The present investigation describes the structure and vegetation composition of the forest located in Murree Hills, Punjab, Pakistan. The study area is a part of Himalayans moist temperate forest. The vegetation zone entirely consists of shrubs or medium size trees. The plants give the appearance of a vast flower bed, composed principally of herbaceous species. These species are adapted to withstand the extremes of cold and desiccation. Study area range in altitude from 2100m-2300 m (A.S.L.). A total of 65 species, belonging to 62 genera and 39 families were recorded from 40 stands. Angiosperms contributed a major share while Pteridophytes contributed little to the floristic richness of the area. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistics including Cluster Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and correlation co-efficient to detect the relations between altitudinal and some environmental factors with composition and structure of the plant communities. DCA axis 1 and axis 2 were used to interpret the data. Four vegetation types were delineated by Cluster Analysis which was then plotted on the first two axes a scattered diagram. The outcome of the cluster was confirmed by using DCA. There were significant differences in the flora composition as well as the edaphic factors along the altitudinal gradient. The results of the present investigation suggest a direct altitudinal and soil chemical factors pH, EC, cations and anions on the vegetation variation. Topography predicts species composition of the study area.
Ecological assessment of plant communities in the peochar valley of the hindu...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This study quantified the effect of environmental variables on plant species composition in the Peochar Valley, located in the Hindu Raj mountains of the Hindu Kush. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. Quadrat sizes were 10 × 10 m, 2 × 5 m, and 1 m2 for trees, shrubs, and herbs, respectively, determined using the minimal area method. Twenty-seven stations were established along 6 elevation transects on slopes with various aspects. Density, cover, and frequency were recorded for all species in each quadrat. Aspect, elevation, rock types, soil nature, and grazing pressure were also considered as edaphic and topographic variables. Preliminary results showed that the Peochar Valley hosts 120 species. Presence/absence data for these species were analyzed with cluster and 2-way cluster techniques to elaborate species composition in the study area; this resulted in 4 plant communities. Species abundance and environmental data matrices were developed to evaluate the ecological gradient of vegetation through canonical correspondence analysis. Of the environmental variables, elevation, aspect, grazing pressure, soil depth, and rock type showed a significant effect on species composition and diversity. We also identified the dominant and rare plant species in each plant community based on their low importance value indexes. Conservation measures are recommended for all flora of this valley and for rare species in particular.
Ecological Forestry in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Forests of the Pac...Lily Tidwell
Ecological forestry is an emerging concept in the field of forest management based on silvicultural techniques that emulate natural disturbance regimes, thus preserving a relatively natural functioning forest ecosystem. This paper discusses the application of these concepts in Douglas-Fir forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States.
Natural regeneration of some commercial timber tree species following selecti...Innspub Net
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Population Structure and Threats to Sustainable Management of Woody Plant Spe...Innspub Net
This study was conducted to assess population structure and threat to the sustainable management of woody species in the various ago-ecosystems in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (LGA) Katsina State, Nigeria. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to collect data from 21 randomly demarcated 100m × 100m sample plots. All woody plant species found in the sample plots with stem diameter >2 cm at 20cm above ground, were recorded. Population structure was summarized by diameter classes. For the identification of threats, field and questionnaire surveys were used. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed at ten questionnaires per ward in five out of the 11 wards in the LGA. The highest numbers (350) of small diameter trees (0.1-1.0cm) were recorded in the agrosilvopastoral system. This was followed by silvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems with 89 and 85, respectively. However, the highest number of large diameter woody tree species was recorded in the silvopastoral system followed by agrosilvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems. The regular reverse J-shaped and fairly regular reverse J-shaped size class distribution observed for agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral respectively, suggest a recuperating population. Over exploitation, debarking, de-branching, root- digging, leaf harvesting, seed harvesting, poor regeneration, slow rate of growth, wind effect and bush burning were the major threats to sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area. The implications of our findings for sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area are discussed and recommendations made.
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
Continuous cover forest management system is gaining popularity to clear-felling and the rotation management system associated. Very few researches have been done to assess this management system. A harvest event was analysed in a Reinhausen forest compartment of 2ha, belonging to the state forest of Göttingen; Göttingen is situated in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The harvest has modified the stem number per hectare mostly in bigger class of diameter. The diameter class the most affected was between 14 and 23 cm. The harvest affected 11% of the stem in the stand and was constituted only by Fagussilvatica (7.5%) and Fraxinus excelsior (3.5%) which are the main species of this forest. The thinning removed 15% of the basal area and 16% of the volume of the forest stand. The type of thinning was thinning from above (high thinning). Apart from Fagussilvatica that the average height of trees reduces of 45cm after harvest, there was no difference on average height after harvest for other species. The harvest event has induced changes on the spatial distribution of the forest stand. The impact of this modification on environment has not been analyzed by this study.
Ecological assessment of plant communities in the peochar valley of the hindu...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This study quantified the effect of environmental variables on plant species composition in the Peochar Valley, located in the Hindu Raj mountains of the Hindu Kush. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. Quadrat sizes were 10 × 10 m, 2 × 5 m, and 1 m2 for trees, shrubs, and herbs, respectively, determined using the minimal area method. Twenty-seven stations were established along 6 elevation transects on slopes with various aspects. Density, cover, and frequency were recorded for all species in each quadrat. Aspect, elevation, rock types, soil nature, and grazing pressure were also considered as edaphic and topographic variables. Preliminary results showed that the Peochar Valley hosts 120 species. Presence/absence data for these species were analyzed with cluster and 2-way cluster techniques to elaborate species composition in the study area; this resulted in 4 plant communities. Species abundance and environmental data matrices were developed to evaluate the ecological gradient of vegetation through canonical correspondence analysis. Of the environmental variables, elevation, aspect, grazing pressure, soil depth, and rock type showed a significant effect on species composition and diversity. We also identified the dominant and rare plant species in each plant community based on their low importance value indexes. Conservation measures are recommended for all flora of this valley and for rare species in particular.
Ecological Forestry in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Forests of the Pac...Lily Tidwell
Ecological forestry is an emerging concept in the field of forest management based on silvicultural techniques that emulate natural disturbance regimes, thus preserving a relatively natural functioning forest ecosystem. This paper discusses the application of these concepts in Douglas-Fir forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States.
Natural regeneration of some commercial timber tree species following selecti...Innspub Net
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Population Structure and Threats to Sustainable Management of Woody Plant Spe...Innspub Net
This study was conducted to assess population structure and threat to the sustainable management of woody species in the various ago-ecosystems in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (LGA) Katsina State, Nigeria. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to collect data from 21 randomly demarcated 100m × 100m sample plots. All woody plant species found in the sample plots with stem diameter >2 cm at 20cm above ground, were recorded. Population structure was summarized by diameter classes. For the identification of threats, field and questionnaire surveys were used. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed at ten questionnaires per ward in five out of the 11 wards in the LGA. The highest numbers (350) of small diameter trees (0.1-1.0cm) were recorded in the agrosilvopastoral system. This was followed by silvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems with 89 and 85, respectively. However, the highest number of large diameter woody tree species was recorded in the silvopastoral system followed by agrosilvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems. The regular reverse J-shaped and fairly regular reverse J-shaped size class distribution observed for agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral respectively, suggest a recuperating population. Over exploitation, debarking, de-branching, root- digging, leaf harvesting, seed harvesting, poor regeneration, slow rate of growth, wind effect and bush burning were the major threats to sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area. The implications of our findings for sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area are discussed and recommendations made.
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
Continuous cover forest management system is gaining popularity to clear-felling and the rotation management system associated. Very few researches have been done to assess this management system. A harvest event was analysed in a Reinhausen forest compartment of 2ha, belonging to the state forest of Göttingen; Göttingen is situated in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The harvest has modified the stem number per hectare mostly in bigger class of diameter. The diameter class the most affected was between 14 and 23 cm. The harvest affected 11% of the stem in the stand and was constituted only by Fagussilvatica (7.5%) and Fraxinus excelsior (3.5%) which are the main species of this forest. The thinning removed 15% of the basal area and 16% of the volume of the forest stand. The type of thinning was thinning from above (high thinning). Apart from Fagussilvatica that the average height of trees reduces of 45cm after harvest, there was no difference on average height after harvest for other species. The harvest event has induced changes on the spatial distribution of the forest stand. The impact of this modification on environment has not been analyzed by this study.
Ethno-ecological importance of plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems with...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity and a large number of endangered plant species
many of which are ecological indicators of those specific habitats. The Himalayas are the world’s youngest,
highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. People living in this region
use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilize local natural resources and hence have valuable
understanding about their surroundings. Many areas within this region still remain poorly known for
their floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem services, yet the indigenous
people depend heavily upon local plant resources and, through unsustainable use, can cause an
irreversible loss of plant species. The valley used in this study is typical of such areas and occupies
a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the western Himalayan range, close to the Hindu
Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on geological
and climatic divides, which further add to its ecological interest. This paper focuses on (i) identification
of ecological indicators at various elevation zones across an altitudinal range of 2450–4100 m and
(ii) recognition of social perceptions of plant species populations based on the ecosystem services that
they provide. We used robust approaches to identify the plant indicator species of various elevation
zones. Using phytosociological techniques, Importance Values (IVs) for each plant species were calculated.
The statistical package PCORDS was used to evaluate the species area curves and indicator species
for each elevation zone. Data attribute plots derived from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using
CANOCO were deployed to illustrate the location of indicator species in each habitat type. Furthermore,
the social perceptions of the local inhabitants as to whether the populations of the recorded species
were increasing or decreasing over the recent past were recorded. We argue that the assessment of
ecological indicators combined with the ecological knowledge of the indigenous population can assist
in developing priorities for local and regional conservation strategies, especially for fragile mountain
ecosystems.
