, Wilton Park Conference
62. Examples of how the single individual can make
a difference in biodiversity conservation
1) Volunteer in conservation activities/
biodiversity education
2) Reduce consumption/Carbon emissions?
3) Adopt an environmentally friendly lifestyle
4) avoid unintended introductions
of exotic species
70. References
Barbosa AM, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) Is the human population a large-scale indicator of the species richness of ground beetles?
Animal Conservation 13: 432-441
Cantarello E, Steck CE, Fontana P, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) A multi-scale study of Orthoptera species richness and human
population size controlling for sampling effort. Naturwissenschaften 97: 265-271
Golding J, Güsewell S, Kreft H, Kuzevanov VY, Lehvävirta S, Parmentier I & Pautasso M (2010) Species-richness patterns of the living collections
of the world's botanic gardens: a matter of socio-economics? Annals of Botany 105: 689-696
Pautasso M (2010) Worsening file-drawer problem in the abstracts of natural, medical and social science databases. Scientometrics 85: 193-202
Pautasso M & Chiarucci A (2008) A test of the scale-dependence of the species abundance-people correlation for veteran trees in Italy. Annals of
Botany 101: 709-715
Pautasso M & Dinetti M (2009) Avian species richness, human population and protected areas across Italy’s regions. Environmental Conservation
36: 22-31
Pautasso M & Fontaneto D (2008) A test of the species-people correlation for stream macro-invertebrates in European countries. Ecological
Applications 18: 1842-1849
Pautasso M & Parmentier I (2007) Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns observed in natural
ecosystems? Botanica Helvetica 117: 15-28
Pautasso M & Powell G (2009) Aphid biodiversity is correlated with human population in European countries. Oecologia 160: 839-846
Pautasso M & Weisberg PJ (2008) Density-area relationships: the importance of the zeros. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 203-210
Pautasso M & Zotti M (2009) Macrofungal taxa and human population in Italy's regions. Biodiversity & Conservation 18: 473-485
Pautasso M et al (2010) Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews 85: 729-755
Pautasso M et al (2011) Global macroecology of bird assemblages in urbanized and semi-natural ecosystems. Global Ecology & Biogeography 20:
426-436
Pecher C, Fritz S, Marini L, Fontaneto D & Pautasso M (2010) Scale-dependence of the correlation between human population and the species
richness of stream macroinvertebrates. Basic Applied Ecology 11: 272-280
Schlick-Steiner B, Steiner F & Pautasso M (2008) Ants and people: a test of two mechanisms behind the large-scale human-biodiversity correlation
for Formicidae in Europe. Journal of Biogeography 35: 2195-2206
Steck CE & Pautasso M (2008) Human population, grasshopper and plant species richness in European countries. Acta Oecologica 34: 303-310