Phyto climatic gradient of vegetation and habitat specificity in the high ele...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Phyto-climatic gradient and ecological indicators can be used to understand the requirements, long term management and conservation strategies of natural habitats and species. For this purpose phytosociological attributes were measured using quadrats along transects on different slope aspects across an elevation range of 2450-4400 m. The 198 recorded plant species were placed in five Raunkiaer life form classes among which the Hemicryptophytes (51%) dominate the flora of the study area followed by Phanerophytes and Cryptophytes (Geophytes) with 15 and 13% dominance respectively. Therophytes and Chamaephytes are represented by smaller numbers (12 & 10% each). The phyto-climatic gradient of the vegetation was evaluated using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Phyto-climatic relationships show that Phanerophytes especially tree species are widely distributed on northern aspect slopes whilst shrubs are more dominant on southern aspect slopes. Woody plants are dominant at lower altitudes (2450-2800 m), with a much smaller proportion occurring at middle elevations (2800-3300 m) whilst higher (3300-3900 m) and highest elevations (3900-4400 m) are dominated mainly by hemi-cryptophytes and cryptophytes. Our findings further elucidate that vegetation changes gradually from moist-cool temperate Phanerophytic and Chamaephytic elements to dry-cold subalpine and alpine herbaceous Cryptophytic and Hemi-cryptophytic vegetation in the upper elevations. Assessment of life forms and ecological gradient provide a basis for more extensive conservation studies on biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. Our findings further advocate that the Naran Valley appears to be at a transitional floristic position bridging the contrasting moist and dry temperate zones of the Sino-Japanese and Irano-Turanian floristic regions.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic ...Écio Diniz
Characterised with its immense biodiversity and high levels of endemism, the Atlantic Tropical Forest has been facing serious anthropogenic threats over the last several decades, demanding for such activities and their effects to be closely studied and monitored as part of the forest dynamics.
Cattle farming, expanding agricultural land areas and mining have reduced the Atlantic Forest to many small patches of vegetation. As a result, important ecosystem services, such as carbon stock, are steadily diminishing as the biomass decreases.
Brazilian researchers, led by Dr. Écio Souza Diniz, Federal University of Viçosa, spent a decade monitoring a semi-deciduous forest located in an ecological park in Southeast Brazil. Their observations are published in the open access Biodiversity Data Journal.
The team surveyed two stands within the forest to present variations in the structure and diversity of the plants over time, along with their dynamics, including mortality and establishment rates. They based their findings on the most abundant tree species occurring within each stand.
At the forest stands, the most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation are concluded to be trees larger than 20 cm in diameter, which characterise advanced successional stage within the forest.
"It is fundamental that opportunities to monitor conserved sites of the Atlantic Forest are taken, so that studies about their dynamics are conducted in order to better understand how they work," note the scientists.
"The information from such surveys could improve the knowledge about the dynamics at anthropised and fragmented sites compared with protected areas."
Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2017-08-decade-dynamics-atlantic-tropical-forest.html#jCp
The participatory management plan is a technical, legal and social device that joins the objectives of biodiversity conservation and the socio-economic needs of local populations. This research work aims to evaluate the impact of Wari-Maro classified forest management plan implementation on the structure and specific diversity of vegetation types. The methodological approach followed is based on the comparison of the dendrometric parameters and plant diversity parameters before and after the management plan implementation. The phytosociological and dendrometric database before the management plan was compiled with data from the forest inventory conducted by PAMF project in 2004 and others work. The forest and phytosociological inventories were carried out on the plots (70) from the forest inventory of PAMF project (2004) following the same methodological principles. The Shannon diversity index decreased from 3.35 ± 0.57 bits in 2004 to 1.98 ± 0.73 bits in 2014. The average density of dbh trees ≥ 10 cm decreased from 740.37 ± 269 , 86 stems / ha in 2004 to 184 ± 100 stems / ha in 2014. The results of the 5% sample matched t-test reveal a non-significant difference between the Shannon Diversity Index of 2004 and of 2014. On the other hand, the results of the sample t-test matched at the 5% threshold, reveal a significant difference between the average density value of 2004 and 2014 for all vegetation types except shrub savannas, fields and fallows. Most of the plant species found before the management plan are still present despite the decreased in individuals’ density.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Growth and increase of a Pinuspatula plantation with fertilization and thinni...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Thinning and fertilization of forest plantations are forestry practices that are necessary to obtain an increase in the annual volume growth, mean increment and periodic increment (AMI and API) which allow shortening the commercial shift maintaining the same volumes at the time of harvest. In this study, the effect of thinning and fertilization on the growth and increase in Pinuspatula plantations was evaluated, which were established in 1998 in Huayacocotla, Veracruz, Mexico. A 22 factorial experiment was set up in the plantation in order to evaluate the thinning and fertilization factors with two levels each. The experimental unit was a 10x10 m plot. Three repetitions were established per treatment. An residual basal area of 21m2 ha-1was obtained in the thinned plots of the plantation. The average basal area in the unthinned plots was 42 m2 ha-1. The fertilization doses were: 1.4; 0.4; 8.34 kg of urea, calcium triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively. Fertilization (treatment 3) increased the volume and the AMI 2012, 2013 and 2014. Thinning (treatment 2) tended to increase the API slightly.
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICSEucalyptus Edge Effect on QEvonCanales257
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS
Eucalyptus Edge Effect on Quercus-Herbivore Interactions
in a Neotropical Temperate Forest
C HERNÁNDEZ-SANTIN1, M CUAUTLE1 , M DE LAS N BARRANCO-LEÓN2, J GARCÍA-GUZMÁN1, El BADANO2,
F LUNA-CASTELLANOS1
1Depto de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
2División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
AbstractKeywords
Quercus , herbivory, edge effect,
Lepidoptera caterpillars
Correspondence
M Cuautle, Depto de Ciencias Químico
Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla,
Cholula, Puebla, Mexico; [email protected]
hotmail.com
Edited by Martin F Pareja – UNICAMP
Received 18 June 2018 and accepted 26
April 2019
* Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 2019
Fragmentation leads to the formation of edges between habitats, which in
turn changes biotic and abiotic factors that might influence herbivory or
plant-herbivory interactions. The aims of this study were to describe the
herbivory community associated with oak (Quercus) and to determine the
effects of proximity to a Eucalyptus edge and season on insect herbivory.
We selected three forest sites that were subsequently divided into three
quadrants located at different distances from the Eucalyptus edge: edge
(0 m), intermediate (30 m), and oak forest interior (60 m). We randomly
selected 10 oak trees per quadrant and conducted monthly surveys, during
the dry and rainy season (from February to October 2010), where we
quantified leaf area and the percentage of herbivory. These were analyzed
using linear mixed models, with distance and season as fixed factors and
individual and site as random factors. The primary oak herbivores were
Lepidoptera caterpillars. We found that herbivory increased away from
the edge but just during the rainy season, although higher herbivory levels
were found during the dry season. These results seem to be related to a
specialist community of herbivorous associated to the Quercus. This study
emphasizes the importance of considering border effect, especially within
Natural Protected Areas to establish strategies to improve and maintain
native oak forest and the biodiversity of its Lepidoptera herbivorous
community.
Introduction
Landscape modification due to anthropogenic activities (e.g.,
land conversion to agricultural or livestock) has resulted in
habitat fragmentation, one of the major threats for forest
conservation (Buckley 2000, Franklin et al 2002).
Fragmentation is defined as the disruption or breakdown of
large vegetation patches into smaller ones resulting in a dis-
continuity of resource distribution that affects species occu-
pancy, reproduction, and/or survival (Franklin et al 2002).
One of the important features of this phenomenon is an
increase in edge length relative to the forest area, particular-
ly in small habitat fragments (Laurance 1991, Laurance &
Yensen 1991, Murcia 1995, Laurance et al 2007, De
Carvalho ...
ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON THE NATURAL ECOSYSTEM OF THE NARAN VALLEY IN THE ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
People derive many essential goods from plant resources, including food, medicines and fodder. However, the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services and their role in the support of human well-being is often poorly understood. Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity including rare and endangered plant species. They also provide a home to some 12% of the world's human population, who use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilise local natural resources. The Himalayas are the world's youngest and largest mountain range that supports a high plant biodiversity and hence provides many ecosystem services. Due to remote location, harsh climate, rough terrain and topography, many areas in the Himalayas have been still poorly known for their vegetation ecosystem services. The people in the Naran Valley, in the western Himalayas, depend upon local plant resources for a range of services and goods, from grazing for livestock to use of medicinal plants. During this study abundance and uses of each species were computed using computational ecology; principal components analysis (PCA) and response curves (RC) using CANOCO. The analyses showed an increasing trend of grazing, but with a decrease in fodder availability, with altitude increase in the valley. The assessment of such ecosystem services may assist in developing conservation strategies, especially for endangered mountain ecosystems.
Ethno-ecological importance of plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems with...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity and a large number of endangered plant species
many of which are ecological indicators of those specific habitats. The Himalayas are the world’s youngest,
highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. People living in this region
use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilize local natural resources and hence have valuable
understanding about their surroundings. Many areas within this region still remain poorly known for
their floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem services, yet the indigenous
people depend heavily upon local plant resources and, through unsustainable use, can cause an
irreversible loss of plant species. The valley used in this study is typical of such areas and occupies
a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the western Himalayan range, close to the Hindu
Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on geological
and climatic divides, which further add to its ecological interest. This paper focuses on (i) identification
of ecological indicators at various elevation zones across an altitudinal range of 2450–4100 m and
(ii) recognition of social perceptions of plant species populations based on the ecosystem services that
they provide. We used robust approaches to identify the plant indicator species of various elevation
zones. Using phytosociological techniques, Importance Values (IVs) for each plant species were calculated.
The statistical package PCORDS was used to evaluate the species area curves and indicator species
for each elevation zone. Data attribute plots derived from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using
CANOCO were deployed to illustrate the location of indicator species in each habitat type. Furthermore,
the social perceptions of the local inhabitants as to whether the populations of the recorded species
were increasing or decreasing over the recent past were recorded. We argue that the assessment of
ecological indicators combined with the ecological knowledge of the indigenous population can assist
in developing priorities for local and regional conservation strategies, especially for fragile mountain
ecosystems.
Phyto climatic gradient of vegetation and habitat specificity in the high ele...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Phyto-climatic gradient and ecological indicators can be used to understand the requirements, long term management and conservation strategies of natural habitats and species. For this purpose phytosociological attributes were measured using quadrats along transects on different slope aspects across an elevation range of 2450-4400 m. The 198 recorded plant species were placed in five Raunkiaer life form classes among which the Hemicryptophytes (51%) dominate the flora of the study area followed by Phanerophytes and Cryptophytes (Geophytes) with 15 and 13% dominance respectively. Therophytes and Chamaephytes are represented by smaller numbers (12 & 10% each). The phyto-climatic gradient of the vegetation was evaluated using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Phyto-climatic relationships show that Phanerophytes especially tree species are widely distributed on northern aspect slopes whilst shrubs are more dominant on southern aspect slopes. Woody plants are dominant at lower altitudes (2450-2800 m), with a much smaller proportion occurring at middle elevations (2800-3300 m) whilst higher (3300-3900 m) and highest elevations (3900-4400 m) are dominated mainly by hemi-cryptophytes and cryptophytes. Our findings further elucidate that vegetation changes gradually from moist-cool temperate Phanerophytic and Chamaephytic elements to dry-cold subalpine and alpine herbaceous Cryptophytic and Hemi-cryptophytic vegetation in the upper elevations. Assessment of life forms and ecological gradient provide a basis for more extensive conservation studies on biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. Our findings further advocate that the Naran Valley appears to be at a transitional floristic position bridging the contrasting moist and dry temperate zones of the Sino-Japanese and Irano-Turanian floristic regions.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic ...Écio Diniz
Characterised with its immense biodiversity and high levels of endemism, the Atlantic Tropical Forest has been facing serious anthropogenic threats over the last several decades, demanding for such activities and their effects to be closely studied and monitored as part of the forest dynamics.
Cattle farming, expanding agricultural land areas and mining have reduced the Atlantic Forest to many small patches of vegetation. As a result, important ecosystem services, such as carbon stock, are steadily diminishing as the biomass decreases.
Brazilian researchers, led by Dr. Écio Souza Diniz, Federal University of Viçosa, spent a decade monitoring a semi-deciduous forest located in an ecological park in Southeast Brazil. Their observations are published in the open access Biodiversity Data Journal.
The team surveyed two stands within the forest to present variations in the structure and diversity of the plants over time, along with their dynamics, including mortality and establishment rates. They based their findings on the most abundant tree species occurring within each stand.
At the forest stands, the most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation are concluded to be trees larger than 20 cm in diameter, which characterise advanced successional stage within the forest.
"It is fundamental that opportunities to monitor conserved sites of the Atlantic Forest are taken, so that studies about their dynamics are conducted in order to better understand how they work," note the scientists.
"The information from such surveys could improve the knowledge about the dynamics at anthropised and fragmented sites compared with protected areas."
Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2017-08-decade-dynamics-atlantic-tropical-forest.html#jCp
The participatory management plan is a technical, legal and social device that joins the objectives of biodiversity conservation and the socio-economic needs of local populations. This research work aims to evaluate the impact of Wari-Maro classified forest management plan implementation on the structure and specific diversity of vegetation types. The methodological approach followed is based on the comparison of the dendrometric parameters and plant diversity parameters before and after the management plan implementation. The phytosociological and dendrometric database before the management plan was compiled with data from the forest inventory conducted by PAMF project in 2004 and others work. The forest and phytosociological inventories were carried out on the plots (70) from the forest inventory of PAMF project (2004) following the same methodological principles. The Shannon diversity index decreased from 3.35 ± 0.57 bits in 2004 to 1.98 ± 0.73 bits in 2014. The average density of dbh trees ≥ 10 cm decreased from 740.37 ± 269 , 86 stems / ha in 2004 to 184 ± 100 stems / ha in 2014. The results of the 5% sample matched t-test reveal a non-significant difference between the Shannon Diversity Index of 2004 and of 2014. On the other hand, the results of the sample t-test matched at the 5% threshold, reveal a significant difference between the average density value of 2004 and 2014 for all vegetation types except shrub savannas, fields and fallows. Most of the plant species found before the management plan are still present despite the decreased in individuals’ density.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Growth and increase of a Pinuspatula plantation with fertilization and thinni...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Thinning and fertilization of forest plantations are forestry practices that are necessary to obtain an increase in the annual volume growth, mean increment and periodic increment (AMI and API) which allow shortening the commercial shift maintaining the same volumes at the time of harvest. In this study, the effect of thinning and fertilization on the growth and increase in Pinuspatula plantations was evaluated, which were established in 1998 in Huayacocotla, Veracruz, Mexico. A 22 factorial experiment was set up in the plantation in order to evaluate the thinning and fertilization factors with two levels each. The experimental unit was a 10x10 m plot. Three repetitions were established per treatment. An residual basal area of 21m2 ha-1was obtained in the thinned plots of the plantation. The average basal area in the unthinned plots was 42 m2 ha-1. The fertilization doses were: 1.4; 0.4; 8.34 kg of urea, calcium triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively. Fertilization (treatment 3) increased the volume and the AMI 2012, 2013 and 2014. Thinning (treatment 2) tended to increase the API slightly.
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICSEucalyptus Edge Effect on QEvonCanales257
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS
Eucalyptus Edge Effect on Quercus-Herbivore Interactions
in a Neotropical Temperate Forest
C HERNÁNDEZ-SANTIN1, M CUAUTLE1 , M DE LAS N BARRANCO-LEÓN2, J GARCÍA-GUZMÁN1, El BADANO2,
F LUNA-CASTELLANOS1
1Depto de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
2División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
AbstractKeywords
Quercus , herbivory, edge effect,
Lepidoptera caterpillars
Correspondence
M Cuautle, Depto de Ciencias Químico
Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla,
Cholula, Puebla, Mexico; [email protected]
hotmail.com
Edited by Martin F Pareja – UNICAMP
Received 18 June 2018 and accepted 26
April 2019
* Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 2019
Fragmentation leads to the formation of edges between habitats, which in
turn changes biotic and abiotic factors that might influence herbivory or
plant-herbivory interactions. The aims of this study were to describe the
herbivory community associated with oak (Quercus) and to determine the
effects of proximity to a Eucalyptus edge and season on insect herbivory.
We selected three forest sites that were subsequently divided into three
quadrants located at different distances from the Eucalyptus edge: edge
(0 m), intermediate (30 m), and oak forest interior (60 m). We randomly
selected 10 oak trees per quadrant and conducted monthly surveys, during
the dry and rainy season (from February to October 2010), where we
quantified leaf area and the percentage of herbivory. These were analyzed
using linear mixed models, with distance and season as fixed factors and
individual and site as random factors. The primary oak herbivores were
Lepidoptera caterpillars. We found that herbivory increased away from
the edge but just during the rainy season, although higher herbivory levels
were found during the dry season. These results seem to be related to a
specialist community of herbivorous associated to the Quercus. This study
emphasizes the importance of considering border effect, especially within
Natural Protected Areas to establish strategies to improve and maintain
native oak forest and the biodiversity of its Lepidoptera herbivorous
community.
Introduction
Landscape modification due to anthropogenic activities (e.g.,
land conversion to agricultural or livestock) has resulted in
habitat fragmentation, one of the major threats for forest
conservation (Buckley 2000, Franklin et al 2002).
Fragmentation is defined as the disruption or breakdown of
large vegetation patches into smaller ones resulting in a dis-
continuity of resource distribution that affects species occu-
pancy, reproduction, and/or survival (Franklin et al 2002).
One of the important features of this phenomenon is an
increase in edge length relative to the forest area, particular-
ly in small habitat fragments (Laurance 1991, Laurance &
Yensen 1991, Murcia 1995, Laurance et al 2007, De
Carvalho ...
ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON THE NATURAL ECOSYSTEM OF THE NARAN VALLEY IN THE ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
People derive many essential goods from plant resources, including food, medicines and fodder. However, the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services and their role in the support of human well-being is often poorly understood. Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity including rare and endangered plant species. They also provide a home to some 12% of the world's human population, who use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilise local natural resources. The Himalayas are the world's youngest and largest mountain range that supports a high plant biodiversity and hence provides many ecosystem services. Due to remote location, harsh climate, rough terrain and topography, many areas in the Himalayas have been still poorly known for their vegetation ecosystem services. The people in the Naran Valley, in the western Himalayas, depend upon local plant resources for a range of services and goods, from grazing for livestock to use of medicinal plants. During this study abundance and uses of each species were computed using computational ecology; principal components analysis (PCA) and response curves (RC) using CANOCO. The analyses showed an increasing trend of grazing, but with a decrease in fodder availability, with altitude increase in the valley. The assessment of such ecosystem services may assist in developing conservation strategies, especially for endangered mountain ecosystems.
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Our journal provides a platform for researchers to disseminate their work on next-generation technologies. In an era where innovation is the driving force behind progress, JST plays a crucial role in shaping the discourse on emerging technologies, thus contributing to their rapid development and implementation. JST recognizes the importance of effective marketing strategies in the academic world.
Ecological assessment of plant communities along the edaphic and topographic ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
A study was conducted to explore the plant biodiversity and vegetation structure of Biha Valley, District Swat, Pakistan. On the basis of the physiognomy of the vegetation the study area was divided into 19 stands. Line transect (50 m) method was used to sample the phytosociological attributes of the study area. PCORD software (version 5) was used to recognize communities by two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and CANOCO software (version 5) for ordination analysis was done for detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to find variation directories of different plant species. Different life-form classes and leaf size spectra were recorded according to the Raunkiaer classification. The floristic composition of the area consists of 203 plant species belonging to 154 genera and 70 families. The biological spectrum of the area indicated that
Therophytes was dominant with 46.60% among the life-classes, followed by Hemicryptophytes having 15.53%. Leaf spectra of study area revealed that Microphylls was dominant (41.26%) followed by Nanophylls (32.04%). Seven plant communities were recognized by TWINSPAN classification, which showed that species diversity decreased with altitude. Moreover, the result indicates the importance of soil organic matter in top soil layers for plant species distribution. The increases in soil nutrients (OM, P, N, and K), improvement in site conditions (community cover, depth of litter, depth of humus, soil water
content) and decrease in soil bulk density indicated the natural habitat restoration following abandonment.
Vegetation mapping and multivariate approach to indicator species of a forest...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract
Questions
Does the plant species composition of Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) correlate with edaphic, topographic and climatic variables? Is it possible to identify different plant communities in relation to environmental gradients with special emphasis on indicator species? Can this approach to vegetation classification support conservation planning?
Location
Thandiani sub Forests Division, Western Himalayas.
Methods
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of species along with environmental variables were measured using a randomly stratified design to identify the major plant communities and indicator species of the Thandiani sub Forests Division. Species composition was recorded in 10 × 2.5 × 2 and 0.5 × 0.5 m square plots for trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. GPS, edaphic and topographic data were also recorded for each sample plot. A total of 1500 quadrats were established in 50 sampling stations along eight altitudinal transects encompassing eastern, western, northern and southern aspects (slopes). The altitudinal range of the study area was 1290 m to 2626 m above sea level using. The relationships between species composition and environmental variables were analyzed using Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) via PCORD version 5.
Results
A total of 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identified. TWCA and ISA recognized five plant communities. ISA additionally revealed that mountain slope aspect, soil pH and soil electrical conductivity were the strongest environmental factors (p ≤ 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment-species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
Conclusions
An analysis of vegetation along an environmental gradient in the Thandiani sub Forests Division using the Braun-Blanquet approach confirmed by robust tools of multivariate statistics identified indicators of each sort of microclimatic zones/vegetation communities which could further be used in conservation planning and management not only in the area studied but in the adjacent regions exhibit similar sort of environmental conditions.
Importance Value Index IVI of Tree Species and Diversity of Baturiya Hadejia ...ijtsrd
Tree species inventory and diversity studies help to understand the species composition and determine the information for forest conservation. This research evaluates the importance value index IVI of tree species and diversity at Baturiya Hadejia Wetland National Park. Three Plots of 100 x 100m2 were systematically laid in three habitats Swampy, Fadama and Wetland . Importance value Index IVI was determined. Acacia sieberana had the highest value of 39.8 , followed by Adonsonia digitata 35.4 and Anogeissus leiocarpus 34.6 , the least recorded stem ha was Aristolochis albida, Calostropis procera, Celosia argentea and Eragrostis gangetica with 11.2 . A total of 958 stem ha belonging to 83 species were distributed to 63 genera and 36 families were enumerated. Acacia sieberana had the dominant stems ha of 0.31 , and Hyphaene thebaica 0.21 , Ziziphus mauritiania 0.19 , Balanite aegyptiaca 0.17 , and Piliotigma recticulatum 0.16 which recorded as Co dominant stems ha. Species with stem ha of 1 were recorded the least with 0.01 . Shanon weiner diversity index was computed with 3.32, richness 2.70 and evenness 0.75. Out of 36 families, Fabaceae had the highest of 18.07 stems ha followed by Moraceae 9.64 stems ha and families with least stem ha were recorded 1.21 , the similarities index of biodiversity summary was also recorded 12 respectively. However, study suggest conservation strategies to protect woody species against anthropogenic pressures, rather than following a strict protectionist approach in the management of the Park. Yakubu Mustapha | Sunusi Adamu | Abdulrashid Inuwa "Importance Value Index (IVI) of Tree Species and Diversity of Baturiya Hadejia Wetland National Park, Jigawa State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49306.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49306/importance-value-index-ivi-of-tree-species-and-diversity-of-baturiya-hadejia-wetland-national-park-jigawa-state-nigeria/yakubu-mustapha
As climate changes, the effects of forest diseases on forestecosystems will change. We review knowledge of relationshipsbetween climate variables and several forest diseases, as well as current evidence of how climate, host and pathogen interactions are responding or might respond to climate change. Many forests can be managed to both adapt to climate change and minimize the undesirable effects of expected increases in tree mortality. We discuss four types of forest and disease manage-ment tactics – monitoring, forecasting, planning and mitigation – and provide case studies of yellow-cedar decline and sudden aspen decline to illustrate how forest diseases might be managed in the face of climate change. The uncertainties inherent to climate change effects can be diminished by conducting research, assessing risks, and linking results to forest policy, planning and decision making.
Floristic composition, diversity and structure of woody vegetation in the agr...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this study is to characterize the current status of woody species in agrosystems and to identify ecologically important woody species that favor agriculture-livestock integration in the context of strong anthropic pressures in the Maradi region. The ground forest inventory method was used to characterize woody vegetation in three sites in the departments of Dakoro (north), Guidan Roumdji (center) and Madarounfa (south). A total of 187 plots were installed, each with a surface area of 2500m². Data collected included species list, total height, diameter at 1.30m from the ground and both perpendicular diameters of the crown, and natural regeneration of woody species. The results show that the southern zone has more species (17) divided into 9 families, followed by the central zone with 16 species and 12 families and finally the northern zone with 9 species and 7 families. The diversity decreases from the south (3.01 bites), center (2.27) and north (1.76 bites). As for the dendrometric parameters, the difference is significant (P ˂ 0.000) with greater values of average height, diameter at 1.30 m from the ground and basal area of the trees in the southern area. It is not significant between ecological zones the basal area of trees (P = 0.9). Faidherbia albida and Piliostigma reticulatum were the most ecologically important species distributed in all three zones. The overall diameter class and height structure imputed by the dominant species shows a negative skewed distribution of the disturbed stand in all three ecological zones. Regeneration is 747±65 (ft/ha), 2136±177 (ft/ha), and 1018±63 (ft/ha) in the north, center, and south, respectively, with a highly significant difference (P=0.000). This regeneration is an important source for re-greening the fields if maintained. This study provides important results that can be used to refine the management of agroforestry parks for various ecosystem services for the benefit of populations.
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity in montane eco...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background Conservation of the unique biodiversity of mountain ecosystems needs trans-disciplinary approaches to succeed in a crowded colloquial world. Geographers, conservationists, ecologists and social scientists have, in the past, had the same conservation goals but have tended to work independently. In this review, the need to integrate different conservation criteria and methodologies is discussed. New criteria are offered for prioritizing species and habitats for conservation in montane ecosystems that combine both ecological and social data.
Scope Ecological attributes of plant species, analysed through robust community statistical packages, provide unbiased classifications of species assemblages and environmental biodiversity gradients and yield importance value indices (IVIs). Surveys of local communities’ utilization of the vegetation provides use values (UVs). This review suggests a new means of assessing anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity at both species and community levels by integrating IVI and UV data sets in a combined analysis.
Conclusions Mountain ecosystems are hot spots for plant conservation efforts because they hold a high overall plant diversity as communities replace each other along altitudinal and climatic gradients, including a high proportion of endemic species. This review contributes an enhanced understanding of (1) plant diversity in mountain ecosystems with special reference to the western Himalayas; (2) ethnobotanical and ecosystem service values of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts; and (3) local and regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
The current analyses of vegetation were aimed to study the different effects of environmental variables on plant species and communities and their combined interactions to these variables, identified threats to local vegetation and suggestion for remedial measures in the Mount Eelum, Swat, Pakistan. For assessment of environmental variability quantitative ecological techniques were used through quadrats having sizes of 2 × 2, 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 m2 for herbs, shrubs and trees respectively. Result of the present study revealed 124 plant species in the study area. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the ecological gradient of vegetation. The environmental data and species abundance were used in CANOCO software version 4.5. The presence absence data of plant species were elaborated with Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysis techniques using PC-ORD version 5 to show different species composition that resulted in five plant communities. Findings indicate that elevation, aspect and soil texture are the strongest variables that have significant effect on species composition and distribution of various communities shown with P value 0.0500. It is recommended to protect and use sensibly whole of the Flora normally and rare species particularly in the region.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Similar to A numerical analysis of understory plant associations in a Pinus wallichiana forest, Pakistan | Jbes vol-18-no-5 (20)
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
Catchment degradation has continued to occur globally albeit the presence of Community Forest Associations (CFA) and Water Resource Users Associations (WRUA). Similarly, Kilungu catchment area in Kenya is under the management of the Kenze (CFA) and upper Kaiti (WRUA). This paper examined Kenze CFA and Upper Kaiti WRUA activities by exploring their effectiveness in discharging their statutory functions. This was achieved by carrying out, an exploratory descriptive survey. Data was collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, 10 key informants’ interviews and direct observations. Descriptive analysis was used. Information was presented in fig.s, tables and percentages. Results showed that upper Kaiti WRUA as more effective in catchment management at moderately (31%) and highly at (37%) as compared to CFA moderately (29%) and highly (5%). In terms of discharging of their statutory functions, Upper Kaiti WRUA was better at a rating of 27% (good) and 23% (very good) as compared to Kenze CFA which was rated at 3% (good) and 6% (very good). This study results implied that Upper Kaiti WRUA was more effective in all aspects of ensuring catchment management as opposed to CFA. In conclusion, a strategy of seizing the opportunities presented by the CFA of being empowered to perform all its activities as required by law with emphasis on the timely preparation and implementation of management plans and WRUA’s continuous improvement should be prioritized. The study recommends new initiatives that improve on the CFA and WRUA activities in order to effectively discharge on their statutory functions.
Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
DRAFT NRW Recreation Strategy - People and Nature thriving together
A numerical analysis of understory plant associations in a Pinus wallichiana forest, Pakistan | Jbes vol-18-no-5
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
19 | Noor et al.
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
A numerical analysis of understory plant associations in a
Pinus wallichiana forest, Pakistan
Salma Noor*1
, Muhammad Hashim1
, Adeela Altaf2
, Eamon Bushra1
, Asia Bibi1
,
Nazir Ahmad1
, Shaheen Qadir1
, Ishtiaq Ahmad1
, Altaf Ahmad Dasti3
1
South Punjab Institute of Science and Technology, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
2
Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
3
Director, South Punjab Institute of Science and Technology, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
Article published on May 30, 2021
Key words: Gradient analysis, Elevation gradient, Multivariate analysis, Under story vegetation
Abstract
The present investigation describes the structure and vegetation composition of the forest located in Murree
Hills, Punjab, Pakistan. The study area is a part of Himalayans moist temperate forest. The vegetation zone
entirely consists of shrubs or medium size trees. The plants give the appearance of a vast flower bed, composed
principally of herbaceous species. These species are adapted to withstand the extremes of cold and desiccation.
Study area range in altitude from 2100m-2300 m (A.S.L.). A total of 65 species, belonging to 62 genera and 39
families were recorded from 40 stands. Angiosperms contributed a major share while Pteridophytes contributed
little to the floristic richness of the area. Data were analyzed by multivariate statistics including Cluster Analysis,
Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and correlation co-efficient to detect the relations between
altitudinal and some environmental factors with composition and structure of the plant communities. DCA axis 1
and axis 2 were used to interpret the data. Four vegetation types were delineated by Cluster Analysis which was
then plotted on the first two axes a scattered diagram. The outcome of the cluster was confirmed by using DCA.
There were significant differences in the flora composition as well as the edaphic factors along the altitudinal
gradient. The results of the present investigation suggest a direct altitudinal and soil chemical factors pH, EC,
cations and anions on the vegetation variation. Topography predicts species composition of the study area.
*Corresponding Author: Salma Noor hashimfaiz@rocketmail.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 18, No. 5, p. 19-34, 2021
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
20 | Noor et al.
Introduction
In northern areas of Pakistan, the Hindu Kush-
Himalayan Mountains generally dispersed with
natural vegetation forest patches that are dominated
by Pinus wallichiana. Himalayan forests are essential
for preventing soil erosion, water preservation and
wood (Rahman et al., 2017). Himalayan forests are
distributed with hardwood and mixed-wood forests
(Yu and Sun, 2013). Coniferous forests are lesser
favourable to biodiversity than hard or mixed wood
forests (Barbier et al., 2008). Understory vegetation
in coniferous forests proposed that, the community
composition and vegetative structure of over story
plant species can be predictable to influence on the
understory plant species diversity (Bratton, 1976). It
is necessary to revise the effect of over story species
on the understory vegetation (Rahman et al., 2017).
Topographically the area is characterized by series of
arduous mountain ranges created 45 million years
ago. These mountain range is transverse the valley in
north-south direction. So the important topographic
factors that exert most influence on vegetation of the
study area are aspect and slope pitches. Most of the
variations in community composition are due to
altitudinal limits of plant vegetation types (Saima et
al., 2009). The two habitats i.e. run on and run off
often differ in plant communities in mountains
(Wazir et al., 2008). Diverse understory plant
communities preserve significant herbaceous
vegetation further than any cause on growth or
nutrients. Communities composition of understory
vegetation shows the impact of tree line species,
which have involved very little spot (Knapp, 1958),
diverse vegetation stands, little stands or vegetation
exact to area (Ovington, 1955). Herbaceous vegetation
contributes significantly to ecological unit
implementation in forests (Augusto et al., 2003).
Conversely, little studies have compared understory
vegetation along with coniferous plant species
(Barbier et al. 2008).
Understory vegetation acting an important character
in developing forest ecosystem structure and
vegetation function, which facilitate the energy
stream, nutrient revolving and disturbing canopy
sequence like a forest ecosystem driver (Huo et al.
2014). Even though the understory vegetation shares
comparatively modest to the entire forest plant
biomass, it accounts for the major share of floristic
range (Huo et al. 2014). Furthermore, various
understory vegetation increases forest structural
difficulty and gives place, shelter and food for other
biotic groups (Whigham 2004).
Diversity structure and species composition, of
understory forest vegetation are key to given that
composite structure and conserve native vegetation
inside the forests (Halpern, 1995). The understory
plant species gives territory and foodstuff for
vegetation communities (Felton et al., 2010), and
perform as a driver of nutrient cycling (Hart et al.,
2006), stand productivity (Chavez and Macdonald,
2012) and forest regeneration and succession
(Nilsson and Wardle, 2005). Thus, the understory
plant communities and biodiversity are important
objectives for sustainable forest managing, useful
woodland biodiversity preservation, and flourishing
forest restitution (Hart et al., 2006)
Topography appears a significant feature that
controls variety and yield in temperate deciduous
vegetation of the study area. Topography affects
environmental conditions and understanding to
ordinary turbulence, such as wind, which influence
the demographic process of enlargement (Whitemore,
1973), mortality and tree recruitment (Kubota et al.,
2004). Recent it is studies that various condition of
that spot contributes to the protection of species
luxury (Tuomisto et al., 2003).
Changes in understory plant species require durable
shift in plant community and landscape. However it is
one of the least considered area of the forest ecology
(Rees and Juday, 2002). Various study verified that
active understory plant species alteration significantly
with the over story species (Hart and Chen, 2006; Yu
and Sun, 2013), position management (Barbier et al.,
2008), light sources (Hart and Chen, 2006), litter
properties (Yu and Sun, 2013), geography (Hart and
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
21 | Noor et al.
Chen, 2006) and edaphic factors (Chavez and
Macdonald, 2010; Hart and Chen, 2006). Plant
communities are divided from each other with a
distinguishing floristic composition (Eshaghi-Rad et
al., 2009). Classification of plant communities are
mostly depends on soil variable factors of spot (BiBi
et al., 2020). The herbaceous vegetation developed at
the base of the forests, which have a small life span
and less changes occurs with the ecological factors.
During the high conditions varieties classification of
forest site normally reported (Schmidt, 2005).
Altitudinal gradient has an overriding importance in
the allocation of herbaceous vegetation and
determining the boundaries of plant communities
(Dasti and Malik, 1998). Comparison of wet
temperate forests a contrasting altitude have shown
that mountain forests are poorest in species, families
and floristically distinct from low land forests
(Richards, 1954). Longitudinal gradients evaluate
ecological and biogeographically theory of variety
richness and their interaction with climate (Korner,
2000). Climatic variables influence species richness
beside the altitudinal gradients for all types of
existing species (Whittaker et al., 2001).
Elevation itself represents a combination of
correlated climatic variables with several other
ecological properties like texture and nutrients
availability (Ramsay and Oxley, 1997). Inside the
altitude the other factors like topography, aspect,
direction of slope and soil type also effect on
community composition (Holland and Steyn, 1975).
Drought signifying factors such as duration of arid
stage and rising water shortage are further key factor
in determining the species distribution (Bongers et
al., 1999). Conversely, numerous others explanation
have been known for a linear correlation between
species richness and altitude (Sharma et al., 2009).
The understory plant species supplies a major total of
nutrients of forests in stand development and may
possibly changes in forest ecosystem (Hornung et al.,
1990). Current knowledge is the correlation between
vegetation and environmental parameters in various
vegetation types of Pakistan. These are mostly based
on ecological conditions from field experience and
analysis (Haq and Khattak, 1982). It may also
influence the soil micro-biota and weathering of soil
nutrients (Hinsinger et al,. 1993).
The importance of edaphic conditions in the
distribution of plant species has been studied by
many workers in tropical and subtropical forests. The
soils of these forests are derived from a very wide
range of parent materials and are more or less
immature. These soils are usually acidic in reaction.
These discontinuities in edaphic conditions and small
scale heterogeneity in these factors is common feature
of mountain landscape. Such environmental
heterogeneity is important in shaping plant
communities because species differ both in space and
time (Hutchings et al., 2000; James et al., 2003). The
topography had some other factor that generally
influence on vegetation composition and progression
as well as plant height, availability of water and
nutrients. However comparable statistics are lacking
from the temperate forests of Pakistan.
The main objectives of the present research are:
To provide more detailed information about
vegetation composition and structure of the
understory vegetation.
To understand the plant communities relationship
and their effects on understory vegetation to the
understory vegetation.
To investigate the effects of soil varieties on ground
vegetation
Materials and methods
Study Area
The study area was located in Murree Hills, Punjab,
Pakistan (Fig. 5). The reserved forest under
investigation was located at 33-55 to 43-20 N
Latitude and 72-20 to 73-30 E Longitudes. The
overall altitude of the forest was 2,291 meters (7,516
ft) and occupied the northern slopes in a mountain
landscape.
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
22 | Noor et al.
The bed rocks were sedimentary consists of
limestone, shale and sandstone ranging in age from
Triassic to Eocene. The soil was mostly skeletal,
loamy with a good mix of sand and gravel (Saima et
al., 2010). The overall climate was wet temperate
continental type (Fig. 1). The area was quite
heterogeneous in topography and vegetation.
Fig. 1. Study area on Murree Hills.
Climate
Climatically the area was moist temperate continental
type with cold winters and mild to pleasant summer
(Saima et al., 2010). The minimum temperature in
winter season falls well below the freezing point.
The mean annual rainfall is above 1,500mm. The
precipitation received in the form of snowy winters.
Snowfall during winter may accumulate to 3–7m at
various places. Most of the rainfall is received during
monsoon period from July to August while May,
June, September and October are the driest.
The south west aspect facing the monsoon winds has
a much higher and better distributed rain fall than the
opposite north east aspect which is rain shadow,
Relative humidity measured range 60–70% (Khan,
1998,).The average annual temperature in Murree
is14°C. At an average temperature of 21.0°C, June is
the hottest month of the year. The lowest average
temperature in the year occurs in January, when it is
around 4°C.The average mean minimum and
maximum temperature 10°C and 18°C respectively.
November, December, January and February remain
the coldest months while the other months are
moderate with pleasant temperature. The monthly data
of temperature in the study area is shown in Fig. (2).
Fig. 2. Mean, Mean Maximum and Mean Minimum
monthly Temperature in (°C) of Murree.
Fig. 3. Climatic condition of Murree Hills.
Precipitation
The study areas are located broadly in wet temperate
forest climatic zone, with long, frozen winters and short,
cold summers; in early autumn, chilly winds bring
temperatures down (Fig. 3). Precipitation is received
year round with two maxima, first one during winter and
second one at summer July-August.
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
23 | Noor et al.
Monthly report of precipitation is given in Fig. 4.
Total mean annual precipitation is 1,29mm. The
average depth of snow accumulation in winter is
about 1.5 m and may be more on mountain peaks.
Estimated mean precipitation ranges from 900mm to
1350mm (Khan, 1989).
Fig. 4. Average values of monthly Rainfall in (mm) at
Murree Hills.
Vegetation sampling
Sampling strategy was intended to cover the study
area sufficiently to achieve maximum spatial
heterogeneity in vegetation and floristic. The main
focus of the present investigation was to understand
the pattern understory vegetation in temperate
canopied forests. Specimens of all varieties were
collected in very careful ways for the determination of
identification and classification. Collected plant
specimen species were grouped in their taxonomic
families also arranged in alphabetic forms. Standard
herbarium techniques were used to preserve the plant
material. To achieve the purpose a five kilometer long
transect was laid across the canopied forest selected
during the field survey. A total of 40 stands were
delimited along the right side of the transect from
south west to north east. A stand of 2 x 100 m was
used to monitor vegetation parameters. The presence
or absence of all the vascular plant species including
ferns were noted in each stand.
Soil Sampling
During survey in each sampling point soil samples
were collected. Soil samples were air dried in field. All
types of debris coming from plant with soil were
removed from meshed soil by using sieving method.
The lasting soil samples were directed to lab and
subjected to chemical analysis
Fig. 5. Map of the Study area Ayubia National Park.
Data analysis
Diversity
A floristic data matrix of 65 species and 40 stands
were used to determine the the species richness and
diversity by multivariate analysis using MVSP
statistical software.
Vegetation Classification and Gradient Analysis
For vegetation zonation and classification Cluster
Analysis was used (Saima et al., 2009). In order to
explore the possible detailed pattern of distribution of
species Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA)
was performed (Shaheen et al., 2011).
Environment Correlation
The correlation was made between stands score of
DCA 1 and 2 axes and ecological variables. These
classifications were made with the help of MINITAB-
a statistical computer package. Appropriate graphs
were drawn to illustrate the difference between the
plant associations delineated by the cluster analysis
ANOVA
Differences in soil parameters between the
associations identified by cluster analysis were
assessed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). One
way analysis was preferred.
6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
24 | Noor et al.
Soil Analysis
Soil chemical reactions (pH)
Soil pH of all samples was measured by using digital
pH meter (Noor and Khatoon, 2013).
Electrical Conductivity (EC, dS/m)
The amounts of soluble salts from the saturated paste
of soils can be quantifies following (Rhoades, 1982).
Organic matter (O.M,%)
Organic carbon was determined by following
Walkely and Black’s methods.
% O.M =
ml of K2Cr2O7
Weight of sample (g) x 9.698
Soil available Nitrogen (N2,%)
Soil nitrogen was determined by Kjeldhal method. It
was calculated by following formula:
N% =
−𝟏𝟒.𝟏×𝐦𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞−𝐦𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐤 × 𝐍 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝
𝐖𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐨𝐟𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 (𝐠)
× 𝟏𝟎
Phosphorus (P, ppm)
Available soil phosphorous was determined by
spectro-photometerically.
Potassium (𝐾+
)
The available soil cations Potassium (K+
) were
measured with the help of Micro processor Flame
(Model-1385, Auto gas cutoff- 2018) following BiBi
et al., 2020.
Results
Floristic composition
A total of 65 species, belonging to 62 genera and 39
families were recorded from 40 stands. Angiosperms
contributed a major share while Pteridophytes
contributed little to the floristic richness of the area.
Pteridophytes included families of Pteridaceae and
Dryopteridaceae. Angiosperm monocotyledonous
with 3 species contributed 5% to the floristic richness
of the area while dicotyledonous with 62 species
contributed 92% of the total floristic riches of the
area. Among these Rosaceae with 6 species (15%)
followed by Lamiaceae with 5 species (13%)
Asteraceae with 3 species (5%) have major
contribution (Table 1).
The remaining families contributed little (< 4%) share
to the floristic richness of the area. Among the life
forms, herbs (74%) contributed the more share followed
by shrubs (18%), climbers (5%) and fern (3%) which is
shown in Fig. 6. Important herbs present Achyranthes
bidentata, Aster falconeri, Berberis vulgaris, Bergenia
ciliata, Buplerum condellei, Cerastium davuricum,
Corydalis stewartii, Euphorbia wallichii, Fragaria
indica, Gallium aparine, Geranium rotundifolium,
Geranium wallichianum, Origanum vulgare, Oxalis
corniculata, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major,
Plectranthus rugosus, Polygnum humile, Polygonatum
multforum, Rannunculus sceleratus, Rumex nepalensis,
spirea vaccinifolia, Viola biflora and Wulfenia
amherstiana etc.
The shrubs included Clematis montana, Desmodium
concinum, Indigofera geradiana, Lavetra
kashmerian, Lonicera webbian, Rosa microphyl,
Sorberia tomentosa, Strobilenthes urticifolia, Rubus
fructicosus and Vibernum cotinifolium. The important
ferns are Adiantum venustum Dryopteris ramose and
Onychium contigium while climbers are Dioscorea
deltoid, Hedera nepalensis, Jasminium officinale etc.
Fig. 6. Graph shows the percentage of life forms
occurrence.
Table 1. Proportion (%) of family, genera and
species.
Groups Species Genera Family Percent of
total (%)
Angiosperm Dicot 59 56 33 90%
Monocot 3 3 3 5%
Fern 3 3 3 5%
Total 65 62 39 100%
7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
25 | Noor et al.
Vegetation ecology
Diversity and Floristic Richness
Species Richness and diversity indices were
determined by using the presence absence data of
species. Observed values of Shannon diversity (H´) in
the study area ranged between 2.60 to 2.91, where
high values indicate high diversity (Table 2) the
values estimated for species richness (SR) ranged
from 8.8 to 14.0, with high values representing high
richness per unit area. The results (4.4) indicated that
species richness increased with decreased in elevation
along the transect. The lower end of the transect
exhibited maximum value (19.0), while minimum
were recorded in the top most end of the transect
having species richness < 9 species per unit area. The
results (Table: correlation) suggested a strong
positive correlation with altitude (*P<0.05,
**P<0.001, ***P<0.0001).
Table 2. Shannon’s Diversity Index Evenness and
Species Richness in 40 stand values.
Associations Elevation
(M A.S.L.)
H´ Species
Richness
Association
A
2100-
2150
2.60 13.6
Association
B
2150 -
2200
2.91 19.0
Association
C
2200 –
2250
2.10 9.0
Association
D
2250 -
2300
2.70 15.0
Normal Cluster Analysis
Four plant associations were recognized by the
Normal Cluster Analysis. These associations were not
arbitrary but related to soil type and altitude. These
groups were delineated at four level of division
hierarchical diagram (Fig.7).The association A
having 8 stands (Table 3) possess Paeonia emodii
divisor species.This species was altogether absent in
rest of all the stands. At the second level 15 stands
(Association B) without Origanum vulgare,
Scrophularia lateriflora and Spiraea vaccinifolia
were separated out from the remaining having these
stands. At the third hierarchical level 5stands
(Association C) Cerastium davurcum and Stachys
emodii were separated from the rest of other
associations (Table 4). At the fourth hierarchical
level 12 stands (Association D) were separated from
the rest of other associations which possess
Gerardiana heterophyla, Hypericum dyeri, Malva
neglecta and Clematis montana as a divisor species.
Table 3. Number and list of stands in each
association identified by Normal Cluster Analysis.
Associations
No. of
Stands
List of Stands
A 08 3,4,8,10,13,21,22,23.
B 15 2,5,6,7,9,11,12,14,15,16,17,24,25,26,30.
C 05 19,35,36,37,40.
D 12 1,18,20,27,28,29,31,32,33,34,38,39.
Fig. 7. The hierarchical classification on data of 40
stands obtained from Normal Cluster Analysis.
Number of stands in each association is given in basic
shapes.
Table 4. Four associations and their divisor species
delineated by normal cluster analysis. Elevation is in
meters (m) above the sea level (A.S.I.).
Associations Elevation
(M, A.S.L)
Divisor species
A 2100-2150 (m) Paeonia emodi
B 2150-2200 (m) Origanum vulgare,
Scarzonera hispenica,
Scrophularia lateciflora ,
Spiraea vaccinifolia
C 2200-2250 (m) Cerastium davurcum,
Stachys emodii.
D 2250-2300 (m) Gerardiana heterophyla,
Hypericum dyeri,Malva
neglecta, Clematus
montana.
Association A
This association was distributed from 2100 to
21500m (A.S.L) and characterized by having Paeonia
emodii which was altogether absent from other
associations separated by Normal cluster analysis
(Table 4). The common ferns present in this
association developed during monsoon and
disappeared during the winter snow. Two fern
species Adiantum venstum and Onychium contiguum
8. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
26 | Noor et al.
were dominant and both were found in moist shady
slopes. Among the shrubs, Lonicera webbiana, Rubus
fruticosus and Viburnum grandiflorum were
commonly found under canopy or canopy gaps (Table
5). Desmodium concinum and Lavatera kashmiriana
were rare species scattered in forest meadows.
Hedera nepalensis and Dioscorea deltoidea were
common climbers in these temperate forests. Among
the two climbers, Hedera nepalensis was more
frequent here. The understory dominant herbaceous
flora in cludes Arisaema jacquemontii, Bergenia
ciliata,Buplerum condellei, Cannabis sativa,
Fragaria indica, Impatiens brachycentra,
Podophyllum emodii, Polygonatum multiflorum,
Salvia nubicola, Trifolium repens, Valeriana dentate
and Viola biflora, while Galium aparine, Geranium
wallichianum, Micromeria biflora, Rumex
nepalensis, Sorbarea tomentosa, Urtica dioica and
Wulfenia amherstiana were rare. All these species
were common on wet and damp places.
Soil
The soil of this association was slightly alkaline
showing pH >7. The loam soil of this association
showed intermediate values of most of the soil
parameters included in the present investigation. The
soil variables such as EC (2.25 ds/m), organic matter
(0.84%), Phosphorus (7.63) showed moderate values
but Nitrogen (48.78) and Potassium (212.7) were
present in low percentage.
Association B
This association was distributed from 2150 to 2200m
(A.S.L) and characterized by presence of Origanum
vulgare, Scarzonera hispenica, Scrophularia
lateciflora and Spiraea vaccinifolia. All these species
were altogether absent from other associations
recognized by Normal Cluster Analysis. The common
ferns present in this association were Adiantum
venustum, Onychium contiguum along with
Dryopteris ramose. Among the shrubs, Lonicera
webbiana, Rubus fruticosus and Vibernum
grandiflorum were commonly found under canopy
and forest gaps, while Indigofera gerardiana,
Lavatera kashmiriana and Lonicera webbiana were
rare and found on gentle slopes. Micromeria biflora,
Polygonum pubescens, Polygonum humail,
Ranunculus sceleratus, Senecio chrysanthemoides,
Traxacum officinale, Urtica dioica, Verbuscum
Thapsus and Wulfenia amherstiana were the
frequent species (Table 5). The rare species were
Arisaema jacquemontii, Aster falconeri, Berberis
vulgaris, Bergenia ciliata, Buplerum condellei,
Corydalis stewartii, Euphorbia wallichii, Galium
aparine, Heracleum maximum, Impatiens
brachycentra, Nepeta erecta, Oxalis corniculata,
Plantago lenceoleta, Podophyllum emodii, Rumex
nepalensis and Valeriana dentate.
Soil
The soil of this association was highly alkaline with
pH 7.16.The soil of this association showed high
values of soil attributes recorded in the present
investigation, this includes high percentage of: EC
(2.84 ds/m) and Organic matter (0.87%), but
Nitrogen (61.13) was moderately present. Phosphorus
and Potassium were present in low percentages (7.58
and 212.7 respectively).
Association C
This association was situated from the altitude of
2200 to 2250 m (A.S.L) and the ground flora consist
of twenty seven species of herbs, shrubs and climbers
collectively while the fern species were altogether
absent from this associations recognized by Normal
Cluster Analysis. Among the shrubs Indegofera
gerardiana was found dominating in under canopy
while Desmodium concinum, Rosa microphyla, and
Vibernum grandiflorum were occasionally occuring
species. The two species Strobilanthes urticifolia and
Rubus fructicosus were found in rare form. Other
species present more or lessin pure patche. The
understory dominant herbaceous flora comprising
Arisaema jacquemontii, Cerastium davuricum were
recorded, while Corydalis stewartii, Epilobium
angustifolium, Euphorbia wallichii, Geranium
rotundifolium, Geranium wallichianum, Impatiens
brachycentra, Jasminium officinale, Myosotis
alpestis, Oxalis corniculata, Polygonum pubescens,
Plectranthus rugosus, Polygonatum multiflorum,
potentella nepalensi and Stachys emodii were
commonly occurring species (Table 5).
9. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
27 | Noor et al.
Soil
The soil of this association was slightly alkaline with
pH (7.02) delineated by normal cluster analysis. The
soil of this association showed intermediate values
of soil attributes recorded in the present
investigation; this includes high percentage of,
Phosphorus (8.68), but EC (2.74 ds/m) and Organic
matter (0.80%) present in low percentage. Nitrogen
(63.80) and Potassium (237.6) were present in
intermediate percentage.
Association D
This association was situated from the altitude of
2250 to 2300m (A.S.L) and characterized by
Gerardiana heterophyla, Hypericum dyeri, Malva
neglecta and Clematus montana, which were
altogether absent from other associations recognized
by Normal Cluster Analysis (Table 5). The common
ferns species dominated with Adiantum venstum,
dryopteris ramose and Onychium contiguum were
dominant and found in under moist shady rocky
slopes. Among the shrubs, Lonicera webbiana and
Sorbarea tomentosa were commonly found in under
canopy. The Indigofera gerardiana, Rosa
microphyla, Rubus fruiticosus and Vibernum
grandiflorum were dominating the flora, while
Lavatera kashmiriana was found in rare form. The
typical herbaceous and dominating climber’s were
composed of Hedera nepalensis and Dioscorea
deltoidea. Among these dominant species was Hedera
nepalensis. The understory dominant herbaceous
flora Dioscorea deltoidea, Epilobium angustifolium,
Euphorbia wallichii, Gallium aparine, Geranium
rotundifolium, Geranium wallichianum, Heracleum
maximum, Jasminium officinale, Myosotis alpestis,
Oxalis corniculata, potentella nepalensis and Rumex
nepalensis were recorded, while Arisaema
jacquemontii and Impatiens brachycentra were rare
in this association.
Soil
The soil of this association was slightly acidic with pH
(6.94) delineated by normal cluster analysis. The soil
of this association showed intermediate values of soil
attributes recorded in the present investigation; this
includes high percentage of, Phosphorus (8.50), but
EC (2.70 ds/m) and Organic matter (0.09%) present
in low percentage. Nitrogen (65.36) and Potassium
(243.7) were present in intermediate percentage.
Table 5. Relative frequency of the species in each association from the normal cluster analysis showing DCA
score, axes 1.
Species Name A B C D
Ferns
Adiantum venustum 6.42 4.56 --- 1.81
Dryopteris ramose 5.50 4.56 --- 1.20
Onychium contiguum --- 3.51 --- 3.01
Shrubs
Clematus montana --- --- --- 1.81
Desmodium concinum 0.92 --- 6.82 4.22
Indigofera gerardiana --- 2.81 9.09 4.82
Lavatera kashmiriana 0.92 0.35 --- 1.20
Lonicera webbiana 3.67 3.51 --- 3.61
Rosa microphyla 0.92 1.40 6.82 1.81
Sorberiatomentosa 0.92 3.51 4.55 3.61
Strobilanthes urticifolia --- --- 2.27 1.20
Rubus fructicosus 0.92 0.70 2.27 1.81
Viburnum contigifolium 6.42 4.21 6.82 1.20
Herbs
Achyranthus bidentata --- 0.70 --- 3.01
Arisaema jacquemontii 5.50 4.21 4.55 5.42
Aster falconeri 0.92 0.70 --- 1.20
Berberis vulgaris 0.92 0.35 --- 3.01
Bergenia ciliata 1.83 1.75 --- 0.60
Buplerum condellei 3.67 3.51 --- 1.81
Cannabis sativa 2.75 2.11 --- 0.60
Cerastium davurcum --- --- 4.55 ---
Corydalis stewartii 4.59 2.11 2.27 ---
Dioscorea deltoidea 0.92 --- 4.55 0.60
Epilobium angustifolium --- --- 2.27 0.60
10. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
28 | Noor et al.
Species Name A B C D
Euphorbia wallichii --- 0.35 2.27 1.20
Fragaria indica 6.42 3.16 --- 2.41
Gallium aparine 0.92 0.35 4.55 3.01
Geranium rotundifolium 0.90 1.70 2.28 1.80
Geranium wallichianum 0.92 1.80 2.27 1.81
Gerardiana heterophyla --- --- --- 1.81
Hedera nepalensis 7.34 2.11 --- 1.20
Heracleum maximum --- 0.35 4.55 3.01
Hypericum dyeri --- --- --- 0.60
Impatiens brachycentra 5.50 1.75 2.27 5.42
Jasminium officinale --- --- 2.27 1.20
Malva neglecta --- --- --- 0.60
Micromeria biflora 0.92 2.46 --- 1.81
Myosotis alpestis --- --- 2.27 1.81
Nepeta erecta --- 0.35 --- 2.41
Paeonia emodi 0.54 --- --- ---
Origanum vulgare --- 1.40 --- ---
Oxalis corniculata --- 0.35 2.27 1.81
Polygonum pubescens 3.67 3.86 2.27 1.20
Plantego lenseoleta --- 0.35 --- 0.60
Plectranthus rugosus --- 0.35 2.27 2.41
Plantago major --- 2.81 --- 0.60
Podophyllum emodi 1.83 1.05 --- ---
Polygonum humile --- 3.86 --- 3.01
Verbuscum thapsus --- 1.05 --- 0.60
Polygonatum multiflorum 2.75 0.70 2.27 0.60
Ranunculus sceleratus 3.67 4.21 --- ---
Potentella nepalensis --- --- 2.27 1.20
Rumex nepalensis 1.83 1.40 6.82 3.01
Salvia nubicola 0.92 0.70 --- 0.60
Scarzonera hispenica --- 1.40 --- ---
Scrophularia lateriflora --- 1.40 --- ---
Senecio chrysanthemoides --- 2.11 --- 1.20
Spiraea vaccinifolia --- 1.05 --- ---
Stachys emodi --- --- 2.27 ---
Traxacum officinale 0.92 1.05 --- ---
Trifolium repens 1.83 1.75 --- 0.60
Urtica dioca 0.92 2.46 --- 1.20
Valeriana dentate 4.59 2.46 --- ---
Viola biflora 5.50 3.86 --- 3.01
Wulfenia amherstiana 0.92 1.40 --- ---
Environmental variables.
Among environmental variables included in present
investigation, Altitude, pH, EC, Organic matter,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus showed significant differences
among the plant association recognized by the Normal
cluster analysis (Table 6). Phosphorus showed the high
F-value followed by soil pH. Other variables such as EC,
organic matter, Nitrogen and Potassium showed lower
F-value. The F-value indicated the relative importance of
these edaphic factors in shaping the plant communities.
Table 6. Analysis of variance for all the different variables among four community types identified by Normal
Cluster Analysis.
Sr. No Soil variables DF SS MS F P
1 No. of species 3 431.2 143.73 9.19 0.00
2 pH 3 0.30 0.10 0.54 0.66
3 E.C (ds/m) 3 2.19 0.73 1.13 0.35
4 Organic matter% 3 0.02 0.00 0.95 0.43
5 Nitrogen% 3 1540 513.5 1.14 0.34
6 Phosphorous (ppm) 3 9.091 3.03 6.51 0.00
7 Potassium (ppm) 3 8284 2761 1.43 0.25
Soil analysis
The sampling sites located at lower altitude belonging
to association A showed higher value of pH (7.05)
than the sampling sites at higher altitude belonging to
D (6.94). These results reflected the altitudinal trends
in soil pH which showed gradual decrease with
increasing altitude i.e. from basic to acidic soils.
Similar two fold decrease in EC was observed as one
move from low to high altitude. In organic matter and
nitrogenous contents differ substantially among the
11. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
29 | Noor et al.
plant associations identified along the altitudinal
gradient. Significant differences among the plant
association were noted for soil Phosphorus but no clear
altitudinal trends were exhibited. Other soil nutrients
such as Potassium etc. were abundant in almost
variable amount in all associations (Table 7). So the
results suggested that the soil pH along the Altitudinal
gradient had the overriding importance in the
distribution of species and community compositions
along the altitudinal gradient of the study area.
Table 7. Mean values and standard deviation for different variables.
Sr. No Variables A B C D
1 No of species Mean 14.00 19.00 8.80 15.00
S.D 2.88 4.69 3.77 3.63
2 PH Mean 7.05 7.16 7.02 6.94
S.D 0.51 0.29 0.53 0.48
3 E.C dSm-1 Mean 2.25 2.84 2.74 2.70
S.D 0.64 0.85 0.89 0.80
4 Organic Matter (%) Mean 0.84 0.87 0.80 0.81
S.D 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.09
5 Nitrogen (%) Mean 48.78 61.13 63.80 65.36
S.D 24.11 22.70 20.32 16.24
6 Phosphorus (ppm) Mean 7.63 7.58 8.68 8.50
S.D 0.92 0.65 0.67 0.45
7 Potassium (ppm) Mean 212.7 212.7 237.6 243.7
S.D 45.7 39.5 53.4 44.4
Fig. 8. Dendrogram obtained from Normal Cluster Analysis for 40 stands (Quantitivedata).
Farthest
neighbour
Spearman
Coefficient
1
27
28
18
20
34
29
32
33
31
39
38
19
37
35
36
40
2
5
16
30
17
25
26
6
9
15
12
7
14
11
24
3
4
23
13
8
10
22
21
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
12. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
30 | Noor et al.
Table 8. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between
DCA first axes, DCA second axes, Soil parameters and
altitude.
Factors Axes1 Axes2
Altitude 0.621 0.434
Electrical
Conductivity
0.030 0.181
pH -0.214 -0.526
Organic Matter
(%)
-0.263 0.341
Phosphorus(ppm) 0.419 0.385
Potassium(ppm) 0.234 0.332
Nitrogen (%) 0.157 0.189
No. of species -0.278 -0.085
Ordination
Indirect gradient analysis was performed for the total
data set, using ordination program Detrended
Correspondence Analysis (DCA) (TerBraak, 1987).
Rare species down weighted. Eigenvalues for the four
axes of ordination (the measure of their importance)
are shown in table 9 Axes 1 and 2 were most
important with Eigenvalues 0. 391 and 0.222 thus
DCA axis 1 and axis 2 explained most of the variations
in the given data. Further axes each explained had
low Eigenvalues and thus were ignored. The overlay
of the cluster obtained from cluster analysis of
sampling sites on the ordination axes I & II suggested
the similarities between the two procedures of data
simplification. Altitude explained the main floristic
variation in the study area. This was confirmed by
Pearson’s Rank Correlation with the ordination score
along DCA axis I. There was highly significant
positive correlation(r =0.621 between the sample
scores along DCA axis 1 and altitude).
Table 9. Eigenvalues and Cumulative Percentage of
DCA axes 1-4.
Axes Eigenvalues Percent of
total
Cumulative
percentage
1 0.391 12.821 12.821
2 0.222 7.257 20.078
3 0.161 5.264 25.342
4 0.130 4.246 29.588
These results suggested that the samples (low score)
located at the far left hand side of the ordination
diagram belongs to the associations occurring at low
altitude and are characterized by having Arisaema
jacquemontii, Buplerum condellei, Hedera
nepalensis, Plantego lenseoleta, Onychium contigum,
Podophyllum emodii, Scrophularia lateriflora,
Sarberia tomentosa, Traxacum officinale and Urtica
dioica. These species were altogether absent in
samples located at the far right hand side of the
diagram and representing the plant associations
located at the highest altitude where Cerastium
davuricum, Clematus montana, Epilobium
angustifolium, Hypericum dyeri, Myosotis alpestis,
Rubia manjith, Oxalis corniculata and Plectranthus
rugosus were the characteristic species.
Site ordination reveals a marked relationship between
the first axes and altitude along with soil factors.
Among the edaphic factors soil pH, organic matter,
Nitrogen content, Phosphorus, Potassium
concentration played the significant role in the
distribution of plant species in the study area.
Soil pH and organic matter showed the negative,
while nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were
positively related with DCA axis I. These results
suggested the trends of a biotic factors and their
determining the vegetation type along the altitude.
13. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
31 | Noor et al.
Discussion
Floristic
In recent research work the hilly areas facing major
difficulties in the form of biodiversity and
conservation management in vegetation (Khan et al
2013). Due to diverse topographic regime and
complex gradient in environmental factors Himalayas
provides a range of ecosystem services. The
biodiversity of plant vegetation influenced by human
activities present on these mountains and therefore
mountainous ecosystem services delivered by the
various vegetation type prerequisite widespread
assessment at local scale and as well as gradient
sacale (Khan et al 2013). Floristically the study area
was dominated by Pinus wallichiana trees with the
mixture of understory Herbs shrubs and climbers.
Herbs constituted 52 species followed by shrubs of 10
species, and ferns of 3. Herbs contribute one third of
the total species recorded from the understory study
area. The common shrubs of the area were Clematis
montana, Desmodium concinum, Lavatera
kashmiriana, Rosa microphyla, Vibernum cotinifolium,
Berberis vulgaris, Indigofera gerardiana and Sorbarea
tomentosa. Spiraea vaccinifolia, Hypercom dyeri.
Hedera nepalensis, Fragaria indica, Galium aparine,
Geranium wallichianum and Rumex nepalensis were
the common herbs. Common ferns was present in the
shady patches were Adiantum venustum, Dryopteris
ramose and Onychium contigum was rare. These
distributions may range from anthropogenic to basic
geomorphologic processes of surface movement
through the action of wind, splashing and snow
melting and glaciations. These factors may be
contemporary or historical and range from the
sweeping climatic changes to current harvesting
activities by local villagers and grazer who may
remove say a woody species from wide area for use as
fuel. This flora is very similar to those of other parts
of North Temperate Zone in Europe and America
(Champion et al., 1965).
Vegetation and community composition
When the four association produced by the Cluster
Analysis are plotted on axis 1 and axis 2 as scatter
diagram. The two procedure of data simplification
can be seen to have given very similar results. The
ordination axis may represent in some way the major
environmental influences which affect the stands in
the data and we use the plants and environment
variables to discuss the over-lapping features. The
first ordination axis represents a gradient from low
altitude to high altitude from left to the right hand in
the diagram. The samples belonging to the highest
elevation are found on the extreme right hand side of
the diagram while the samples from low altitudes
tend to concentrate on the left side of the ordination.
Besides the altitude the distribution of the species is
potentially effected by soil properties (Dasti et al.,
2007). Analysis with DCA confirms that there is a
clear relationship between soil properties and
association defined by numerical analysis along the
altitudinal gradient.
The DCA results showed that altitude, soil pH,
Electrical conductivity, Sodium and Chloride are the
most important factors for determining the
composition of plant associations. The distribution of
species along the altitudinal transects support the
individualistic hypothesis of community organization
(Khan et al., 2013). The importance of altitude is not
surprising but is closely associated with rainfall and
redistribution of rainfall water. The run-off generated
by the higher altitude will then move downward (run-
on) and create moisture gradient along which
vegetation change occur. Therefore, the down-slope
movement of water plays an important role in floristic
changes along the altitudinal gradient. Thus the first
ordination axis represents a moisture gradient from
upper zone (with high score, associations C & D),
lower zone (with low score, associations A & B).
Vegetation of the upper zone consisted of Nepeta
erecta, Gallium aparine, Geranium wallichianum,
Oxalis corniculata, Arisaema jacquemontii, Rumex
nepalensis, Malva neglecta, viola biflora, Fragaria
indica, Salvia nubicola, Plantago lenseoleta,
Polygnum humaile, Aster falconri, Euphorbia
wallichii, These species were absent at lower altitudes
of study area. On the other hand Plentago major,
Urtica dioica, Pilea umbrosa, Dryopteris ramose,
Adiantum venustun, Traxacum officinale,
14. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
32 | Noor et al.
Podophyllum emodii, Wulfenia ambhestiana,
Schrzonera hispenica, Spiraea vaccinifolia,were
confined to the lower altitude confirming the
overriding importance of altitude in shaping the plant
communities in mountain landscape (Dasti and
Malik, 1998; Saima et al., 2009, Wazir et al., 2008).
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the species
composition and diversity of understory flora can be
influenced by canopy species and structure stand
management (Barbier et al., 2008). The species
belonging to association A occur on soil with
relatively high pH as it decreases with increase in
altitude. Thus the altitudinal floristic differences may
partially be attributed to soil pH. Decrease in pH with
decrease in altitude is largely due to downward
movement of nutrients that affect the spatial
distribution along the altitudinal transect (Saima et
al., 2018). The co-relation of soil pH with distribution
and association of plant species is not surprising but
already has been reported by several workers (Khan
et al., 2013; BiBi et al., 2020).
The results of present investigation suggest a direct
effect of altitude and indirect effect through its impact
on soil properties. The down slope movement of
water and soil particles regenerates different niches
that can be occupied by different species (Berger and
Puettmann, 2000). The correlation of species
distribution with Potassium Phosphorus, and
Nitrogen suggested that vegetation is a complex
collection of substrates, specialist and generalists. It
may be concluded that both classification and
ordination are able to delimit the plant associations
according to their environments. Topography
heterogeneity at the local scale also is a very
important factor governing the community structure
in the mountain habitat. The complex gradients in
edaphic conditions related with topography give a
prospect to conduct further research, both in the
laboratory and the field. Topography can also
significantly alter microclimates and resource
availability under the tree canopy (Chavez and
Macdonald, 2010) and in turn influence understory
species composition and diversity (Sharma et al.,
2009; Rahman et al., 2017).
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